Hailu Kebede

This article is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. The article properly refers to the person by his given name, Hailu, and not as Kebede.

Hailu Kebede
Personal details
Born	1893/94 Lasta, Wollo Province, Ethiopian Empire
Died	24 September 1937 (aged 44) Sekota, Amhara Governorate, Italian East Africa
Military service
Allegiance	Ethiopian Empire
Years of service	1935–1937
Unit	Arbegnoch
Battles/wars	Second Italo-Ethiopian War †

Hailu Kebede (Amharic: ሃይሉ ከበደ; c.1893/94-1937) was Wagshum and governor of Wag and Lasta in the 1920s. He then became the leader of the resistance Arbegnoch movement in Lasta against the Fascist Italians during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia.

Biography

The son of Wagshum Kebede Tafari, he was descended from Ras Aligaz of Yejju on his mother's side and was married into the family of Emperor Yohannes IV. Hailu Kebede lived at the court of Ras Tafari Makonnen (who later became Emperor Haile Selassie) and was elected to the Ethiopian Parliament in 1931 as a member of the Senate.

In late 1934, as the Italian conflict loomed, Hailu was sent to Wag to support his father and help organize the war effort. In March 1935, after receiving orders to prepare for mobilization, he traveled with a group of 300 armed fighters to Korem, where a telegraph line connected to Addis Ababa. Before the official mobilization order against the Italians was given in November 1935, Kebede's forces from Wag had already begun advancing northward as vanguard troops to garrison Ambalage. In October 1935, following the defection of Haile Selassie Gugsa, Hailu received orders from the Emperor to march towards Mekele but was forced to retreat due to the approaching Italian forces. In early November 1935, two Italian planes bombed the forces of Wag near Ambalage, marking the first serious airstrike by the Italian Air Force.

In December 1935, Hailu was once again ordered to lead his forces towards Tembien Province, where the capital city of Abiy Addi had fallen to the Italians. On 18 December 1935, Hailu's forces engaged the well-fortified Italian army and recaptured the strategic peak of Amba Sallare and Abiy Addi. This victory, reported by the Amharic weekly Bérhanénna Sälam, greatly boosted the morale of the Ethiopian forces in the north and inspired further resistance. The victory laid the foundation for the First battle of Tembien in January 1936, though, in February 1936, the Ethiopians were defeated in Tembien, suffering heavy casualties, particularly due to Italian air superiority.

After the Battle of Maychew on 31 March 1936, Hailu and his forces retreated to the countryside to continue their resistance. He then organized one of the earliest Ethiopian patriot resistance movements, establishing his base in the valley of the Tekeze in Dehana, Wag. The Italians, having lost control of the rural areas of Wag, considered him the greatest threat to their rule in the region.

In early September 1937, the Italians launched an attack on Hailu's forces from several directions, mobilizing a large army from Tigray, Lasta, and Korem, and also gaining support from the Rayya-Azaboo Oromo. Despite initial victories by the forces of Wag, the Italians ultimately overwhelmed them in a major battle on 22 September 1937 at Walah, near Sekota, the capital of Wag. Hailu was wounded and died shortly thereafter. His forces retreated in disarray, while the Rayya-Azaboo Oromo inflicted heavy damage on the region, burning villages, looting the countryside, and destroying churches, all the way to the Tekeze valley.

The Italians transported Hailu's body to Sekota, where they barbarically mutilated it, displaying his head on a long pole for three days in Sekota and Korem to instill fear in the local population. They dropped leaflets proclaiming their victory and issuing warnings to other resistance leaders. Following his death, Hailu's wife, Shewanesh Abraha, rallied the surviving patriots of Wag, leading them beyond the Tekeze River, into Begemder, where they continued their struggle against the Italians.