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Human trafficking in Ireland

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In 2008, Ireland was one of many destination countries for women, men, and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.[1]

The Republic of Ireland ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in June 2010.[2] The Irish government has launched the ‘Blue Blindfold’ campaign to tackle this crime.[3]

An Irish report noted that between 2014 and 2019, there were 346 victims officially identified in the country, with a suspected 132 more to be confirmed.[4]

In its 2018 and 2019 Trafficking in Persons Report, the United States Department of State's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons noted that Ireland had been downgraded from a Tier 1 to a Tier 2 country, meaning it was no longer meeting "the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but [..] making significant efforts to do so".[5] The 2018 report highlighted "only three prosecutions" and "deficiencies in victim identification and referral" as reasons for the downgrading.[6] The country was placed at Tier 2 in 2023.[7]

International response

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The 2022 GRETA report noted that the total number of presumed trafficking victims had more than halved since 2017; it also noted that there had been less investigations and no legal convictions since 2017.[8]

In 2023, the Organised Crime Index gave the country a score of 5 out of 10 for human trafficking, noting that this was mostly carried out by international groups who were also involved in the illegal cannabis market.[9]

In 2023, the International Organization for Migration published a report on human trafficking between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland; it noted that increasing numbers of east Africans were entering the Republic and using the Common Travel Area to travel to Northern Ireland and enter the UK, and recommended all-island training and closer information systems between the two countries.[10][11][12]

Legislation

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In Ireland, human trafficking offences are governed by the Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Act 2008 and the Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) (Amendment) Act 2013.[13] The 2008 act states that:[14]

(1) A person who trafficks a child for the purposes of the exploitation of the child shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who -

(a) sells a child, offers or exposes a child for sale or invites the making of an offer to purchase a child, or

(b) purchases or makes an offer to purchase a child,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(3) A person who causes an offence under subsection (1) or (2) to be committed shall be guilty of an offence.

(4) A person who attempts to commit an offence under subsection (1), (2) or (3) shall be guilty of an offence.

(5) A person guilty of an offence under this section shall be liable upon conviction on indictment -

(a) to imprisonment for life or a lesser term, and

(b) at the discretion of the court, to a fine.

(6) In this section “exploitation” does not include sexual exploitation.[15]

In 2017 there were reportedly three prosecutions under this legislation.[6]

US State Department reports

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The US Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), as amended, requires the US Secretary of State to submit an Annual Report to the US Congress assessing the actions of various countries across the world in the fight against trafficking in persons.

The US State Department on Thursday released a report showing a 73 per cent increase in the number of detected cases of human trafficking in Ireland since 2014. Ireland still retained Tier 1 Status in the US State Department Annual Human Trafficking Report of 2015. Ireland's Tier 1 status means the country's controls met the minimum standard for the elimination of severe forms of trafficking.

As the Republic of Ireland had been assessed by the State Department as meeting the minimum standard for the elimination of severe forms of trafficking as set out in the US Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), (as amended) it retained its top Tier 1 rating in 2015. Ireland had been classified as Tier 1 for the previous six years.[16][17][18][19][20][21]

As is the norm for all countries, including Tier 1 countries, previous reports on Ireland have contained a number of recommendations for possible implementation. These recommendations are addressed within the context of the development of the Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Tackle Human Trafficking across the world.[22]

U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 1" in 2017.[23] However, in 2018 and 2019 the country was placed in "Tier 2". Other countries downgraded from Tier 1 to Tier 2, as of the 2019 report, included Germany and Denmark.

The country was placed at Tier 2 in 2023.[7]

References

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  1. ^ "Ireland". Trafficking in Persons Report 2008. U.S. Department of State (June 4, 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ United Nations Treaty Collection website, Chapter XVIII Penal Matters section, Section 12a, retrieved August 19, 2024
  3. ^ Irish Government website, Department of Justice section, Blue Blindfold
  4. ^ Mary Immaculate College Ireland website, Victims of Human Trafficking are Hidden in Plain Sight, article dated April 29, 2021
  5. ^ "Ireland 2019 - United States Department of State". State.gov. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b "2018 Trafficking in Persons Report: Ireland". state.gov. Retrieved 31 May 2020. The government has not obtained a trafficking conviction since the law was amended in 2013; it initiated only three prosecutions in 2017, and had chronic deficiencies in victim identification and referral. Therefore Ireland was downgraded to Tier 2
  7. ^ a b US Government website, Trafficking in Persons Report 2023
  8. ^ Council of Europe website, GRETA publishes its second report on Ireland, article dated September 28, 2022
  9. ^ Organised Crime Index website, Ireland: 2023, retrieved August 19, 2024
  10. ^ IOM website, UK section, IOM releases report on human trafficking between Northern Ireland and Ireland, article dated October 18, 2023
  11. ^ BBC website, Two appear in court over NI human trafficking operation, article dated August 28, 2024
  12. ^ BBC websitem ,NI human trafficking cases double, figures reveal, article by Ita Dungan, March 2, 2023
  13. ^ "Human trafficking". Citizensinformation.ie. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Act 2008". Irishstatutebook.ie. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  15. ^ "Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Act 2008". Irish Statute Book. Government of Ireland. This article contains quotations from this source, which is released under the Oireachtas Open Data PSI Licence, which applies the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  16. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2015: Tier Placements" (PDF). www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  17. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Tier Placements" (PDF). www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  18. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2013: Tier Placements" (PDF). www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2012: Ireland" (PDF). www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2011: Ireland". www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  21. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2010: Ireland". www.state.gov. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  22. ^ "National Action Plan". Blue Blindfold.
  23. ^ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements". www.state.gov. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
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