Jump to content

Imad Mughniyeh

Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hajj Radwan)

Imad Mughniyeh
عماد مغنية
Mughniyeh in the 2000s
Hezbollah Chief of Staff
Preceded byUnknown
Succeeded byMustafa Badreddine
Personal details
Born(1962-12-07)7 December 1962
Tayr Dibba, Lebanon
Died12 February 2008(2008-02-12) (aged 45)
Kafr Sousa, Damascus, Syria
Political party Hezbollah
Children7, including Jihad, and Mustafa
OccupationAssassin, revolutionarist, militant jihadist
Part of a series on
Hezbollah
Political activities
Military activities
Capabilities
Organizations
Media
People
Secretaries-General
Senior officials

Imad Fayez Mughniyeh (Arabic: عماد فايز مغنية‎; 7 December 1962 – 12 February 2008),[1] also known by his nom de guerre al-Hajj Radwan (الحاج رضوان), was a Lebanese militant leader who was the founding member of Lebanon's Islamic Jihad Organization and number two in Hezbollah's leadership. Information about Mughniyeh is limited, but he is believed to have been Hezbollah's chief of staff and understood to have overseen Hezbollah's military, intelligence, and security apparatuses. He was one of the main founders of Hezbollah in the 1980s, and was described as a skilled military tactician and highly elusive figure. He was often referred to as an ‘untraceable ghost’.[2]

U.S. and Israeli officials have long accused Mughniyeh of being directly and personally involved in terrorist attacks which has resulted in many suicide bombings, murders, kidnappings, and assassinations. It began with the Beirut barracks bombing and U.S. embassy bombings, both of which took place in 1983 and killed over 350, as well as the kidnapping of dozens of foreigners in Lebanon in the 1980s. He was indicted in Argentina for his alleged role in the 1992 Israeli embassy attack in Buenos Aires. The highest-profile attacks for which it is claimed he is responsible took place in the early 1980s, shortly after the founding of Hezbollah, when Mughniyeh was in his early twenties. U.S. intelligence officials have accused him of killing more United States citizens than any other man prior to the 11 September attacks, and the bombings and kidnappings he is alleged to have organized are credited with all but eliminating and completely removing the US military presence in Lebanon in the 1980s.[3]

Mughniyeh was known by his nom de guerre Al-Hajj Radwan. He was included in the European Union's list of wanted terrorists[4][5][6] and had a US$5 million bounty on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.[7] To many in his home country, Lebanon and the Middle East, he is seen to be a national symbol and hero.[8]

As part of a joint CIA–Mossad operation,[9][10] Mughniyeh was assassinated on the night of 12 February 2008 by a car bomb that was detonated as he passed by on foot,[11] in the Kafr Sousa neighbourhood of Damascus, Syria.[12][13][14]

Early life

Mughniyeh was born in the village of Tayr Dibba, near Tyre, on 7 December 1962 to a peasant family of Lebanon's southern Shi'a heartland.[15][16] His father's name was Fayez.[17] He was mistakenly thought to be the son of Jawad Mughniyeh, a religious cleric. [18] His birth date had also been given as July 1962.[19] Mughniyeh had two younger brothers, Jihad and Fouad.[16][18] About a decade after Mughniyeh's birth, the family moved to southern Beirut.[17] CIA South Group records state that Mughniyeh lived in Ayn Al-Dilbah in South Beirut.[20] Mughniyeh was described a popular boy and a "natural entertainer" who cracked jokes at family weddings and "worked the crowd with a confidence unusual for a youth his age."[15]

Mughniyeh and his cousin Mustafa Badreddine joined Fatah at an early age.[21] Mughniyeh was discovered by fellow Lebanese Ali Abu Hassan Deeb (who would later become a Hezbollah leader) and quickly rose through the ranks of the movement.[22] In the mid-1970s, Mugniyeh organized the "Student Brigade," a unit of 100 young men which became part of Yasser Arafat's elite Force 17.[15] Mughniyeh temporarily left Fatah in 1981 due to differences of opinion on the regime of Saddam Hussein. Mughniyeh, a religious Shiite, was upset by the murder of the Iraqi Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr in 1980 as well as a previous attempt by the Iraqi intelligence on the life of Lebanese Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah.[22]

Fatah was formally allied with the Lebanese National Movement, which included the pro-Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party. Mughniyeh was forced to leave Fatah after armed confrontations with Ba’th activists. He and his comrades organized a body guard unit for Ayatollah Fadlallah and other Shiite clerics in Lebanon. Mughniyeh accompanied Ayatollah Fadlallah on a Hajj pilgrimage in 1980 and thus earned his Hajj title.[22]

Mughniyeh was briefly a student in the engineering department at the American University of Beirut.[23] After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, he rejoined Fatah. He was wounded in the fighting in West Beirut. After the withdrawal of PLO forces from Beirut in September 1982, Mughniyeh played a key role in resisting the Israeli occupation, revealing the location of Fatah arms caches. He remained a Fatah member during this period but also worked the leftist Lebanese National Movement and Islamic resistance groups. In 1984, he joined the newly created Islamic Resistance of Hezbollah. However, he remained close to Fatah leader Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) until the latter's assassination in 1988. He remained committed to the Palestine cause throughout his life and founded Hezbollah's secret "Committee for Elimination of Israel" in 2000.[24] In later years, and especially after the Oslo accords, Mughniyeh and Hezbollah sided with the more militant Palestinian factions such as Hamas and the Islamic Jihad.[22]

Mughniyeh worked as the chief security for Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, a Shiia cleric and a spiritual mentor to many in Lebanon's Shi'a community, whose political consciousness was on the rise. Fadlallah held no formal political role, "opposed violence and sectarian division, and defied growing Iranian influence in Lebanon[clarification needed]."

Personal life

In 1983, Mughniyeh married his cousin, Saada Badr Al Din, who is the sister of Mustafa Badreddine.[25] Mughniyeh had three children according to his mother: Fatima (born August 1984), Mustafa (born January 1987), and Jihad (estimated to have been age 25 at death).[25][26] In September 1991, Mugniyeh's wife and children were sent to Tehran for security reasons.[25] Later his family began to live in south Lebanon.[27] Mughniyeh also married an Iranian woman, Wafaa Mughniyeh, with whom he lived in Damascus.[27][28]

On 21 December 1994 a car bomb in Chyah, Beirut, killed Mughniyeh's brother, Fuad. Two other people were killed in the explosion and sixteen wounded.[29]

Mughniyeh's younger son, Jihad, was killed in the January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident in the Syrian Golan sector on 18 January 2015. Five other Hezbollah members and an Iranian Quds Force general were also killed in the attack.[30]

Personality

According to former CIA agent Robert Baer, "Mughniyah is probably the most intelligent, most capable operative we’ve ever run across, including the KGB or anybody else. He enters by one door, exits by another, changes his cars daily, never makes appointments on a telephone, never is predictable. He only uses people that are loyal to him that he can fully trust. He doesn't just recruit people."[31] He was described as "tall, slender, well-dressed and handsome ... penetrating eyes," speaking some English but better French.[32]

"Both bin Laden and Mughniyeh were pathological killers," 30-year veteran CIA officer Milton Bearden said. "But there was always a nagging amateurishness about bin Laden—his wildly hyped background, his bogus and false claims. … Bin Laden cowered and hid. Mughniyeh spent his life giving us the finger."[33]

Nasrallah also stated that, "Hajj Imad is among the best leaders and commanders in the Lebanese arena. He had an important role during the occupation [of southern Lebanon by Israel] by 2000. But as for his relationship with Hezbollah, we maintain the tradition of not discussing names."[34]

After his death, Mugniyeh acquired a storied and folkloric persona. To many in his home country, Lebanon, and in the Middle East, he symbolizes resistance to foreign military occupation, a hero and a mastermind who single-handedly drove out the American and Israeli armies. The man behind the stabbing of Salman Rushdie, had a fake driver's license with the name Hassan Mughniyah, which suggests a mix between the forename and surname of Hassan Nasrallah and Imad Mughniyeh, respectively.[35]

According to his family, he was a dedicated father and had a reputation for modesty, respect and humility, to the extent that his neighbors in Syria thought he was a driver for the Iranian embassy.[8]

Allegations

U.S. and Israeli officials have implicated Mughniyeh of many terrorist attacks, primarily against American and Israeli targets. These include 18 April 1983 bombing of the United States embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, which killed 63 people including 17 Americans whom among them were 7 CIA officers which included Robert Ames, the head of the Near East Division.[36]

Mughniyeh was also accused of planning and organising the 23 October 1983 truck bombings against French paratroopers and the U.S. Marine barracks, attacks which killed 60 French soldiers and 240 Marines.[37][38] While a student at the American University of Beirut (AUB) on 18 January 1984, Mughniyeh allegedly assassinated Malcolm H. Kerr (father of former NBA player/current coach Steve Kerr), the school's president. On 20 September 1984, he is alleged to have attacked the US embassy annex building.

The United States indicted Mughniyeh (and his collaborator, Hassan Izz al-Din) for the 14 June 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847, in which he tortured and murdered the U.S. Navy Seabee diver Robert Stethem.[39] Mughniyeh and his men allegedly tortured Stethem for hours, before killing him and dumping his body onto the airport tarmac.[31]

U.S. and Israeli officials have also alleged that Mughniyeh was involved in numerous kidnappings of Americans in Beirut during the 1980s, most notably the kidnapping of Terry Anderson, Terry Waite, and William Francis Buckley, who was the CIA station chief in Beirut. Some of these individuals were killed by Mughniyeh directly, such as Buckley, who was subjected to extreme psychological and medical torture under the supervision of the psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub.[40] The remainder were released at various times, with the last one, Terry Anderson, released in 1991.[41] On 30 September 1985, Mughniyeh allegedly organised the kidnapping of four diplomats from the Soviet Embassy in Beirut, one of whom he personally killed. The result of the kidnapping was Soviet pressure on Syria to stop its operations in Northern Lebanon in exchange for the release of the remaining three hostages.[42]

Mughniyeh was formally charged by Argentina for his alleged involvement on 17 March 1992 bombings of the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, which killed 29, and of the AMIA cultural building in July 1994, killing 85 people.[43] In March 2007, the Interpol issued "red notices" for his and others' alleged roles in the attack.[44]

In addition, Mughniyeh allegedly planned the killing of Micha Tamir, the IDF general in Lebanon, and two IDF soldiers on 6 April 1992.[45]

U.S. and Israeli officials have also alleged that Mugniyeh was the mastermind of the Khobar Towers bombing in 1996, which killed 19 American air force personnel and a Saudi civilian.[41]

Israeli officials accuse Mughniyeh of orchestrating the October 2000 capture of three IDF soldiers in northern Israel, and of the kidnapping of IDF colonel Elchanan Tenenbaum. They also accuse Mughniyeh of overseeing the 2006 cross border raid that killed eight soldiers and abducted two during Israel's 2006 incursion into Lebanon.[45]

Organizational affiliation

Mughniyeh has been allegedly linked to Palestinian actions such as the Karine A incident in 2002, where the Palestinian Authority was accused of importing fifty tons of weapons. He was a member of Force 17, an armed branch of the Fatah movement charged with providing security for Yasser Arafat and other prominent PLO officials.[46]

In mid-February 1997, the pro-Israeli South Lebanese Army radio station reported that Iran's intelligence service had dispatched Mughniyeh to Lebanon to directly supervise the reorganisation of Hezbollah's security and military apparatus concerned with Palestinian affairs in Lebanon and to work as a security liaison between Hezbollah and Iranian intelligence. Mughniyeh also reportedly controlled Hezbollah's security apparatus, the Special Operations Command, which handles intelligence and conducts overseas terrorist acts. Allegedly, although he used Hezbollah as a cover, he reported to the Iranians.[47] According to Jeffery Goldberg, writing in the New Yorker, "It is believed that Mugniyeh takes orders from the office of Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, but that he reports to a man named Qasem Soleimani, the chief of a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps called Al Quds, or the Jerusalem Force—the arm of the Iranian government responsible for sponsoring terror attacks on Israeli targets."[41] In January 2002, a US cable also stated that Mughniyeh left Hezbollah and got closer to Iran.[48] However, Mughniyeh was a member of Hezbollah's jihadist council until his death in February 2008.[49] After the July 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah, he was assigned by Hezbollah to improve the military capabilities of the resistance in Lebanon; Damascus was his centre for this activity.[50]

The European Union listed him as "Hezbollah's Chief of Staff".[6]

Arrest warrants and attempted assassination

Various law and intelligence enforcement agencies attempted to capture Mughniyeh. The United States tried to secure his capture in France in 1986, but were thwarted by French officials' refusal to arrest him.[51]

The United States tried to capture him several times afterward, beginning with a 1995 US special forces Delta Force operation that was put in place after the CIA was tipped off that Mughniyeh was flying a Middle East Airlines charter flight Airbus A310 from Khartoum to Beirut after a meeting with several Hezbollah leaders, and was scheduled to make a stop-over in Saudi Arabia. But Saudi security officers refused to allow the plane to make its stop-over, thwarting American attempts to arrest Mughniyeh.[52][53]

The following year, the U.S. Navy planned to seize him from a Pakistani ship in Doha, Qatar, but the operation was called off. The plan, dubbed Operation RETURN OX, was carried out by ships and sailors of Amphibious Squadron Three (USS Tarawa, USS Duluth, USS Rushmore), Marines of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, and Navy SEALs assigned to the U.S. Fifth Fleet. The operation was underway, but was cancelled at the last minute when it could not be fully verified that Mughniyeh was on board the Pakistani ship.[54]

On 10 October 2001, Mughniyeh appeared on the initial list of the FBI's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by President Bush, with a reward of up to $15 million offered for information leading to his arrest.[55] The reward was later increased to $25 million.[18] This reward remained outstanding as of 2006.[56][57] Mughniyeh was on 42 countries' wanted lists.[18]

The Israeli intelligence service Mossad made numerous attempts to assassinate Mughniyeh. His brother Fuad, a car shop owner, was killed in a 1994 Beirut car bombing, and another brother, Jihad, was killed in a car-bombing assassination attempt on the life of Hezbollah founder Sheikh Fadlallah in 1985, the work of the CIA via the South Lebanese Army. Israel planned to assassinate Mughniyeh when he attended the funeral of his brother Fuad, but he failed to show up.[58]

Jeffrey Goldberg suggested that Mughniyeh, representing Hezbollah in Lebanon, attended a high-level meeting between Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.[41]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh
The fire immediately after the car bomb went off

Imad Mughniyeh was killed on 12 February 2008 by a car bomb blast at around 23:00 in the Kafr Sousa neighborhood of Damascus, Syria.[12][13] According to The Sunday Times, Mughniyeh was at a reception marking the 29th anniversary of the Iranian Revolution hosted by the Iranian ambassador to Syria, Ahmad Musavi.[59] Mughniyeh left the party shortly after 22:30 and walked to his Mitsubishi Pajero.[60] The spare tyre had been replaced by one with a high explosive, which was detonated as Mughniyeh walked past.[11] The blast completely destroyed the car, left minimum damage on nearby buildings and killed only Mughniyeh.[60] A Syrian government investigation found that he was killed by a car bomb that was parked nearby and that was detonated remotely.[61]

Israel officially denied being behind the killing,[13] but Mughniyeh reportedly had been a target of Mossad assassination attempts since the 1990s.[62] On 27 February 2008, The Jerusalem Post reported that Al-Quds Al-Arabi had written that anonymous "Syrian sources" had claimed that "several Arab nations conspired with Mossad" in the assassination of Mughniyeh.[63]

The U.S. Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell has suggested that it was also possible that Syrian intelligence was responsible for the killing.[64] Ba'athist dissident and former Vice President Abdul Halim Khaddam stated in 2008 that Syrian intelligence orchestrated the killing of Mughniyeh under orders from the Assad regime.[65] According to Khaddam, Assad's removal of Assef Shawkat as Syria's intelligence chief was due to Shawkat's investigation claiming that an explosion "had taken place inside the car" which went against official line toed by Assad, which was that the death was caused due to "the explosion of a gas tank". Without naming a source, the German newspaper Die Welt wrote that a story had been circulated amongst German diplomatic staff that it was possible that associates of late Assef Shawkat had assassinated Mughniyeh.[66][67] This would have been in revenge for Mughniyeh tipping off Syrian President Bashar al-Assad regarding a coup plotted against him, which the Syrian government had foiled a couple of days before his assassination. Releasing the story in advance of going to print, Die Welt said the Syrian embassy in Berlin had rejected the coup story as utterly untrue. Lebanese politicians Walid Jumblatt and Saad Hariri as well as Mughniyeh's Iranian widow also accused Syrian officials.[19] His widow, after returning to Iran from Damascus, stated "This is why the Syrian regime has refused the help of Iran and Hizbollah in the investigation of the murder... The Syrian traitors assisted in my husband’s murder."[19] However, later she denied her statements.[19] According to a leaked US official report, top Syrian officials were stunned by the assassination of Mughniyeh and engaged in an internecine struggle to blame each other for the breach of security that resulted in Mughniyeh's death.[68]

The Kuwaiti newspaper Al Rai reported that Hezbollah intelligence sources said they would retaliate for Mughniyeh's death by assassinating Israeli leaders.[69]

Newsweek reported that in 2007 Mossad's director general, Meir Dagan, tipped the CIA off about the location of Mughniyeh in Kafr Sousa, Damascus.[70] The two Mossad agents had the roles of monitoring his movements and confirming Mughniyeh's identity using advanced facial recognition technology, while the CIA officer later detonated the bomb.[11][71]

Reactions

Memorial shrine in Lebanon

Mughniyeh's body was taken to Beirut and buried in Rawdat al-Shahidain Cemetery. A funeral was organized by Hezbollah on 14 February.[72] Senior Iranian officials attended the service; Ali Akbar Velayati representing the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and Foreign Minister Manuchehr Mottaki representing President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[73] At the funeral, Hassan Nasrallah appeared via video link and in the eulogy delivered for his fallen comrade, declared: "You crossed the borders. Zionists, if you want an open war, let it be an open war anywhere."[15][74] Lebanese senior cleric Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah said that "the resistance has lost one of its pillars."[75] Iran condemned the killing as "yet another brazen example of organised state terrorism by the Zionist regime" (Israel).[76] A symbolic tomb was erected for Mughniyeh in the Behesht-e-Zahra cemetery of Tehran.[73] Later the Iranian government named a street in Tehran after Imad Mughniyeh as well.[77]

The assassination of Mughniyeh was condemned in some parts of the world. Then Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema termed the assassination "terror" in an interview,[78] while Gideon Levy of the Israeli newspaper Haaretz claimed the assassination actually undermined Israel's security.[79]

The Bush administration welcomed news of Mugniyeh's death. A spokesman of the U.S. State Department said: "The world is a better place without this man in it. He was a coldblooded killer, a mass murderer and a terrorist responsible for countless innocent lives lost. One way or another he was brought to justice."[80] Danny Yatom, former head of the Israeli Mossad said: "He was one of the most dangerous terrorists ever on Earth."[81]

After Mughniyeh's killing, Hezbollah's elite Intervention Unit was renamed the Redwan Force after his operational alias Hajj Radwan (الحاج رضوان) in April 2008.[82][83][84]

On the 10th anniversary of Mugniyeh's killing, Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Quds Force of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, described Mugniyeh as "the legend of our time," grief caused by whose loss was only second to that of Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Soleimani said that what made Mugniyeh unique was not his expertise in guerrilla warfare but "his attachment to something superterrestrial."[85]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Anti-Terrorism Designation; Anti-Terrorism Designation Removal". m.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018.
  2. ^ "Who Was Imad Mughniyeh?". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  3. ^ "The Arab American News – Mughnieh murder could trigger retaliation". arabamericannews.com. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  4. ^ European Union, Council Common Position 2001/931/CFSP of 27 December 2001 on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism Freezing funds: list of terrorists and terrorist groups Archived 28 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  5. ^ Council Common Position 2005/427/CFSP of 6 June 2005 Official Journal L 144, 08/06/2005 P. 0054 – 0058 Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  6. ^ a b COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP of 29 November 2005 Official Journal of the European Union Archived 15 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  7. ^ "Reputed terrorist long sought by CIA killed in explosion". CNN. Beirut. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  8. ^ a b Fromm, Charles. "Killing Imad Mughniyeh made him a legend". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  9. ^ Goldman, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen (30 January 2015). "CIA and Mossad killed senior Hezbollah figure in car bombing". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Why the CIA Killed Imad Mughniyeh". POLITICO Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  11. ^ a b c Adam Goldman; Ellen Nakashima (30 January 2015). "CIA and Mossad killed senior Hezbollah figure in car bombing". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  12. ^ a b "Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb". Reuters. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  13. ^ a b c Powell, Robyn; Chivers, Tom (13 February 2008). "Israel denies assassinating Hezbollah chief". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.
  14. ^ [1] Archived 22 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, "Will Hezbullah avenge the hit on its terror chief?" by Yaakov Katz, 11 February 2011
  15. ^ a b c d Kevin Peraino (25 February 2008). "The Fox is Hunted Down". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  16. ^ a b Glass, Charles (16 February 2008). "Obituary of Imad Mougnieh: Elusive Hizbollah leader". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  17. ^ a b Perry, Mark (29 April 2013). "The driver". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  18. ^ a b c d "Imad Mughniyeh: Hezbollah's Phantom Killed". Asharq Alawsat. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  19. ^ a b c d Kazemzadeh, Masoud; Gabriel Emile Eid (2008). "An Analysis of the Assassination of the Lebanese Hezbollah Commander Imad Mughniyah: Hypotheses and Consequences". American Foreign Policy Interests. 30 (6): 399–413. doi:10.1080/10803920802569324. ISSN 1080-3920. S2CID 154511473.
  20. ^ Baer, Robert (2002). See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-4684-X. p. 98–99
  21. ^ "Hezbollah: Portrait of a Terrorist Organization" (PDF). The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 18 December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  22. ^ a b c d Ibrahim al-Amin (17 February 2012). "بعض من سيرة ساحر المقاومة (About the life of the magician of the resistance)". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  23. ^ Risen, James (17 January 2002). "A Nation Challenged: A Suspect; U.S. Traces Iran's Ties to Terror Through a Lebanese". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  24. ^ Mughniya: "After the liberation in 2000, when it became easier for us to learn more about the enemy, and our own capabilities, the dream of liberating Palestine appeared possible to achieve. We had established a committee for the elimination of Israel (لجنة لإزالة إسرائيل). In the Resistance, we have, furthermore, a special unit for Palestine. We do not do the work for the Palestinians, and will never do that. But from a political, moral and religious standpoint, we are required to provide full support for the Palestinian armed groups in West bank and Gaz, not only to help them stay where they are now, but to resist the occupation and gradually push it out of the occupied territories." (al-Akhbar, 17 February 2012)
  25. ^ a b c "Car bomb kills Imad Mugniyeh, "The Fox"". Nation Special. 17 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  26. ^ Zitun, Yoav; Kais, Roi (18 January 2015). "Jihad Mughniyeh planned attacks against Israel in the Golan Heights". ynet. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  27. ^ a b Borzou Daragahi; Sebastian Rotella (31 August 2008). "Hezbollah warlord was an enigma". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  28. ^ "Terrorist's widow living wealthy & lavish lifestyle". Iran Times International. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  29. ^ Middle East International No 491, 6 January 1995; Publishers Lord Mayhew, Dennis Walters MP; Gerald Butt p.14
  30. ^ Nour Samaha (19 January 2015). "Hezbollah mourns fighters killed in attack". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  31. ^ a b Kohn, David (11 February 2009). "Shadow Warriors". CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  32. ^ According to hostage David Jacobsen. Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, (2001), p. 274
  33. ^ Perry, Mark (29 April 2013). "The Driver". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  34. ^ Nicholas Blanford (13 February 2008). "Hizballah Mourns Its Shadowy Hero". Time. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  35. ^ Bone, Hollie (13 August 2022). "Salman Rushdie stabbing suspect 'had fake ID in name of Hezbollah commander'". mirror. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  36. ^ "CIA and Mossad killed senior Hezbollah figure in car bombing". The Washington Post. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  37. ^ Nicholas Blanford (4 March 2008). "U.S. warship stirs Lebanese fear of war". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  38. ^ "U.S. renews bid to catch Beirut bombing suspect". CNN. 10 October 2001. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  39. ^ Norton, Augustus (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13124-5. p. 77
  40. ^ Martin, David C. and Walcott, John, "Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism," Harper & Row, (1988), pp. 154–55, 233
  41. ^ a b c d Goldberg, Jeffrey (28 October 2002). "In the party of God". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  42. ^ "Interview with former Beirut KGB resident Yuri Perfilev". Archived from the original on 28 January 2007.
  43. ^ Norton, Augustus Richard, Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 79
  44. ^ "Argentina: More international arrest warrants issued for 1994 Jewish center bombing". South American Political and Economic Affairs. 16 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  45. ^ a b Katz, Yaakov (14 February 2008). "Security and Defense: Who was Imad Mughniyeh?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  46. ^ Darling, Dan (25 July 2006). "Mind of Mugniyeh". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  47. ^ Rex A. Hudson, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 1999 The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why? Archived 12 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  48. ^ "Declassifed State Department cables on Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah". Intel Wire. 21 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  49. ^ "Hezbollah Again Postpones General Congress". Al Monitor. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  50. ^ "The Final Hours of Imad Mughniyeh". Al Akhbar. Damascus. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  51. ^ Levitt, Matthew (4 February 2015). "'Fox' hunt: The search for Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyeh". The Hill. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  52. ^ Katz, Samuel M. "Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists", 2002
  53. ^ Schnepper, Jeff A. (1 July 2002). "Take away the Saudis' oil weapon". USA Today (Magazine). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  54. ^ "Shadow Warriors". CBS News. May 2002. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  55. ^ BBC News, 10 October 2001 America's 'most wanted terrorists' Archived 6 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 17 August 2006
  56. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation www.globalsecurity.org Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  57. ^ Rewards for Justice Imad Fayez Mugniyah Archived 29 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 17 August 2006
  58. ^ Melman, Yossi (13 February 2008). "Hezbollah terror chief was more wanted than Nasrallah". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  59. ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi; Jaber, Hala; Swain, Jon (17 February 2008). "Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  60. ^ a b Erich Follath; Holger Stark (11 February 2009). "How Israel Destroyed Syria's Al Kibar Nuclear Reactor" (PDF). Der Spiegel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  61. ^ Stern, Yoav (16 February 2008). "50,000 Hezbollah men said deployed along border with Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  62. ^ "Hezbollah deputy leader was behind string of terror attacks". Haaretz. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  63. ^ "'Arabs helped Mossad kill Mughniyeh'". The Jerusalem Post. 27 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
  64. ^ "U.S. spy chief: Hezbollah may be behind Mughniyah killing". Archived from the original on 2 August 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  65. ^ "Khaddam accuses Assad regime of killing Hezbollah commander". Lebanese Forces. 2008.
  66. ^ "Die Welt report: Assef Shawkat attempted a coup in Syria". Ya Libnan. 8 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  67. ^ "Report: Syria foiled attempted coup by Assad's brother-in-law". Haaretz. 8 June 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  68. ^ Black, Ian (7 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Syria stunned by Hezbollah assassination". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  69. ^ "Report: Hizballah threatens to assassinate Israeli leaders". Israel Today. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
  70. ^ Stein, Jeff (31 January 2015). "How the CIA took down Hezbollah's top terrorist, Imad Mugniyah". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  71. ^ Stein, Jeff (31 January 2015). "How the CIA Took Down Hezbollah's Top Terrorist, Imad Mugniyah". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  72. ^ Zisser, Eyal (17 February 2008). "Imad Mughniyeh: The Aftermath" (PDF). Tel Aviv Notes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  73. ^ a b Chalhoub, Elie (14 February 2012). "Imad Mughniyeh in Iran: The Stuff of Legends". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  74. ^ ADL (31 March 2008). "Hezbollah Threatens "Open War" on Israel". ADL. Archived from the original on 30 November 2008.
  75. ^ Westcott, Kathryn (13 February 2008). "Hezbollah's most secretive operative". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  76. ^ "Bomb kills top Hezbollah leader". BBC. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  77. ^ Riazi, Toloo (2019). "The Politics of Naming Public Spaces in Tehran". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 21 (10): 1146–61, see p. 1154. doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1543801. PMID 30668273. S2CID 58947949.
  78. ^ Rapoport, Meron (22 February 2008). "Italian FM says Mughniyeh killing in Damascus was act of 'terror'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  79. ^ Levy, Gideon (17 February 2008). "Liquidation sale". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  80. ^ Sturcke, James (13 February 2008). "Car bomb kills Hizbullah chief in Syria". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  81. ^ Shadid, Anthony; Ibrahim, Alia (14 February 2008). "Bombing Kills Top Figure in Hezbollah". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  82. ^ Ward, Euan (8 January 2024). "Here's What to Know About Hezbollah's Radwan Force". New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  83. ^ Beeri, Tal (5 January 2023). "The Radwan Unit ("Radwan Force" - Unit 125)". Alma Research and Education Center. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  84. ^ Halabi, Einav (9 June 2023). "Hezbollah's commando force emboldens Nasrallah to take on Israel". Ynetnews. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  85. ^ "خبرگزاری فارس – امروز غزه و لبنان نقاط تولید اضطراب دائم برای اسرائیل است/ قصاص خون عماد مغنیه نابودی رژیم‌صهیونیستی است" [Today Gaza and Lebanon are permanent stress-generating spots for Israel The avenge for Imad Mugniyah's blood is destruction of the Zionist regime]. خبرگزاری فارس (in Persian). 15 February 2018. Archived from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Imad_Mughniyeh&oldid=1262710347"