History of the Jews in Buynaksk

Buynaksk Jews
יהודים בוינאקסק
Буйнакские евреи
Total population
	5-10
Languages
	Hebrew (in Israel), Judeo-Tat, Russian
Religion
	Judaism
Related ethnic groups
	Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews.

The Jewish community of Buynaksk, in the Republic of Dagestan, is one of the oldest in the North Caucasus. After Dagestan was annexed to Russian Empire, many fortresses were built, around which cities later grew. One of them was Temir-Khan-Shurá, which was renamed Buynaksk in 1922. In 1850, in addition to military personnel, Russians and Armenians traders and several families of Mountain Jews artisans already lived here.^[1] Until the February Revolution of 1917, Mountain Jews and Ashkenazi Jews together constituted most of the city's population.^[2]^[3] Under the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet Russia, the Jewish community in Buynaksk primarily consists of Mountain Jews.

History

19th century

During the Caucasian War, a significant number of Jews living in the highlands were killed by Imam Shamil's companions.^[2] Those who agreed to accept Islam and join the gazavat that Shamil waged against the Russian Empire survived,^[2] as did those who through the efforts of Jewish leaders fortress were evacuated to the Chir-Yurt fortressn under the protection of Russian troops and survived the assault undertaken by the highlanders.^[2] After the danger had passed, a small group of Jews moved from Chir-Yurt to the Temir-Khan-Shurá fortress.^[2] Ashkenazi Jews who had served their terms in the Russian Empire's army were also allowed to settle in Temir-Khan-Shurá. Mountain Jews and Ashkenazi Jews lived in the fortress in two different quarters, each of which had its own synagogue. After the end of the Caucasian War, the Mountain Jews of Temir-Khan-Shurá received permission to build a synagogue. The Ashkenazi synagogue, built in 1862, survives.^[2]

The majority number of the Jews in Temir-Khan-Shurá were not Mountain, but Ashkenazi Jews, most of whom were members of the city's merchant guild and were engaged in supplying the Russian army.^[2]

In the mid-19th century, the Mountain Jewish community was led by Sholem-Melech Mizrachi.^[4]
In 1858, Temir-Khan-Shurá had 200 residents, 89 of whom were Mountain Jews.^[1]
In 1866, the Russian Empire traveler-ethnographer, known for his study of the Jews of the Caucasus, Judah Chorny (1835-1880) identified the local Jewish population as consisting of, 290 Jews (of which 170 people were Mountain Jews) in 35 houses.^[1]^[4]

In the same year, 1866, there were two synagogues in the city - Mountain and Ashkenazi.

In the 1860s, the rabbi was Mordechai-Leib Rassentsov.^[4]
In 1873, 406 Jews lived in the city.^[4]
Since 1875, the rabbi of the Mountain Jews was Hezekiah Mushailov.^[4]
In 1886, the ethnographer Ilya Anisimov^[5] (1862-1928) registered 64 Jewish houses in the city, in which there were 164 men and 170 women.^[1]

According to the 1897 census, there were about 100,000 residents in the Temir-Khan-Shurá district, including 2,795 Jews. The city itself had more than nine thousand residents, including 1,199 Jews (13% of the city's population).^[1]

In the 1890s, the Ashkenazi rabbi was Toviy Naumovich Gorodetsky.^[4]
Since 1891, there has been an official synagogue.^[1]
In 1899, 1,950 Jews lived in the city.^[1]
At the end of the 19th century, there were 9,089 residents in the city, of which 1,950 were Jews.^[1]

20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, 1,800 Jews lived in the city (28% of the city's population).^[1]
In 1910, 1,317 Jews lived in the city. That same year, in addition to two synagogues, the city also had a Jewish cemetery and a Jewish primary public school.^[1]

The majority of the city's Mountain Jews were engaged in trade.^[2]

In 1912, there were 1,930 Jews in Temir-Khan-Shurá, of which 1,200 were Mountain Jews.^[1]
In 1915, there were 3 synagogues in the Temir-Khan-Shurá District (excluding Temir-Khan-Shurá).^[4]
During the Civil War, 150 Jewish families moved to the city.^[4]
In 1926, 1,471 Jews lived in the city (15.5% of the city's population), including 980 Mountain Jews.^[1]
In 1932, the Mountain-Jewish collective farm (Russian: Новый быт) - "New Life" was created in the Buynaksk District with 170 people.^[4]
In 1939, only 196 Jews lived in the city.^[4]

During the Great Patriotic War, the number of Ashkenazi Jews in Buynaksk increased due to evacuees.^[4]

In 1945, the synagogue resumed its work, and up to 120 Jews would gather for holiday services.^[4]
Until 1951, the city's rabbi was Meir Khanukaevich Rafailov.^[4]

On August 9, 1960, the Buynaksk newspaper (Russian: Коммунист) - Communist published an article "Allakhana da el Erkin" ("Even Without God, the Road Is Open"), by D. Marmudov (a deputy of one of the local village councils), with a blood libel against the Jews saying they drank Muslim blood:^[6]

Jews, according to their religion, believe that they must drink Muslim blood once a year. Some Jews buy 5 to 10 grams of Muslim blood, which they mix with water in a large barrel and sell as water that has come into contact with Muslim blood.^[7]

This slander caused protests in the Western Europe and protests from the Mountain Jews of Dagestan. The Soviets had to write a refutation, the author of the article, D. Marmudov, was stripped of his parliamentary powers, and the editor-in-chief of Communist was fired.^[6]^[8]

The Jewish community had a Sunday school, a library, and a youth club. The humanitarian aid provided by the community includes the distribution of matzah for the holiday of Passover.^[4]

In the 1980s, there was a synagogue in the city, the rabbi of which also served as a shochet (slaughterer), a minyan was held regularly, and there was a Jewish cemetery.^[4]
In the early 1990s, a Jewish school was opened, and the religious community of Buynaksk was headed by Daniil Kazakov.^[4]
In the early 1990s, the Jewish religious community of Buynaksk was headed by Naftali Naftaliev.^[4]

21st century

The Buynaksk synagogue is in a state of disrepair, which is why it is not used.

In 2012, about 20 Mountain and Ashkenazi Jewish families lived in Buynaksk.^[9]

There were cases of anti-Semitism in Buynaksk.^[10]

The Mountain Jews call this city "Shuro".

The Buynaksk District Rabbi is Chaim Friedman.^[11]

The chairman of the Buynaksk community is Rafik Borisovich Pashayev.^[12]

In 2019, the Buynaksk Museum of Local History opened exhibition-research "The History of the Jewish Community of Buynaksk in Faces".^[13]
In 2021, the Buynaksk City Court in Dagestan sentenced local resident Artur Abdullaev to 10 years in a special regime penal colony on charges of murdering the chairman of the city's Jewish community in Buynaksk.^[14]^[15]

According to the results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, there are currently a small number of Jews left in Buinaksk. Some of them moved to other regions of Russia, many immigrated to Israel and other countries.^[1]

Notable Jews of Buynaksk

Arnold Aleksandrovich Shalmuyev (b. 1968) - Russian statesman, vice-governor of the Novgorod region, first deputy head of the Novgorod region, candidate of economic sciences.
Israel Borisovich Razgon (1892-1937) - Soviet military leader (ru:Израиль Борисович Разгон).

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m The appearance of Jews in Buynaksk
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Igor Semenov. Mountain Jews of the North Caucasus and Dagestan
^ 30 years later: from Buynaksk to Jerusalem, from a historical synagogue to the creation of a museum
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Russian Jewish Encyclopedia. Buynaksk
^ Anisimov, Ilya Sherebetovich. STMEGI. May 5, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Blood Libel on Jews in the USSR in 1960 and Soviet Counter-Propaganda
^ From the history of blood libel in the Soviet Union. L'CHAIM. November 2003.
^ Semen Charny. Buynaksk Case. Jewish Observer. December 2004.
^ Igor Semenov.From the history of the Jewish community of Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shurá). November 9, 2012.
^ Hana Raphael.Jewish cemeteries of Dagestan. City of Buynaksk. STMEGE. January 27, 2013.
^ Kozakova, Margarita.Mountain Jews. An Outsider's View. 2007.
^ Local Religious Organization of The Jewish Community of Buynaksk
^ Rasul Magomedov. Exhibition in synagogue shows decline of Jewish community in Buynaksk. Caucasian Knot. December 9, 2019
^ Man who beat to death head of Jewish community in Buinaksk sentenced to 10 years in prison. Makhachkala, February 10, 2021.
^ Dagestan Jews Outraged by Soft Sentence in Pashayev Murder Case. November 2, 2021.

[history-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m The appearance of Jews in Buynaksk

[Semnov-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Igor Semenov. Mountain Jews of the North Caucasus and Dagestan

[history1-3] 30 years later: from Buynaksk to Jerusalem, from a historical synagogue to the creation of a museum

[city-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Russian Jewish Encyclopedia. Buynaksk

[5] Anisimov, Ilya Sherebetovich. STMEGI. May 5, 2011.

[kontrpropaganda-6] Blood Libel on Jews in the USSR in 1960 and Soviet Counter-Propaganda

[libel-7] From the history of blood libel in the Soviet Union. L'CHAIM. November 2003.

[Charny-8] Semen Charny. Buynaksk Case. Jewish Observer. December 2004.

[9] Igor Semenov.From the history of the Jewish community of Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shurá). November 9, 2012.

[Raphael-10] Hana Raphael.Jewish cemeteries of Dagestan. City of Buynaksk. STMEGE. January 27, 2013.

[11] Kozakova, Margarita.Mountain Jews. An Outsider's View. 2007.

[12] Local Religious Organization of The Jewish Community of Buynaksk

[13] Rasul Magomedov. Exhibition in synagogue shows decline of Jewish community in Buynaksk. Caucasian Knot. December 9, 2019

[14] Man who beat to death head of Jewish community in Buinaksk sentenced to 10 years in prison. Makhachkala, February 10, 2021.

[15] Dagestan Jews Outraged by Soft Sentence in Pashayev Murder Case. November 2, 2021.

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