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Hungarian diaspora

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Hungarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Hungarian ancestry or citizenship).
  Hungary
  +1,000,000
  +100,000
  +10,000
  +1,000
Areas with ethnic Hungarian majorities in the neighboring countries of Hungary, according to László Sebők.[1]

There are two main groups of the Hungarian diaspora: the first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland and live outside Hungary since the border changes of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[2][note 1] The victorious forces redrew the borders of Hungary so that it runs through Hungarian-majority areas. As a consequence, 3.3 million Hungarians found themselves outside the new borders. Although those Hungarians are usually not included in the term "Hungarian diaspora",[3] they are listed as such in this article. The other main group is the emigrants who left Hungary at various times (such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956). There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany,[4] but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries of Central Europe such as Poland and Slovakia.

Additionally, there is the Magyarab people, a small ethnic group located in Egypt and Sudan.[5]

Distribution by country

[edit]
Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2021, Yellow Hungarian
Ethnic structure of Serbia by municipalities and cities 2022 Hungarians are in the Red
Ethnicity map of Vojvodina, Hungarians in yellow,
Hungarians in Romania (2021)
Hungarians in eastern Croatia (2011 census)
Country Hungarian population Note Article
Neighboring countries
 Romania 1,002,151 (2021)[6] (excluding Csángós)[7] Native to Transylvania,[8] Csángós in Western Moldavia (moved from Transylvania there in the past), and a very small community of Szeklers also in Bukovina (see also Székelys of Bukovina) Hungarians in Romania
 Slovakia 456,154 (2021)[9] Autochthonous[10] Hungarians in Slovakia
 Serbia 184,442 (2021)[11] Autochthonous in Vojvodina Hungarians in Serbia
 Ukraine 156,600 (2001)[12] Autochthonous in Zakarpattia Oblast Hungarians in Ukraine
 Austria 107,347 (2024)[13] Autochthonous in Burgenland Hungarians in Austria
 Croatia 10,315 (2021)[14] Autochthonous in Croatia, except in Istria and Dalmatia Hungarians in Croatia
 Slovenia 10,500 (2021)[citation needed] Autochthonous in Prekmurje Hungarians in Slovenia
Other countries
 United States 1,563,081 (2006)[15] Immigrants Hungarian Americans
 Canada 348,085 (2016)[16] Immigrants Hungarian Canadians
 Germany 296,000 (2021)[17] Immigrants Hungarians in Germany
 Israel 200,000 to 250,000 (2000s)[18] Immigrants; most are Hungarian Jews
 United Kingdom 200,000 to 250,000 (2020)[19][20] Immigrants Hungarians in the United Kingdom
 France 200,000 to 250,000 (2021)[21] Immigrants Hungarians in France
 Brazil 80,000 (2002)[22] Immigrants Hungarian Brazilians
 Russia 76,500 (2002) Immigrants Hungarians in Russia
 Australia 69,167 (2011)[23] Immigrants Hungarian Australians
 Argentina 40,000 to 50,000 (2016)[24] Immigrants Hungarian Argentines
 Sweden 33,018 (2018)[25] Immigrants Hungarians in Sweden
  Switzerland 27,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Netherlands 26,172 (2020)[27] Immigrants
 Czech Republic 20,000 (2013)[28] People of Hungarian descent forcibly relocated from the Slovak part of the Third Czechoslovak Republic
 Belgium 15,000 (2013)[28] Immigrants
 Italy 14,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Spain 10,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Ireland 9,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Norway 8,316 (2015)[29] Immigrants
 New Zealand 7,000 (2013)[28] Immigrants Hungarian New Zealanders
 Turkey 6,800 (2001) Immigrants Hungarians in Turkey
 Denmark 6,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Japan 5,600 (2022)[26] Immigrants
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,000[citation needed] Immigrants
 South Africa 4,000 (2013)[28] Immigrants
 Venezuela 4,000 (2013)[28] Immigrants Hungarian Venezuelans
 Mexico 3,500 (2006) Immigrants Hungarian Mexicans
 Finland 3,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants Hungarians in Finland
 Uruguay 3,000 (2013)[28] Immigrants Hungarian Uruguayans
 Greece 2,387 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Chile 2,000 (2012)[30] Immigrants Hungarians in Chile
 Luxembourg 2,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Poland 1,728 (2011)[31] Immigrants Hungarians in Poland
 Portugal 1,230 (2022)[32] Foreign citizens only; for instance, excludes 79 Luso-Hungarians who have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008[33]
 Jordan 1,000 (2019)[26] Immigrants
 Cyprus 620 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Kazakhstan 500 (2021)[34] Immigrants
 Montenegro 400[citation needed] Immigrants
 Latvia 300[citation needed] Immigrants
 Uzbekistan 300[citation needed] Immigrants
 Philippines 206 (2010)[35] Immigrants
 Iceland 200 (2015)[29] Immigrants
 North Macedonia 200[citation needed] Immigrants
 Estonia 173 (2018)[20] Immigrants
 Bulgaria 153 (2015)[29] Immigrants
 Vietnam 100 (2015)[36] Immigrants
 Liechtenstein 44 (2015)[29] Immigrants
 Lithuania 23 (2015)[29] Immigrants
Total 5.2–5.5 million Hungarians

Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in the European Union. Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.

Hungarian citizenship

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Flag of Hungary

A proposal supported by the DAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living in Romania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary.[37] The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.[38]

In 2010, some amendments were passed in Hungarian law facilitating an accelerated naturalization process for ethnic Hungarians living abroad; among other changes, the residency-in-Hungary requirement was waived.[39] In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship.[40] Romania's President Traian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."[41]

The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis.[42] In February 2011, the Fidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens.[43] Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process;[44] there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012.[45] As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’.[46] In June 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.[47]

Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.

Famous people of Hungarian descent

[edit]
Main category: People of Hungarian descent
Country Name Occupation Source
Austria Austria Ferenc Anisits Engineer
United States United States Albert-László Barabási Physicist and discoverer of scale-free networks
United States United States Drew Barrymore Actress [48][49]
Austria Austria Béla Barényi Engineer and prolific inventor
Germany Germany Josef von Báky Film director
United States United States Béla Bartók Composer
United States United States Zoltán Bay Physicist and engineer
United States United States György von Békésy Biophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Pal Benko Chess player and a record eight-time U.S. Open winner
United States United States Adrien Brody Actor and youngest winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor [50]
United States United States György Buzsáki[51] Neuroscientist
United States United States Mihály Csíkszentmihályi Psychologist of flow
United States United States Larry Csonka American football fullback
United States United States Tony Curtis Actor [52][53]
France France György Cziffra Pianist
United States United States
Mexico Mexico		 Louis C.K. Comedian [54]
United States United States Rodney Dangerfield Comedian [55]
United States United States Frank Darabont Film director and screenplay writer
United States United States Ernst von Dohnányi Composer, pianist, and conductor
United States United States Bobby Fischer Chess player
Germany Germany Ferenc Fricsay Conductor
United Kingdom United Kingdom Stephen Fry Comedian [56]
United States United States Zsa Zsa Gabor Actress [57]
United States United States Peter Carl Goldmark Engineer and inventor
United States United States Andrew Grove Businessman and entrepreneur
United States United States Mickey Hargitay Actor, body builder, and 1955 Mr. Universe
United States United States Harry Houdini Escapologist and magician
United States United States Tim Howard Soccer goalkeeper
Sweden Sweden
Germany Germany		 George de Hevesy Radiochemist and co-discoverer of hafnium [58]
United States United States Ilonka Karasz Designer and illustrator known for her many New Yorker magazine covers
United States United States Katalin Karikó Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Theodore von Kármán Aeronautical engineer
United States United States John George Kemeny Mathematician, computer scientist, and co-developer of BASIC [59]
United States United States Laszlo B. Kish Physicist
Sweden Sweden George Klein Microbiologist and author
Austria Austria Ferenc Krausz Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
Belgium Belgium Alexandre Lamfalussy Economist
Germany Germany Philipp Lenard Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Bela Lugosi Actor
Mexico Mexico Luis Mandoki Film director
United States United States Ilona Massey Actress
United States United States Paul Neményi Physicist and mathematician [60]
United States United States John von Neumann Mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath [61][62]
Slovakia Slovakia Ľudovít Ódor Prime Minister, Deputy Governor of the national bank
United States United States Thomas Peterffy Businessman and founder of Interactive Brokers
United States United States Joaquin Phoenix Actor [63]
United States United States Joseph Pulitzer Journalist [64]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Árpád Pusztai Biochemist
Slovakia Slovakia Ľudovít Rajter Conductor
France France Nicolas Sarkozy 23rd President of France [65]
Austria Austria Franz Schmidt Composer
United States United States Jerry Seinfeld Comedian, actor, writer, and producer [66]
United States United States Monica Seles Tennis player
United States United States Gene Simmons Musician [67]
Canada Canada Hans Selye Endocrinologist
United States United States Charles Simonyi Software architect
United States United States Victor Szebehely Astronomist and physicist
United States United States Albert Szent-Györgyi Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States United States Leó Szilárd Physicist and inventor [68]
United States United States Mária Telkes Biophysicist and inventor
United States United States Edward Teller Physicist, engineer, and “father of the hydrogen bomb [69]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Kálmán Tihanyi Physicist, engineer, and inventor
Czech Republic Czech Republic Tomáš Ujfaluši Association football player
France France Victor Vasarely Artist of op art movement
United States United States Gabriel von Wayditch Composer
Germany Germany Richárd Zsigmondy Chemist and Nobel Prize winner
France France Gyula Halász (Brassaï) Photographer, sculptor, medalist, writer, and filmmaker
United States United States Ivan Soltész Scientist
Czech Republic Czech Republic Tomáš Ujfaluši Football player
Israel Israel Yair Lapid Former Prime Minister of Israel
Israel Israel Benny Gantz Former Israeli Minister of Defence

Politics

[edit]

Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012,[70] they have overwhelmingly supported the ruling Fidesz. In the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Fidesz won over 95% of the vote,[71] in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 96%, while in the 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 96%.[72]

In the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 93%, while in the 2024 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 90%.

Minority interest parties

[edit]

In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.

Country Party Party support at last election
 Croatia Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia
 Romania Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania 585,589 6.34%
 Romania Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania
 Serbia Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 64,747 1.74%
 Slovakia Hungarian Alliance 130,183 4.39%
 Ukraine Party of Hungarians of Ukraine (KMKSZ)
[edit]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Before entering World War II, Hungary regained some areas, but later lost after the 1947 Treaty of Paris.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sebők László's ethnic map of Central and Southeastern Europe". Archived from the original on 2009-02-26.
  2. ^ Mathey, Éva (2012-09-14). "Chasing a Mirage: Hungarian Revisionist Search for U.S. Support to Dismantle the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920–1938" (PDF). The Trianon Syndrome and Treaty Revision. University of Debrecen. pp. 38–39. Retrieved 2021-05-08. Since the Great Powers who dictated the peace terms disregarded the principle of national self-determination in Hungary's case and did not draw the new borders of Hungary to follow ethnic and linguistic lines, 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were lost to the successor states.
  3. ^ "Diaspora and scattering" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2021-05-05. Hungarian communities abroad can be divided into at least two major categories. On the one hand, the so-called indigenous (autochthonous) minority communities – established as a result of border changes, mainly the new state borders set out in the Treaty of Trianon. On the other hand, diaspora communities of migratory (allochthonous) origin.
  4. ^ "See page 21 of this report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  5. ^ huconedit (2023-06-19). "Magyarabs, the Descendants of Hungarians in Africa | Hungarian Conservative". www.hungarianconservative.com. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  6. ^ Széchely, István (3 January 2023). "Mintha városok ürültek volna ki" [As if cities had been emptied]. Székelyhon (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  7. ^ 1,370 persons Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine declared themselves Csángós at the 2002 Romanian census. Some estimates of the Csángó population run higher. For instance, the Council of Europe Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine suggests a figure as high as 260,000.
  8. ^ Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne (1999). The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook. Taylor & Francis. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57958-089-6.
  9. ^ "Népszámlálás, 2021: nézzünk szét a "házunk tájékán"!". felvidek.ma. January 21, 2021.
  10. ^ Roseann Duenas Gonzalez, Ildiko Melis (2001). Language Ideologies: Critical Perspectives on the Official English Movement. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8058-4054-4.
  11. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014.
  12. ^ https://mek.oszk.hu/12300/12394/12394.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  13. ^ "Átlépte a lélektani határt az Ausztriában élő magyarok száma". 24.hu. 19 February 2024.
  14. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Croatia : Overview (2001 census data)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. July 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  15. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  16. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  17. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen". Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-04.
  18. ^ "MAGYAR NEMZETISMERET". nemzetismeret.hu.
  19. ^ "It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought". portfolio.hu. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d Sándor, Joób (April 21, 2018). "Hány magyar dolgozik külföldön és hol?". index.hu.
  21. ^ "Hungarians in France". Archived from the original on February 4, 2007.
  22. ^ "Hungarians in Brazil". Archived from the original on September 22, 2007.
  23. ^ Hungary, About (November 19, 2019). "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council". Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council.
  24. ^ "Thursday Top Ten: Top Ten Countries With The Largest Hungarian Diaspora In The World". December 1, 2016. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  25. ^ Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2018
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". migrationpolicy.org. February 10, 2014.
  27. ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari". CBS StatLine. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
  28. ^ a b c d e f "A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése". Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program. July 3, 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d e https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  30. ^ "Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga" (PDF). www.ikl.org.pl. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2016.
  31. ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). GUS. 2013. p. 264.
  32. ^ "Sefstat 2022" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Acquisition of citizenship statistics". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
  34. ^ April 2018, Assel Satubaldina in People on 19 (April 19, 2018). "Hungarians, Kazakhs are almost relatives, says Hungarian cultural centre head".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Foreign Citizens in the Philippines (Results from the 2010 Census)". psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. November 19, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  36. ^ Sain, Adrienn (December 20, 2015). "Hungarians in Vietnam – VIDEO". Daily News Hungary.
  37. ^ Rogers Brubaker (2006). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4.
  38. ^ Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry; Margaret Moore; Brendan O'Leary (30 May 2013). Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8122-4497-7.
  39. ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 1 and 7
  40. ^ Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law, BBC, 26 May 2010
  41. ^ Romania backs Hungarian citizenship law Archived 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, 18 October 2010, AFP text syndicated to eubusiness.com.
  42. ^ New double citizenship law does not change voting rights, EUobserver, 28.05.2010
  43. ^ Dual citizenship at its logical conclusion. Policy Solutions’ analysis: A vote for lost Hungarians is a vote for the right Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 7 February 2011
  44. ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 11
  45. ^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 18
  46. ^ Hungary and Romania. Flag wars, 21 Feb 2013, The Economist
  47. ^ Open wound. Trianon remembered 93 years on Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Budapest Times, 12 June 2013
  48. ^ "Drew Barrymore News and Trivias at CelebrityWonder.com". Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-06-10. "She is half Hungarian on her mother's side."
  49. ^ "Simply Drew - Biography".. "Drews Mother - Jaid Barrymore (nee Ildiko Jaid Mako) [was] Born on 8 May 1946 in Brannenburg, West Germany in a camp for displaced persons. Jaids parents (Drew's grandparents) were Hungarian."
  50. ^ Fox, Chloe (November 12, 2006). "The prime of Adrien Brody". London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  51. ^ "The Brain Prize Winners 2017 - Lundbeckfonden - The Brain Prize". www.thebrainprize.org.
  52. ^ "Ananova - Tony Curtis to promote Hungarian tourism". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  53. ^ ""Born Bernard Schwartz in 1925 to Jewish-Hungarian parents, Curtis grew up in New York's matinee movie-palaces..."". Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
  54. ^ Vogel, Laura (May 27, 2007). "Louis C.K." New York Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  55. ^ Rodney Dangerfield: A Lifetime of No Respect but Plenty of Sex and Drugs by Rodney Dangerfield "The whole family had come to America from Hungary when my mother was four. My mother's father--my grandfather--was almost never referred to in that house. Rumor has it he's still in Hungary--and still drinking."
  56. ^ "BBC - Family History - WDYTYA? Series Two: Celebrity Gallery". www.bbc.co.uk.
  57. ^ "Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920. 1936 Elected Miss Hungary."
  58. ^ George de Hevesy: life and work : a biography, Hilde Levi, A. Hilger, 1985
  59. ^ Weibel, Peter (2005). Beyond Art - A Third Culture : a Comparative Study in Cultures, Art, and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary. Springer. p. 350. ISBN 3-211-24562-6.
  60. ^ Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009). "Chasing the king of chess". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  61. ^ Doran, p. 1
  62. ^ Nathan Myhrvold, "John von Neumann". Time, March 21, 1999. Accessed September 5, 2010
  63. ^ Naomi Pfefferman (2002-04-12). "The Days of Summer". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  64. ^ András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History," American Jewish Archives, Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68
  65. ^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007). "Opinion - The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering". The New York Times.
  66. ^ "Jerry Seinfeld's Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  67. ^ Biography Archived 2012-09-06 at archive.today. GeneSimmons.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2011.
  68. ^ Blumesberger, Susanne; et al. (2002). Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft. Vol. 1. K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-11545-8.
  69. ^ Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories.
  70. ^ "Hungary's Orban courts diaspora for election boost". France 24. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  71. ^ "Viktor Orbán courts voters beyond 'fortress Hungary'". POLITICO. August 22, 2017.
  72. ^ "Hungarians Outside EU Cast Votes for Fidesz". May 29, 2019. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
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Media related to Hungarian diaspora at Wikimedia Commons

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