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Helmut Lipfert

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Helmut Lipfert
Lipfert in 1945
Born(1916-08-06)6 August 1916
Lippelsdorf, Landkreis Saalfeld, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, German Empire
Died10 August 1990(1990-08-10) (aged 74)
Einbeck, Lower Saxony, West Germany
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchArmy (1937–1941)
Luftwaffe (1941–1945)
Years of service1937–1945
RankHauptmann (Captain)
Unit1st Panzer Division
JG 52, JG 53
Commands4./JG 52, 6./JG 52, I./JG 53
Battles / wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Other workschool teacher

Helmut Lipfert (6 August 1916 – 10 August 1990) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II. Lipfert ranks as the world's thirteenth fighter ace.[1] Lipfert was credited with 203 victories achieved in 687 combat missions. All his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front and included a P-51 Mustang, 41 Yakovlev Yak-1, 41 Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters, two four-engine bombers and 39 Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. He was shot down fifteen times, without being injured.

Born in Lippelsdorf, Lipfert joined the military service in 1937, at first serving with the 1st Panzer Division before he transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1941. Trained as a fighter pilot, Lipfert was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in late 1942. He claimed his first aerial victory in January 1943. In March 1943, Lipfert was appointed acting Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. Following his 90th aerial victory claimed, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in April 1944. In February 1945, Lipfert was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing). In April 1945, he claimed his 200th aerial victory and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Following World War II, Lipfert became a school teacher. He died on 10 August 1990 in Einbeck, West Germany.

Early life and career

[edit]

Lipfert was born on 6 August 1916 in Lippelsdorf, present-day a borough of Gräfenthal, at the time in Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, as part of the German Empire. Following the compulsory labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), Lipfert joined the military service with Nachrichten-Abteilung 37 (37th Signals Battalion), a unit of 1st Panzer Division on 3 November 1937.[2]

World War II

[edit]

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Lipfert, who held the rank of Unteroffizier (sergeant), participated in the Invasion of Poland and in the Battle of France as a member of the 1st Panzer Division. In early 1941, he transferred to the Luftwaffe where he trained as a fighter pilot.[Note 1] He was promoted to Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel (officer cadet) on 16 June 1942 and to Leutnant (second lientenant) on 1 August 1942.[2]

Lipfert was then posted to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost (Supplementary Fighter Group, East) based at Saint-Jean-d'Angély, France and then via the Frontleitstelle Krakau, front dispatch center based at Krakau, to 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 16 December 1942.[Note 2] At the time, JG 52 was based on the southern sector of the Eastern Front in the vicinity of Stalingrad.[2] His 6. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Rudolf Resch and subordinated to II. Gruppe (4th group) of JG 52 headed by Hauptmann Johannes Steinhoff.[4] The Gruppe was based at an airfield near Morozovsk and fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad.[5]

Eastern Front

[edit]

On 18 December 1942, on one of his first combat missions, Lipfert made a forced landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummber 14154—factory number) due to engine failure.[6] He is remembered by contemporaries as a consistent, professional pilot and leader. He withdrew often from squadron mates into long periods of contemplation.[1] On 22 January 1943, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Rostov-on-Don.[7] There, Lipfert claimed his first aerial victory over a Lavochkin La-5, a radial engined fighter aircraft, on the 30 January, near Malaya Balabinka, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of Rostov-on-Don.[8]

On 20 March 1943, Lipfert was appointed acting Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. He replaced Leutnant Wolf-Dieter von Coester in this capacity who had been killed in action that day. Following the death of Oberleutnant Karl Ritzenberger on 24 May, Lipfert was transferred to take command of 6. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. He was succeeded by Leutnant Heinrich Sturm as commander of 4. Staffel.[9]

On 8 October, he shot down five Russian aircraft (kills 30 to 34). Four more are shot down on 5 December and his score raises to 72. By the end of 1943 his victories total had reached 80. On 5 April 1944, his 90th air victory had won him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). Six days later, 11 April 1944, an "all-white Sturmovik" provided him with his 100th aerial victory.[10][11] He was the 69th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[12]

The last Germans had to evacuate from Crimea in May, retiring to Kherson. There, the Luftwaffe Gruppen were subjected to near-constant Soviet bombing raids, and Lipfert's 6./JG 52, in particular, lost a number of aircraft.[10] On 11 June 1944 he destroyed his first United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) four engined bomber, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress north-northwest of Tătăruși, his 127th aerial victory.[13] Two weeks later, on the 24 of June, he downed a Consolidated B-24 Liberator over Ștefănești in the historical Romanian region of Moldavia, his 128th claim. His 150th claim was filed on 24 October 1944, a Yakovlev Yak-7 over Feherto, Hungary.[14]

Group commander

[edit]

Lipfert was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) on 15 February 1945.[15] He thus replaced Hauptmann Erich Hartmann who had briefly led the Gruppe after its former commander, Major Jürgen Harder, was transferred.[16] Command of 6. Staffel of JG 52 was given to Leutnant Heinz Ewald.[17] At the time, the Gruppe was based in Veszprém and had been fighting in the siege of Budapest, where German forces had surrendered on 13 February. The Gruppe then supported German forces in Operation Southwind, eliminating the Soviet bridgehead on the west bank of the river Hron, predominantly fighting over Esztergom.[18] On 20 February, Lipfert was ordered to move the Gruppe to Piešťany, located approximately 75 kilometers (47 miles) northeast of Vienna, where they arrived the following day.[19] The following day, I. Gruppe again flew combat air patrols over Esztergom. That day, Lipfert claimed his first two aerial victories with JG 53 when he shot down a La-5 and Yak-3 fighter, taking his total to 181.[15][20] By 25 February, German forces had eliminated the Soviet bridgehead west of the Hron. That day, I. Gruppe flew combat missions to Zvolen (Altsohl). On a morning mission, Lipfert claimed a Yak-9 fighter shot down.[21]

On 26 February, water from the Váh started flooding the airfield at Piešťany. The airfield had to be abandoned and I. Gruppe first moved to Pápa before returning to Veszprém on 28 February. [22] Lipfert claimed his 183rd aerial victory, an Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, on 8 March. The following day, German forces attacked Soviet positions on both sides of Lake Balaton during Operation Spring Awakening.[23] Supporting this operation, I. Gruppe flew many missions to the combat areas near Zvolen and Székesfehérvár (Stuhlweißenburg). On 11 March, Lipfert shot down a Yak-3 fighter near Sárbogárd and another Yak-3 near Siófok. From 12 to 17 March, I. Gruppe continued fighting in the vicinity of Székesfehérvár. In this timeframe, Lipfert claimed his 186th aerial victory on 13 March, his 187th and 188th on 14 March, and his 189th on 17 March.[24] On 20 March, with Soviet forces advancing, ground combat shifted to the area north of Lake Velence and to Székesfehérvár. Flying his second mission of the day, Lipfert shot down two Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, the first near Székesfehérvár, the second near Várpalota.[25] On 22 March, the airfield Veszprém was taken by Soviet forces and the Gruppe relocated to Pápa where they were joined by the Stab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 76 (JG 76—76th Fighter Wing).[26]

On 5 April, I. Gruppe moved from Fels am Wagram to Brno.[27] Three days later, Lipfert claimed his 200th aerial victory in the vicinity of Hainburg an der Donau, west of Bratislava.[28] He flew his last and 687th combat mission on 16 April, claiming a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter shot down, taking his total to 203 aerial victories. The next day, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). He was the 837th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made by Generalleutnant Paul Deichmann, commanding general of I. Fliegerkorps (1st Air Corps), on 17 April.[29][30]

Later life

[edit]

After the war, Lipfert became a school teacher, and was seldom seen by his war comrades. He died on 10 August 1990 at the age of 74 in Einbeck.[29] He was buried at the local cemetery in Einbeck.[31]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Lipfert was credited with 203 aerial victories.[32] According to Spick, Lipfert was credited with 203 aerial victories claimed in approximately 700 combat missions. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front and includes two USAAF four-engine bombers claimed over Romania.[33] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 200 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 198 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and two on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.[34] The authors Daniel and Gabor Horvath compared Soviet enemy loss reports to Lipfert's claims over Hungary. In the timeframe 17 October 1944 to 21 March 1945, Lipfert claimed 52 aerial victories, while the authors found 48 matching Soviet losses, a corroboration of 92%.[35]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 08693". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[36]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Lipfert an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Lipfert did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[37]
1 30 January 1943 12:47 La-5 PQ 08693, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Malaya-Balabinka[38] 92 7 April 1944 07:27 Yak-7 north-northeast of Tschumak[39]
15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Tschumak
2 25 February 1943 14:58 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 86763, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Fedorowskaja[40] 93 8 April 1944 14:22 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] east of Tschigary[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Tschigary
3 28 February 1943 13:15 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75433, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Novorossijsk[40] 94 8 April 1944 14:32 R-5 southeast of Iwanówka[39]
14 km (8.7 mi) southeast of Iwanówka
4 7 March 1943 08:20 R-5 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Popowitschewskaja[40] 95 9 April 1944 14:40 Yak-7 Tomaschewka[41]
6 km (3.7 mi) east of Tomaschewka
5 7 March 1943 08:23 R-5 PQ 34 Ost 86731, Iwanowskaja[40] 96 9 April 1944 15:58 Pe-2 Gramatikovo[41]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gramatikovo
6 14 March 1943 06:56 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 75431, 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Novorossijsk[42] 97 10 April 1944 08:16 Yak-7 Tomaschewka[41]
12 km (7.5 mi) east of Tomaschewka
7?[Note 4] 30 March 1943 06:26 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 86571, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Slawjanskaja[42] 98 10 April 1944 12:12 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southeast of Megasinka[41]
8?[Note 4] 30 March 1943 15:15 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76651, 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Anastasiewskaja[42] 99 11 April 1944 07:02 Yak-7 Dzhankoi[41]
18 km (11 mi) west-northwest of Dzhankoi
9?[Note 4] 20 April 1943 06:30 MiG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85114, 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Abinskaya[42] 100 11 April 1944 09:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Dzhankoi[41]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Dzhankoi
10 25 June 1943 16:13 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76694, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Anastasiewskaja[44] 101 15 April 1944 10:47?[Note 5] Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Sevastopol[46]
6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Sevastopol
11 25 June 1943 16:23 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76692, 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Deschi[44] 102 17 April 1944 15:49 Yak-7 Dzhankoi[46]
2 km (1.2 mi) south of Dzhankoi
12 16 July 1943 05:45 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 86232, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Krymskaja[44] 103 19 April 1944 14:21 P-40 Sevastopol[46]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Sevastopol
13 19 July 1943 13:55 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75263, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Bakanskaja[44] 104 19 April 1944 17:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Sevastopol[46]
12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Sevastopol
14 21 July 1943 09:37 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76831, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Anastasiewskaja[44] 105 22 April 1944 09:40 Boston Sevastopol[46]
55 km (34 mi) southwest of Sevastopol
15 21 July 1943 16:43 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75741, 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Cape Utrish[44] 106 27 April 1944 10:50 Yak-7 Kadykowka[46]
8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Kadykowka
16 23 July 1943 05:54 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 76894, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Kijewskoje[44] 107 3 May 1944 18:35 Yak-7 north of Belbek[47]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Belbek
17 23 July 1943 17:33 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 75264, 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Krymskaja[48] 108 4 May 1944 06:44 Yak-7 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Saky[47]
18 3 September 1943 10:41 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 40262, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Kotelwa[49] 109 4 May 1944 09:10 Yak-7 northwest of Belbek[47]
4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Belbek
19 4 September 1943 17:17 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 41574, 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Jurewka[49] 110 5 May 1944 10:38 Yak-7 southeast of Balaklava[47]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Balaklava
20 5 September 1943 10:30 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 60343, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Taranowka[49] 111 5 May 1944 10:50 Yak-7 Laspi Bay[47]
3 km (1.9 mi) south of Laspi Bay
21 21 September 1943 07:16 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 11142, Kozelets[50] 112 5 May 1944 14:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] north of Belbek[47]
3 km (1.9 mi) north of Belbek
22 24 September 1943 13:55 P-40 PQ 35 Ost 11751, 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Jerkowzy[50] 113 6 May 1944 07:30 Yak-1 southwest of Belbek[47]
8 km (5.0 mi) southwest of Belbek
23 24 September 1943 16:40 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 11714, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Jerkowzy[50] 114 6 May 1944 07:40 U-2 southwest of Belbek[47]
7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Belbek
24 25 September 1943 17:35 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 11782, 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Perejasslaw[51] 115 7 May 1944 09:40 Yak-1 north of Balaklava[47]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Balaklava
25 28 September 1943 17:35 R-5 PQ 35 Ost 11714, 13 km (8.1 mi) west of Perejasslaw[51] 116 7 May 1944 09:45 Yak-1 Sevastopol[47]
10 km (6.2 mi) east-southeast of Sevastopol
26 1 October 1943 16:13 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 58163, 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Barbosta[51] 117 7 May 1944 09:49 Yak-1 northeast of Balaklava[47]
4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Sevastopol
27 7 October 1943 06:57 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 39432, west of Annowka[51] 118 30 May 1944 16:01 Yak-1?[Note 6] northeast of Iași[52]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Iași
28 7 October 1943 11:07 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 49774, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Orlik[51] 119 30 May 1944 16:04 Yak-1?[Note 6] northeast of Iași[52]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Iași
29 7 October 1943 11:28 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 49153, 12 km (7.5 mi) north of Orlik[51] 120 31 May 1944 08:04 Pe-2 east of Busila[52]
3 km (1.9 mi) east of Busila
30♠ 8 October 1943 07:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66692, 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Achtanisowskaja[51] 121 31 May 1944 14:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] northeast of Iași[52]
7 km (4.3 mi) northeast of Iași
31♠ 8 October 1943 08:23 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 66624, 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Jljitsch[51] 122 4 June 1944 18:56 Yak-1 east-southeast of Soulani[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) east-southeast of Soulani
32♠ 8 October 1943 08:35 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75543, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Fischerei[51] 123 5 June 1944 07:58 P-39 northeast of Zahorna[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Zahorna
33♠ 8 October 1943 15:33 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 6669, 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Taman[51] 124 5 June 1944 08:01 Yak-7 north of Zahorna[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) north of Zahorna
34♠ 8 October 1943 15:42 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 66692, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Achtanisowskaja[51] 125 5 June 1944 11:35 Yak-7 southwest of Carpiti[13]
4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Carpiti
35 10 October 1943 13:05 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 39291, 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Mishorin-Rog[51] 126?[Note 7] 5 June 1944 11:45 Boston south of Românești[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) south of Românești
36 10 October 1943 13:15 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 49312, 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Borodajewka[51] 127?[Note 7] 11 June 1944 09:45 B-17 north-northwest of Tataturi[13]
7 km (4.3 mi) north-northwest of Tataturi
37 20 October 1943 07:30 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 39453, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Popelnastoje[51] 128 24 June 1944 09:42 B-24 southwest of Ștefănești[13]
7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of Ștefănești
38 21 October 1943 05:55 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 39482, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Pjatichatki[54] 129 27 June 1944 10:34 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] northeast of Jasski[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Jasski
39 21 October 1943 06:08 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 49372, 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Werchnedjeprowsk[54] 130 14 July 1944 07:55 P-39 Shchurovychi[13]
18 km (11 mi) northwest of Shchurovychi
40 21 October 1943 12:30 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 39612, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Pjatichatki[54] 131 15 July 1944 15:20 Yak-7 northwest of Horokhiv[13]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Horokhiv
41 26 October 1943 07:15 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 57123, 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Melitopol[54] 132 16 July 1944 13:23 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southern edge of Plowe[13]
42 26 October 1943 07:17 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 57152, 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Melitopol[54] 133 16 July 1944 13:27 Yak-7 southwest of Stojanow[13]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Stojanow
43 29 October 1943 07:00 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 47331, 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Agaiman[54] 134 18 July 1944 15:12 La-5 west of Zaczernecze[13]
4 km (2.5 mi) west of Zaczernecze
44 2 November 1943 09:25 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 3767, 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Chaplynka[54] 135 18 July 1944 18:12 Yak-7 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Turce[13]
45 5 November 1943 10:20 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66734, 20 km (12 mi) south of Kerch[55] 136 19 July 1944 16:40 P-39 northeast of Liuboml[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Liuboml
46 6 November 1943 11:55 Yak-7 PQ 34 Ost 66732, 500 m (550 yd) southeast of Eltigen[55] 137 19 July 1944 16:41 P-39 northern edge of Liuboml[13]
47 11 November 1943 13:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66871, 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Katerles[55] 138 19 July 1944 16:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southeast of Liuboml[13]
17 km (11 mi) southeast of Liuboml
48 11 November 1943 13:50 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66533, 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Bagerowo[55] 139 20 July 1944 11:10 Yak-9 northwest of Liuboml[13]
3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Liuboml
49 12 November 1943 08:51 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66871, 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Kerch[55] 140 21 July 1944 06:25 Yak-7 northwest of Busk[13]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Busk
50 12 November 1943 10:47 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 6664, 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Bakssy[55]
—
 22 July 1944
—
 Boston vicinity of Strij[13]
51 13 November 1943 05:43 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66562, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Bulganak[55] 141 24 July 1944 18:41 Yak-9 south of Tuczana[13]
6 km (3.7 mi) south of Tuczana
52 13 November 1943 05:47 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66642, 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Majak[55]
—
 2 August 1944
—
 unknown[13]
53 14 November 1943 09:15 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66732, 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Eltigen[55] 142 14 August 1944 17:14 P-39 southwest of Sobotka[56]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Sobotka
54 14 November 1943 13:50 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66531, 6 km (3.7 mi) west-northwest of Katerles[55] 143 16 August 1944 16:35 Yak-11 east-southeast of Opatow[56]
12 km (7.5 mi) east-southeast of Opatow
55 15 November 1943 06:15 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 66643, Kolonka[55] 144 23 August 1944 17:25 Yak-7 southeast of Gaidar[56]
1.5 km (0.93 mi) southeast of Gaidar
56 19 November 1943 06:30 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66821, 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Taman[55]
—
 23 August 1944
—
 Yak vicinity of Galatz[56]
57 20 November 1943 06:40 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 66623, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Jlitsch[55] 145 31 August 1944 10:20 P-51 PQ 47257[56]
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Lövér
58 21 November 1943 07:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 66712, 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Eltigen[55] 146 17 October 1944 10:38 Yak-11 Hosszúpályi[56]
3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Hosszúpályi
59 21 November 1943 07:05 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66814, 8 km (5.0 mi) southwest of Taman[55] 147 21 October 1944 10:52 La-5 southeast of Ócsa[57]
6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Ócsa
60 27 November 1943 09:48 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 47771, 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Gromovka[58] 148 23 October 1944 15:31 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southeast of Szolnok[57]
1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Szolnok
61 27 November 1943 14:40 Yak-9 PQ 34 Ost 66732, 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Eltigen[58] 149 23 October 1944 15:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] northeast of Szolnok[57]
1 km (0.62 mi) northeast of Szolnok
62 29 November 1943 14:21 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66734, 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Eltigen[58] 150 24 October 1944 09:22 Yak-7 northwest of Fehértó[57]
1 km (0.62 mi) northwest of Fehértó
63 30 November 1943 06:10 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66792, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Cape Takyl[58] 151 27 October 1944 12:17 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Bűdszentmihály[57]
6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Bűdszentmihály
64 30 November 1943 13:45 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66733, 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Eltigen[58] 152 27 October 1944 12:21 Yak-7 Bűdszentmihály[57]
11 km (6.8 mi) south of Bűdszentmihály
65 1 December 1943 11:47 Yak-1 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Taman[58] 153 13 November 1944 12:45 Yak-3 southeast of Jászberény[57]
9 km (5.6 mi) southeast of Jászberény
66 2 December 1943 06:39 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Cape Takyl[58] 154 16 November 1944 12:39 Yak-11 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Tura[59]
67 2 December 1943 06:48 LaGG-3 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Feodosja[58] 155 17 November 1944 11:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] northwest of Jászberény[59]
6 km (3.7 mi) south of Jászberény
68 2 December 1943 06:55 LaGG-3 500 m (550 yd) south of Cape Takyl[58] 156 17 November 1944 11:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] northwest of Jászberény[59]
3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Jászberény
69 5 December 1943 07:25 Yak-7 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Kossa Tusla[60] 157 17 November 1944 13:20 Il-2 m.H.?[Note 3][Note 8] northwest of Jászberény[59]
3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Jászberény
70 5 December 1943 07:32 Yak-1 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Taman[60] 158 23 November 1944 10:40 Yak-9 southeast of Atkár[59]
3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Atkár
71 5 December 1943 10:23 P-39 Kossa Tusla[60] 159 5 December 1944 10:30 Yak-9 southeast of Hatvan[59]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Hatvan
72 5 December 1943 13:55 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Kossa Tusla[60] 160 9 December 1944 15:05 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] southwest of Csajág[59]
2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Csajág
73 8 December 1943 07:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Katerles[60] 161 11 December 1944 14:53 Pe-2 Balatonkenese[59]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Lake Balaton
74 9 December 1943 11:15 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Taman[60] 162 22 December 1944 09:37 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Székesfehérvár[59]
6 km (3.7 mi) north of Székesfehérvár
75 11 December 1943 11:37 Yak-7 2 km (1.2 mi) northeast of Majak[60] 163 23 December 1944 10:48 Yak-9 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Enying[59]
76 17 December 1943 06:43 Pe-2 2 km (1.2 mi) southeast of Starotitarowskaja[60] 164 24 December 1944 14:25 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] north of Seregélyes[59]
2 km (1.2 mi) north of Seregélyes
77 27 December 1943 12:08 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66642, 2 km (1.2 mi) northeast of Majak[60] 165 25 December 1944 12:08 Yak-9 Székesfehérvár[59]
9 km (5.6 mi) northwest of Székesfehérvár
78 28 December 1943 07:16 R-5 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Majak[60] 166 25 December 1944 12:15 Yak-9 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Mór[59]
79 29 December 1943 07:12 Yak-1 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Malikut[61] 167 2 January 1945 11:15 La-5 eastern edge of Bodmér[62]
80 29 December 1943 10:05 Boston 500 m (550 yd) southwest of Majak[61] 168 2 January 1945 11:45 Yak-9 4 km (2.5 mi) east of Vereb[62]
81 11 January 1944 11:27 P-39 north of Cape Tarchan[63]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Cape Tarchan 		169 4 January 1945 08:26 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Tarján[62]
82 17 January 1944 06:46 LaGG-3 southeast of Bulganak[63]
3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Bulganak 		170 4 January 1945 08:28 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Tarján[62]
83 21 January 1944 11:53 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] Tschurubasch[63]
4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Tschurubasch 		171 4 January 1945 10:41 Yak-9 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Bicske[62]
84 23 January 1944 07:08 Yak-7 vicinity of Kerch[63]
Kerch harbor 		172 4 January 1945 11:12 La-5 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Tardos[62]
85 23 January 1944 12:08 Yak-7 Kerch harbor[63] 173 8 January 1945 14:13 Boston 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Székesfehérvár[62]
86 24 January 1944 06:30 P-39 northern edge of Kerch[63] 174 8 January 1945 14:18 Boston 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Székesfehérvár[62]
87 25 January 1944 12:27 Yak-1 east of Bulganak[64]
2 km (1.2 mi) east of Bulganak 		175 14 January 1945 12:11 Yak-3 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of Mužla[62]
88 25 January 1944 12:40 Boston Kossa Tusla[64]
6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Kossa Tusla 		176 14 January 1945 14:36 Yak-3 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Mužla[62]
89?[Note 7] 1 April 1944 09:25 LaGG-3 southeast of Feodosia[65]
6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Feodosia 		177 16 January 1945 12:17 La-5 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Budaörs[62]
90 1 April 1944 09:33 LaGG-3 northeast of Feodosia[39]
5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Feodosia 		178 22 January 1945 13:24 La-5 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Székesfehérvár[62]
91 7 April 1944 07:19 Yak-7 north of Taganaja[39]
20 km (12 mi) north of Taganaja 		179 27 January 1945 14:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] 7 km (4.3 mi) northwest of Adony[62]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[66]
180 22 February 1945 14:00 La-5[67] Bart 192 21 March 1945 11:58 La-5[67] vicinity of Lake Balaton
181 22 February 1945 16:25 Yak-3[67] Bíňa 193 21 March 1945 15:30 Yak-5[67] 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Felsőgalla
182 25 February 1945 10:53 Yak-9[67] 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Zvolen 194 27 March 1945 14:15 Yak-9[67] 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) southeast of Nitra
183 8 March 1945 14:10 Il-2[67] 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Szapolsc 195 27 March 1945 14:18 Il-2[67] 6–8 km (3.7–5.0 mi) south of Nitra
184 11 March 1945 10:35 Yak-3[67] 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Sárbogárd 196 27 March 1945 16:55 Yak-9[67] 20–25 km (12–16 mi) southeast of Nitra
185 11 March 1945 14:05 Yak-3[67] 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi) south of Siófok 197 28 March 1945 17:12 Yak-3[67] 20 km (12 mi) south of Nitra
186 13 March 1945 10:13 Yak-7[67] 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Pákozd 198 1 April 1945 16:05 La-7[68] 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Nemetdiszeg
187 14 March 1945 12:07 La-5[67] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Székesfehérvár 199 5 April 1945 09:45 La-7[68] 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Gairing
188 14 March 1945 12:11 Il-2[67] 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Pákozd 200 8 April 1945 15:54 La-7[68] 1–3 km (0.62–1.86 mi) east of Hainburg
189 17 March 1945 16:15 Il-2[67] Lake Velence 201 9 April 1945 17:20 La-7[68] 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Lundenburg
190 20 March 1945 15:33 Il-2[67] 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 mi) southeast of Székesfehérvár 202 14 April 1945 15:00 Yak-9[68] Stockerau
191 20 March 1945 15:41 Il-2[67] 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) southwest of Várpalota 203 16 April 1945 11:20 Yak-9[68] 20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Göding

Awards

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations, see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  4. ^ a b c According to Mathews and Foreman claimed with 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52.[43]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:44.[45]
  6. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-11.[45]
  7. ^ a b c According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[53]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-7.[45]
  9. ^ According to Obermaier on 14 November 1943.[72]
  10. ^ According to Scherzer as Leutnant (war officer).[75]
  11. ^ According to Scherzer as Hauptmann (war officer).[75]

Publications

[edit]
  • Lipfert, Helmut; Girbig, Werner (1993). The War Diary of Hauptmann Helmut Lipfert – JG 52 on the Russian Front 1943–1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-446-7.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Toliver & Constable 1996, p. 250.
  2. ^ a b c Stockert 2011, p. 98.
  3. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
  5. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 111.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 506.
  7. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 114.
  8. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 340.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 374.
  10. ^ a b Weal 2002, p. 83.
  11. ^ Bergström 2008, p. 48.
  12. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Barbas 2005, p. 367.
  14. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 367, 369.
  15. ^ a b Shores 1983, p. 107.
  16. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1653.
  17. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 286.
  18. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1223–1224.
  19. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1226.
  20. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1227.
  21. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1228–1229.
  22. ^ Prien 1991, pp. 1230–1231.
  23. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1232.
  24. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1233.
  25. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1237.
  26. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1239.
  27. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1246.
  28. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1248.
  29. ^ a b Stockert 2011, p. 100.
  30. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1251.
  31. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 98.
  32. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  33. ^ Spick 1996, p. 228.
  34. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 758–762.
  35. ^ Horvath & Horvath 2022, pp. 154–189.
  36. ^ Planquadrat.
  37. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 758–761.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 498.
  39. ^ a b c d e Barbas 2005, p. 362.
  40. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Barbas 2005, p. 363.
  42. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 380.
  43. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 758.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 385.
  45. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 760.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Barbas 2005, p. 364.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barbas 2005, p. 365.
  48. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 386.
  49. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  50. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 389.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prien et al. 2012, p. 390.
  52. ^ a b c d Barbas 2005, p. 366.
  53. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 759–760.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 391.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
  56. ^ a b c d e f Barbas 2005, p. 368.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g Barbas 2005, p. 369.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barbas 2005, p. 370.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 395.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barbas 2005, p. 371.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Barbas 2005, p. 358.
  64. ^ a b Barbas 2005, p. 359.
  65. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 361.
  66. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 761–762.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Prien 1991, p. 1682.
  68. ^ a b c d e f Prien 1991, p. 1683.
  69. ^ a b c MacLean 2007, p. 220.
  70. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 30.
  71. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 136.
  72. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 76.
  73. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 281.
  74. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, pp. 293, 496.
  75. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 509.
  76. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 102.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Barbas, Bernd (2005). Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish] (2008). Bagration to Berlin—The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945. Burgess Hill: Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1-903223-91-8.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Horvath, Daniel; Horvath, Gabor (2022). Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-915070-87-6.
  • MacLean, French L (2007). Luftwaffe Efficiency & Promotion Reports: For the Knight's Cross Winners. Vol. One. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-2657-8.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Trophy for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen (1991). Pik-As: Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 53 — 3 — Das Ende in Italien 1944, Rumänien, Ungarn 1944/45, Einsatz zur Verteidigung des Reiches 1943–1945 [Ace of Spades: History of the Fighter Wing 53 — 3 — The End in Italy 1944, Romania, Hungary 1944/45, Defense of the Reich 1943–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-16-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher (1983). Air Aces. Greenwich, CT: Bison Books. ISBN 978-0-86124-104-0.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Stockert, Peter (2011). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 9 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 9] (in German) (2nd ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Toliver, Raymond F.; Constable, Trevor J. (1996). Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-909-7.
  • Weal, John (2002). German Aces of the Russian Front. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-620-1.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.
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