Henricia leviuscula

Henricia leviuscula
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Asteroidea
Order:	Spinulosida
Family:	Echinasteridae
Genus:	Henricia
Species:	H. leviuscula
Binomial name
	Henricia leviuscula; (Stimpson), 1857

Henricia leviuscula, commonly called the Pacific blood star, is a species of sea star found along the Pacific coast of North America.

Description

They can usually be identified by their bright orange-red color, but there can also be many variations from tan to almost purple. The disk can be a mottled gray color. There can also be a saddle-like marking of lilac blotches between the rays, but the rays are not mottled.^[1] They commonly have 5 rays (occasionally 4–6). The rays are smooth and appear smooth due to the lack of pedicellariae and spines. The species is relatively small; the diameter is usually over 8 cm and rarely gets larger than 12 cm.^[2] As with all seastars the blood star has a madreporite which can be seen in the image below.

Reproduction and life history

Sexes are dioecious and females are not known to brood young.^[3] This statement is in conflict with other sources that state that smaller females brood their young and larger females discharge eggs directly in the water and do not brood them.^[4] This is one reason that is leading biologists to believe this is a species complex.^[5] Embryonic stages do not adhere to one another but float freely. Post-hatching larvae are ciliated and swim. Spawned eggs have been measured at 1342 μm diameter.^[6]

Behavior

In a study comparing seastar righting behavior the Henricia leviuscula twisted arms 1 and 3 toward each other, used arms 4 and 5 to support itself on the bottom of the tank, and moved arm 2 up so it was in a sitting-like position, and began to flip itself over. Overall, it had an average righting time of 15.22 minutes.^[7]

Distribution

Its range is from Alaska to Baja California.^[8]

Habitat

Its habitat is the intertidal zone under rocks and protected places from the low-tide line to about 400 m deep.^[9] They often have a commensal scaleworm, Arctonoe vittata.^[10]

Associations

There may be hybrids and possible distinct species that key to Henricia leviuscula.^[11] Subspecies are Henricia leviuscula annectens and Henricia leviuscula levivuscula.^[12]

Trophic strategy

They mainly feed on sponges and small bacteria.^[13] The sea star moves these tiny particles, which are captured in mucus and swept to the mouth by ciliated tracts. It may also feed by applying the stomach to the surfaces of sponges and bryozoa.^[14]

Conservation status

Not listed. Predators are humans and birds.

Related names

Chaetaster californicus Grube, 1856 synonym
Cribrella laeviuscula Sladen, 1889 synonym
Cribrella laeviuscula Whiteaves, 1878 synonym
Henricia attenuata H.L. Clark, 1901 synonym
Henricia inequalis Verrill, 1914 synonym
Henricia lunula Verrill, 1914 synonym
Henricia spatulifera Verrill, 1909 synonym
Linckia leviuscula Stimpson, 1857 synonym ^[15]

Common names

Pacific blood star, Blood star, Blood star fish.^[16]

Notes

^ Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
^ Kozloff, E. N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
^ Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
^ Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.
^ Cowles, D. (2005). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Key to Invertebrates Found At or Near Rosario Beach: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%2520Asteroidea/Henricia_leviuscula4sDLC2005.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inver
^ Douglas J. Eernise, M. F. (2010). Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02329p036.pdf
^ Sarah Pearson, S. P. (2008, July 11). Righting Behavior of Sea Stars. Retrieved May 2010, 8, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7841/Pearson-Pedemonte.pdf?sequence=1
^ Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.
^ Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.
^ Arctonoe vittata Archived 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle : University of Washington Press.
^ Catalogue of Life. (2008). Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Species 2000: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?selected_taxon=991569
^ Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.
^ Lester B. Pearson College. (2001, December 1). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Racerocks.com: http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/eco/taxalab/taniam.htm
^ Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509
^ Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509

References

Lester B. Pearson College. (2001, December 1). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Racerocks.com: http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/eco/taxalab/taniam.htm
Catalogue of Life. (2008). Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Species 2000: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?selected_taxon=991569
Cowles, D. (2005). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Key to Invertebrates Found At or Near Rosario Beach: http://www.google.com/imgres?
Douglas J. Eernise, M. F. (2010). Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02329p036.pdf
imgurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%2520Asteroidea/Henricia_leviuscula4sDLC2005.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inver^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 7). Retrieved May 7, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509
Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle : University of Washington Press.
Kozloff, E. N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.
Sarah Pearson, S. P. (2008, July 11). Righting Behavior of Sea Stars. Retrieved May 2010, 8, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7841/Pearson-Pedemonte.pdf?sequence=1

External links

[1] Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

[2] Kozloff, E. N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

[3] Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

[4] Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.

[5] Cowles, D. (2005). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Key to Invertebrates Found At or Near Rosario Beach: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%2520Asteroidea/Henricia_leviuscula4sDLC2005.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inver

[6] Douglas J. Eernise, M. F. (2010). Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02329p036.pdf

[7] Sarah Pearson, S. P. (2008, July 11). Righting Behavior of Sea Stars. Retrieved May 2010, 8, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7841/Pearson-Pedemonte.pdf?sequence=1

[8] Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.

[9] Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.

[10] Arctonoe vittata Archived 2012-07-30 at the Wayback Machine

[11] Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle : University of Washington Press.

[12] Catalogue of Life. (2008). Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Species 2000: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?selected_taxon=991569

[13] Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc.

[14] Lester B. Pearson College. (2001, December 1). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Racerocks.com: http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/eco/taxalab/taniam.htm

[15] Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509

[16] Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509

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