Hibiscus clayi
| Hibiscus clayi | |
|---|---|
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| At the Jardin des Plantes, Paris | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Hibiscus |
| Species: | H. clayi
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| Binomial name | |
| Hibiscus clayi | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Hibiscus clayi, common names red Kauai rosemallow,[3] Clay's hibiscus[2] or Kokiʻo ʻula (Hawaiian name), is a perennial angiosperm of the mallow family Malvaceae. This species has unique leaves that are round and toothed and grow in a decussate pattern.
Etymology
[edit]The generic name is derived from the Greek word ἱβίσκος (hibískos), which was the name Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40–90) gave to Althaea officinalis.[4] The species name clayi honors Horace F. Clay, a horticulturalist of Hawaii.[5]
Description
[edit]Hibiscus clayi is a shrub of 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in) or a tree reaching a height of 4–8 metres (13–26 ft).[6] Leaves are medium green, shiny, smooth-edged or slightly toothed on the tip. Single flowers are borne at the ends of the branches. They are showy, bright or dark red and they bloom all year around. Their flowers can be big with thin petals or they can also be compact with tiny, circular petals. They are generally similar to Hibiscus kokio.[5][6] This plant is listed as endangered by USFWS.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]This plant is endemic to Hawaii. It can be found in nature only in the dry forest of Nounou Mountains in the eastern Kauaʻi, at an elevation of 50–600 metres (160–1,970 ft) above sea level.[5] The conservation status of H. clayi is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[1]
Human use
[edit]The genus Hibiscus can be used medicinally. For example, the H. sabdariffa is rich in antibiotics and can protect the immune system with them. It can also fight inflammation, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol, promote weight loss, fight bacteria, and support liver health.[7] The hibiscus is also known to alleviate stomach issues, stimulate appetite, and relief from common cold symptoms.[8] Ancient Hawaiians used the Hibiscus as medicine. The buds and leaves were used a as gentle laxative, even for children. It was mashed into a juice and mixed in with other plants. This was to purify the blood and it was also believed that its properties could make a weak child strong.[9]
Cultural significance
[edit]The H. brackenridgei, or the yellow hibiscus, is a flower that holds extreme significance to the state of Hawai'i. The yellow hibiscus is the state flower, and represents the beauty, culture, and spirit that is Hawai'i. The S. Fallax, golden mallow, or 'Ilima is the native flower of the island of Oahu and is also a member of the hibiscus family.[10] Throughout the islands, the hibiscus is seen in gardens, landscapes, and patterns on traditional attire.[11]
Threats
[edit]The Nounou Mountains of Kaua'i hold all four of the trees known to still exist. The threats that endanger the H. clayi species are competition with alien plants, close proximity to hiking trails, making them prone to disturbance, pigs, and limited reproduction due to the low population in the wild.[12] Cattle and pigs have grazed on the H. Clayi, causing a significant amount of damage to the H. clayi population, which has ultimately led to its decline.[13]
Conservation efforts
[edit]In order to conserve these plants, suitable habitats should be identified for relocation. Protection of the remaining H. clayi should be looked into like a plant sanctuary.[14] In the near future, the remaining H. clayi should be protected and establish new populations of it to reduce the risk of extinction. Augmentation of the wild populations and growing new populations in a safe area is another conservation effort that can be made.[15] The University of Hawaii at Leeward Community College has a native garden that grows endangered species of plants, with H. clayi included.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Walsh, S.; Nyberg, B.; Wood, K. (2020). "Hibiscus clayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T30931A83801843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T30931A83801843.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "Hibiscus clayi". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ NRCS. "Hibiscus clayi". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Lawton, Barbara Perry (2004). Hibiscus: Hardy and Tropical Plants for the Garden. Timber Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-88192-654-5.
- ^ a b c "Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Hibiscus clayi". nativeplants.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
- ^ a b "Plant Conservation". Archived from the original on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ^ "7 Benefits of Hibiscus Tea". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "The Hibiscus: A Guide to Hawaii's State Flower". Koloa Zipline. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "The colorful flower and symbol of Hawaii is good for more than just decoration". BYUH Ke Alaka'i. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "'Ilima - Sida Fallax". Waikōloa Dry Forest Intiative. November 16, 2024. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
- ^ "The Hibiscus: A Guide to Hawaii's State Flower". Koloa Zipline. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "Plants - Hibiscus Clayi" (PDF). The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. October 25, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
- ^ "Hibiscus clayi, Red Kauai Rosemallow, Shrub, [Hibiscus newhousei]". www.smgrowers.com. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
- ^ "Plants - Hibiscus Clayi" (PDF). The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. October 25, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
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