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History of psychology (discipline)

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History of psychology is the academic discipline concerned with studying the history of the study of psychology.[1][2] Another term would be historiography of psychology. Postsecondary course titles and textbooks often combine history and systems of psychology; one chapter may address the history and tenets of structuralism, a subsequent chapter functionalism, a subsequent chapter behaviorism, etc.

The discipline is related to the history of human science, the history of emotions, and the history of psychiatry. These must be considered separately, however, as they have their own disciplinary norms.

The new history of psychology

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It is now common practice,[citation needed] when teaching advanced courses in the history of psychology, to follow Laurel Furumoto in making a distinction between old and new history.[3] This label was intended to recognize a shift in disciplinary norms that first became apparent, in retrospect, in the 1970s. Before that, the history of psychology was harshly criticized by specialist historians of science for being celebratory and Whiggish.[4]

In other words, the contemporary history of psychology is broadly describable as post-Kuhnian. As a result, it shares traits with contemporary historiography of science, science and technology studies, and the sociology of scientific knowledge. Kurt Danziger's book, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research, is often considered exemplary of this approach.[5][6]

Feminist voices

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The realization that previous histories had been celebratory led to a search for subjects who had been dismissed for reasons unrelated to their own merit.[7][8] This effort continues to rediscover extremely significant contributions by women to the formation of psychology, which had become invisible as a result of the way in which the old histories had been written. In this, the influence of E. G. Boring's old history continues to be felt today.[9]

Internationalization and indigenization

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The critique that psychology is itself biased as a science by its focus on WEIRD subjects coincided with a move toward the internationalization of the history of psychology. This now has two main lines—the way in which psychology has developed as a discipline in different geographical locations[10] and the way in which psychological expertise has changed as it has moved between national contexts.[11][12] This is often referred to simply as indigenization.[13][14]

Graduate programs

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When a university employs a specialist Historian of Psychology to do original research and teach the history course required for accreditation, there is usually only one on staff. However, there are three large research groups in the world that work in English and also offer a PhD:

There are many lower-level programs.

Scholarly journals

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There are three primary journals where specialist histories of psychology are published:

In addition, there are a large number of friendly journals where specialist material can often be found.[15] The most prominent of these include:

Archives

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Important interpretive work has been done by examining secondary sources. But true historical discoveries are typically made in specialist archives, where unpublished—and sometimes unknown—primary sources can be examined.

Prominent historians of psychology

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References

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  1. ^ Richards, G. (1996). Putting psychology in its place: An introduction from a critical historical perspective. London: Routledge. pp. 1–2.
  2. ^ Danziger, K. (2013). "Psychology and its history". Theory & Psychology. 23 (6): 829–839. doi:10.1177/0959354313502746. S2CID 10895408.Brock, A. C. (2014). "Psychology in the modern sense". Theory & Psychology. 24 (5): 717–722. doi:10.1177/0959354314535513. S2CID 145396270.
  3. ^ Furumoto, L. (1989). "The new history of psychology". In I. S. Cohen (ed.). The G. Stanley Hall lecture series (Vol. 9). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association. pp. 9–34. doi:10.1037/10090-001. ISBN 978-1-55798-065-6.
  4. ^ Young, R. M. (1966). "Scholarship and the history of the behavioural sciences". History of Science. 5 (1): 1–51. Bibcode:1966HisSc...5....1Y. doi:10.1177/007327536600500101. S2CID 142945697.
  5. ^ Danziger, K. (1990). Constructing the subject: Historical origins of psychological research. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521363587.
  6. ^ Brock, A. C.; Louw, J.; van Hoorn, W., eds. (2004). Rediscovering the history of psychology: Essays inspired by the work of Kurt Danziger. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
  7. ^ Furumoto, L.; Scarborough, E. (1986). "Placing women in the history of psychology: The first American women psychologists". American Psychologist. 41 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.1.35.
  8. ^ Scarborough, E.; Furumoto, L. (1989). Untold lives: The first generation of American women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press.
  9. ^ Rutherford, A. (2015). "Maintaining masculinity in mid-twentieth-century American psychology: Edwin Boring, scientific eminence, and the "woman problem"". Osiris. 30 (1): 250–271. doi:10.1086/683022. PMID 27066627. S2CID 35845166.
  10. ^ Baker, D. B., ed. (2012). The Oxford handbook of the history of psychology: Global perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
  11. ^ Carson, J. (2007). The measure of merit: Talents, intelligence, and inequality in the French and American republics, 1750-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  12. ^ Burman, J. T. (2015). "Neglect of the foreign invisible: Historiography and the navigation of conflicting sensibilities". History of Psychology. 18 (2): 146–169. doi:10.1037/a0039194. PMID 26120918.
  13. ^ Danziger, K. (2006). "Universalism and indigenization in the history of modern psychology". In Brock, A. C. (ed.). Internationalizing the history of psychology. New York: New York University Press.
  14. ^ Pickren, W. E. (2009). "Indigenization and the history of psychology". Psychological Studies. 54 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1007/s12646-009-0012-7. S2CID 144358683.
  15. ^ Burman, J. T. (2018). "What Is History of Psychology? Network Analysis of Journal Citation Reports, 2009-2015" (PDF). SAGE Open. 8 (1): 215824401876300. doi:10.1177/2158244018763005.
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