Haplopteris

Haplopteris
	Haplopteris elongata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Family:	Pteridaceae
Subfamily:	Vittarioideae
Genus:	Haplopteris; C.Presl
Type species
	Haplopteris scolopendrina; (Bory) C.Presl
Synonyms
	Monogramma Comm. ex Schkuhr; Pleurofossa Nakai ex H.Ito; Pleurogramme Brown 1838 non (Blume 1828) Presl 1836; Taeniopteris Hooker 1842 non Brongniart 1829;

Haplopteris is a genus of vittarioid ferns, a member of subfamily Vittarioideae and family Pteridaceae.

Description

Like other vittarioids, the members of Haplopteris are epiphytes. The rhizome has a distinct upper and lower side, lacking radial symmetry, a characteristic that separates it from Radiovittaria. Leaves are borne in two ranks in a single plane, and are usually simple, occasionally forked. The leaves have a distinct costa (midrib). Most species have netlike leaf veins which form two rows of areolae (the "gaps" in the net) on either side of the midline; two species bear a single leaf vein only. The linear sori, in most species, are confined to a commissural vein (paralleling the edge of the leaf margin and set just back from it, joining the ends of the netted veins); in the two species with a single vein, the sori follow that vein. The sori bear paraphyses (minute hairs) with a cell at the tip shaped like an inverted cone, separating it from Vittaria sensu stricto, with slender paraphyses.^[1]

Taxonomy

The genus was first described by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, separating it from Pteris sensu Bory. He named it Haplopteris, from the Greek words for "simple" and "fern", in token of the simple fronds typical of the genus. He placed it in tribe Adiantaceae rather than Vittariaceae, although he recognized the similarity of the venation to Vittaria. Presl transferred Bory's Pteris scolopendrina to the genus as the type species.^[2]

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the type species of Monogramma is embedded in Haplopteris.^[3] Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.^[4] Thus far, the conservation of Haplopteris has been recommended by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants.^[5]

Distribution

About ten species are native to tropical Africa and the Indian Ocean, while the rest are found in tropical Asia and the Pacific.^[1]

Species

Schuettpelz et al. estimated the genus to contain about 40 species.^[1] The bulk of them were transferred out of Vittaria by Edmund H. Crane in 1998.^[6] 38 have currently been named.

Phylogeny of Haplopteris^[7]^[8]

H. graminea Chen, S.Linds. & Schuettpelz 2021

H. volkensii (Hieronymus) Crane

H. humblotii (Hieronymus) S.Linds. & Chen

	H. guineensis (Desvaux) Crane

	H. schliebenii (Reimers) Schuettp.

H. ensata (Christ) C.W.Chen & S.Linds.

	H. heterophylla C.W.Chen, Y.H.Chang & Yea C.Liu

	H. yakushimensis C.W.Chen & Ebihara

	H. amboinensis (Fée) X.C.Zhang

	H. scolopendrina C.Presl

H. malayensis (Holttum) E.H.Crane

H. mediosora (Hayata) X.C.Zhang

	H. flexuosa (Fée) E.H.Crane

	H. linearifolia (Ching) X.C.Zhang

H. plurisulcata (Ching) X.C.Zhang

H. taeniophylla (Copel.) E.H.Crane

	H. centrochinensis (Ching ex Cheng) Yan, Wei & Zhang 2021

	H. fudzinoi (Makino) E.H.Crane

H. longicoma (Christ) Crane

	H. dareicarpa (Hook.) S.Linds. & Chen

	H. mindanaoensis S.Linds. & Chen

H. angustifolia (Blume) Crane

	H. elongata (Sw.) Crane

	H. zosterifolia (Willd.) Crane

H. capillaris (Copel.) C.W.Chen, S.Linds. & K.T.Yong

	H. angustissima (Holttum) S.Linds.

	H. sikkimensis (Kuhn) E.H.Crane

H.sessilifrons (Miyam. & H.Ohba) S.Linds.

H. ensiformis (Sw.) E.H.Crane

	H. alternans (Copel.) S.Linds. & C.W.Chen

	H. anguste-elongata (Hayata) E.H.Crane

Other species include:

H. exigua (Hieronymus)
H. hirta (Fée) S.Linds.
H. microlepis (Hieron.) Mazumdar
H. owariensis (Fée) E.H.Crane
H. pluridichotoma (Bonaparte) Chen, S.Linds. & Cicuzza 2021
H. reekmansii (Pichi Sermolli) Chen & S.Linds. 2021
H. schaeferi (Hieronymus) Chen & S.Linds. 2021
H. stenophylla (Copeland) Chen & S.Linds. 2021
H. vittarioides (Thouars) (Bootlace Fern)
H. winitii (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) S.Linds.

If the proposal to conserve Haplopteris against Monogramma is accepted, M. graminea will have to be transferred to Haplopteris to maintain the monophyly of the genus.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Schuettpelz, Eric; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Kessler, Michael; Pinson, Jerald B.; Johnson, Gabriel; Davila, Alex; Cochran, Alyssa T.; Huiet, Layne; Pryer, Kathleen M. (August 2016). "A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data" (PDF). Taxon. 65 (4): 708–722. doi:10.12705/654.2.
^ Presl, Carl Borivoj (1836). Tentamen Pteridologiae (in Latin). Vol. 1. Prague: Filiorum Theophili Haase. p. 141.
^ Ruhfel, Bradley; Lindsay, Stuart; Davis, Charles C. (2008). "Phylogenetic Placement of Rheopteris and the Polyphyly of Monogramma (Pteridaceae s.l.): Evidence from rbcL Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 33 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1600/036364408783887410. S2CID 84001172.
^ Chen, Cheng Wei; Schuettpelz, Eric; Lindsay, Stuart; Middleton, David J. (August 2016). "Proposal to conserve the name Haplopteris against Monogramma (Pteridaceae)". Taxon. 65 (4): 884–885. doi:10.12705/654.19.
^ Applequist, Wendy L. (2020). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 71". Taxon. 69 (2): 391–397. doi:10.1002/tax.12217.
^ Crane, Edmund H. (1997). "A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae". Systematic Botany. 22 (3): 509–517. doi:10.2307/2419824. JSTOR 2419824.
^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

[schuettpelz2016-1] Schuettpelz, Eric; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Kessler, Michael; Pinson, Jerald B.; Johnson, Gabriel; Davila, Alex; Cochran, Alyssa T.; Huiet, Layne; Pryer, Kathleen M. (August 2016). "A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data" (PDF). Taxon. 65 (4): 708–722. doi:10.12705/654.2.

[2] Presl, Carl Borivoj (1836). Tentamen Pteridologiae (in Latin). Vol. 1. Prague: Filiorum Theophili Haase. p. 141.

[ruhfel2008-3] Ruhfel, Bradley; Lindsay, Stuart; Davis, Charles C. (2008). "Phylogenetic Placement of Rheopteris and the Polyphyly of Monogramma (Pteridaceae s.l.): Evidence from rbcL Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 33 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1600/036364408783887410. S2CID 84001172.

[4] Chen, Cheng Wei; Schuettpelz, Eric; Lindsay, Stuart; Middleton, David J. (August 2016). "Proposal to conserve the name Haplopteris against Monogramma (Pteridaceae)". Taxon. 65 (4): 884–885. doi:10.12705/654.19.

[5] Applequist, Wendy L. (2020). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 71". Taxon. 69 (2): 391–397. doi:10.1002/tax.12217.

[crane1997-6] Crane, Edmund H. (1997). "A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae". Systematic Botany. 22 (3): 509–517. doi:10.2307/2419824. JSTOR 2419824.

[7] Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.

[8] "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

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