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Hacınebi Tepe

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Coordinates: 37°58′32″N 37°3′35″E / 37.97556°N 37.05972°E / 37.97556; 37.05972
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Hacınebi Tepe
Hacınebi Tepe is located in Turkey
Hacınebi Tepe
Shown within Turkey
LocationŞanlıurfa Province, Turkey
Coordinates37°58′32″N 37°3′35″E / 37.97556°N 37.05972°E / 37.97556; 37.05972
Typesettlement
History
Founded4th millennium BC
PeriodsUruk period, Hellenistic
Site notes
Excavation dates1992-1997
ArchaeologistsGil Stein, Adnan Misir
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Hacınebi Tepe (also Hacinebi Tepe) is an ancient Near East archaeological site 3.5 kilometers north of the modern town of Birecik and near the Euphrates river crossing between Apamea and Zeugma in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. The area marks the northernmost easily navigable route of the Euphrates River. The site was occupied in the 4th millennium BC by a local population, joined by an enclave of the Uruk culture in the middle of that millennium. It was then abandoned aside from occasional use for burials, until the Hellenistic period when it was again fully occupied. The sites final use was as a Roman farmstead.

Archaeology

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Hacınebi Tepe covers an area of about 3.3 hectares and was excavated from 1992 until 1997 by a joint Sanliurfa Museum and Northwestern University team led by Gil Stein and Adnan Misir. A total of 18 trenches were excavated to an area of about 1400 square meters. Bedrock was reached in three areas (A, B, and C). Below the plow layer lies a 2.5 meter thick Hellenistic period layer. Below this is a 5-meter thick Late Chalcolithic period layer.[1][2][3][4]

Hacinebi

The pre-Uruk community at the site included a significant full range copper production industry. A number of furnaces, mold fragments, and slag were found. The nearest sources of ore are at least 200 kilometers away so raw material would have been acquired in trade. Finished product was small copper ingots though a copper chisel and copper pins were also found.[5] A large number of lithic remains were found, including Canaanean blades, with different styles reflecting the local and Uruk populations.[6]

Uruk period Bevelled Rim Bowl

Twelve protoliterate tokens (10 spheres and 2 disks) were found at the site. They were inside a clay Uruk period bulla, the only one recovered in Turkey, sealed with two cylinder seals.[7][8] Other Uruk finds included Beveled rim bowls and bitumen dipped baked clay wall cones.[9] Bitumen was used for a variety of purpuses at the site throughout the 4th millennium BC.[10][11] A single fragmentary slab at the Uruk site of Hacınebi has been proposed as a numerical tablet, a predecessor of Proto-cuneiform. A blank tablet was also found.[12]

It has been suggested that some of the clay sealings found at the site came from the area of modern Iran.[13]

In the Hellenistic level a large mudbrick building and defensive fortifications were excavated and finds included a coin of Alexander the Great.[14]

History

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Uruk expansion and colonial outposts

While a few Ubaid period and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ceramic shards were found primary occupation of the site began in the 4th millennium BC. In the first half of that millennium a local population arose at the site (Hacinebi phases A and B1), joined in the later half of the millennium by an enclave from the Uruk expansion (Hacinebi phase B).[15] The Uruk arrival is radiocarbon dated to the period from 3700 BC to 3400 BC, in the Middle Uruk period.[16] The site was subsequently used as a burial area in the Early Bronze I period (one small structure was found) and Achaemenid periods with occupation resuming in the Hellenistic and, to a lesser extent, Roman periods before finally being abandoned permanently.[17][18][19]

  • Late Chalcolithic phase A - c. 4100–3800 BC - Late Chalcolithic 2
  • Late Chalcolithic phase B1 - c. 3800–3700 BC - Late Chalcolithic 3
  • Late Chalcolithic phase B2a–b - c. 3700–3200 BC - Uruk contact - Late Chalcolithic 4
  • Early Bronze I - c. 3000–2800 BC - burials only
  • Achaemenid - Fifth century BC - burials only
  • Hellenistic - Late fourth–second centuries BC - significant occupation
  • Roman farmstead
Uruk period sealed clay bulla

Unlike some "de novo" fortified sites in the Uruk Expansion like Jebel Aruda and Habuba Kabira, this Uruk presence emerged at an more distant existing local settlement, similarly to at Godin Tepe in Level V.[20] It has been suggested that the Uruk population can be differentiated from the local population by the variance in food preparation methods.[21][22]

Administrative activity was evident in all 4th millennium BC phases. In phase A, stamp seals and clay sealings were found which reflected those in the region at places like Değirmentepe. In phase B1 stamp seals and clay sealings reflected different imagery similar to sites like Tell Brak and Tepe Gawra. Finally, in phase B2 administrative practices of the Uruk culture, including the use of cylinder seals, emerges along with a return of regional seals similar to Phase A.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ [1] Stein, Gil J., Reinhard Bernbeck, Cheryl Coursey, Augusta McMahon, Naom F. Miller, Adnan Misir, et al., "Uruk Colonies and Anatolian Communities: An Interim Report on the 1992–1993 Excavations at Hacınebi, Turkey", American Journal of Archaeology 100, no. 2, pp. 205–260, 1996
  2. ^ Stein, G., and Adnan Misir, "Excavations at Hacinebi Tepe 1993", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 16, pp. 121-140, 1995
  3. ^ Stein, G., et al., "Excavations at Hacinebi, Turkey–1996: Preliminary Report", Anatolica 23, pp. 111-171, 1997
  4. ^ Stein, Gil, "1997 excavations at Hacinebi Tepe", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 20, pp. 183-203, 1999
  5. ^ [2] Özbal, Hadi, Annemie Adriaens, and Bryan Earl, "Hacinebi metal production and exchange", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 57-65, 1999
  6. ^ [3] Edens, Christopher, "The chipped stone industry at Hacinebi: technological styles and social identity", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 23-33, 1999
  7. ^ Overmann, Karenleigh A., "Appendix: DATA TABLES", The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 245-256, 2019
  8. ^ Overmann, Karenleigh A., "The Neolithic Clay Tokens", in The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 157–178, 2019
  9. ^ Stein, G. J., "The development of indigenous social complexity in Late Chalcolithic Upper Mesopotamia in the 5th-4th millennia BC. An initial assessment", Origini 34, pp. 125–15, 2012
  10. ^ [4] Schwartz, Mark, David Hollander, and Gil Stein, "Reconstructing Mesopotamian Exchange Networks in the 4 TH Millennium BC: Geochemical and Archaeological Analyses of Bitumen Artifacts from Hacinebi Tepe, Turkey", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 67-82, 1999
  11. ^ Schwartz, Mark, and David Hollander, "Bulk stable carbon and deuterium isotope analyses of bitumen artifacts from Hacinebi Tepe, Turkey: reconstructing broad economic patterns of the Uruk expansion", Journal of archaeological science 35.12, pp. 3144-3158, 2008
  12. ^ [5] Stein, Gil J., "Indigenous social complexity at Hacınebi (Turkey) and the organization of Uruk colonial contact", Uruk Mesopotamia & Its Neighbors: Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation, 265-305, 2001
  13. ^ [6] Blackman, M.J., "Chemical Characterization of Local Anatolian and Uruk Style Sealing Clays from Hacınebi", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 51–56, 1999
  14. ^ Stein, Gil, and Adnan Misir, "1994 excavations at Hacinebi Tepe", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 17, pp. 108-128, 1996
  15. ^ [7] Bigelow, L. "Zooarchaeological Investigations of Economic Organization and Food and urbanization. Material and textual perspectives on alimentary practice in early Mesopotamia Ethnicity at Late Chalcolithic Hacınebi: A Preliminary Report" Paléorient 25.1, pp. 83-89, 1999
  16. ^ Stein, G., Edens, C., Miller, N., Ozbal, H., Pearce, J., Pittman, H., "Hacinebi,Turkey: preliminary report on the 1995 excavations", Anatolica 22, pp. 85–128, 1996
  17. ^ [8] G. J. Stein, "Persians on the Euphrates? Material culture and identity in two Achaemenid burials from Hacınebi, southeast Turkey", in: W. Henkelman et al. (eds.), Extraction and control: studies in honor of Matthew W. Stolper, Oriental Institute, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68, pp. 265–286, 2014 ISBN 978-1-61491-001-5
  18. ^ [9] Stein, Gil J., "The Uruk Expansion in Anatolia: A Mesopotamian Colony and Its Indigenous Host Community at Hacınebi, Turkey", in Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East, edited by J. N. Postgate, Iraq Archaeological Re-ports 5. Warminster, England: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 149–172, 2002
  19. ^ [10] Stein G. J., Edens C., "Hacinebi and the Uruk Expansion: Additional Comments", Paléorient, 25-1 pp. 167-171, 1999
  20. ^ Porter, Anne, "Macro- and Micro‑Mobilities and the Creation of Identity in the Ancient Near East", Homo Migrans: Modeling Mobility and Migration in Human History, edited by Megan J. Daniels, SUNY Press, pp. 249-267, 2022
  21. ^ G. Stein, "Rethinking World Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia", Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999
  22. ^ [11] Stein, Gil J., "Material culture and social identity: The evidence for a 4 th millennium BC Mesopotamian Uruk colony at Hacinebi, Turkey", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 11-22, 1999
  23. ^ [12] Pittman, Holly, "Administrative evidence from Hacinebi Tepe: An essay on the local and the colonial", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 43-50, 1999

Further reading

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  • Algaze, Guillermo, "The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization", Second Edition, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2005
  • Erdal, Ö. D., "Hacınebi Tepe insan iskelet kalıntılarının antropolojik analizi", XXVI. Uluslararası Kazı, Arastırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, pp. 24–28, 2004
  • Grauer, A., "Paleopathological Analysis of Four Late Chalcolithic Burials from Hacınebi Tepe", Anatolica 20, pp. 173–76, 1994
  • Keith, Kathryn, "Spindle Whorls, Gender, and Ethnicity at Late Chalcolithic Hacinebi Tepe", Journal of Field Archaeology 25.4, pp. 497–515, 1998
  • [13] Le Brun, Alain, "Hacinebi et Suse", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 139–140, 1999
  • MacMahon, A., "Achaemenid-Hellenistic Remains at Hacınebi Tepe, 1996: Interim Report", Anatolica 23, pp. 121–144, 1997
  • McMahon, A., "The Achaemenid-Hellenistic Occupation at Hacınebi", American Journal of Archaeology 100, pp. 222–29, 1996
  • Miller, Naomi, "Some archaeobotanical Remains from the 1992 Excavation Season at Hacınebi Tepe", Anatolica 22, pp. 168–172, 1996
  • Özbal, Hadi, "Chemical analysis of a copper chisel from Hacınebi Tepe", Anatolica 22, pp. 109–110, 1996
  • [14] Pearce, Julie, "The Late Chalcolithic Sequence at Hacınebi, Turkey. chronologies des pays du caucase et de l'Euphrate aux IV-III millenaires", Persee 11, pp. 115–143, 2000
  • [15] Pearce, Julie, "Investigating Ethnicity at Hacinebi: Ceramic Perspectives on Style and Behavior in 4 TH Millennium Mesopotamian-Anatolian Interaction", Paléorient 25.1, pp. 35–42, 1999
  • Pollock, S., Coursey, C., "Ceramics from Hacınebi Tepe: chronology and connections", Anatolica 21, pp. 101−41, 1995
  • Pollock, S., and C. Coursey, "Hacınebi Uruk pottery: preliminary report", American Journal of Archaeology 100.2, pp. 233–239, 1996
  • Stein, G., and Adnan Misir, "Hacinebi excavations, 1992", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 15, pp. 131–152, 1994
  • Stein, Gil, and Adnan Misir, "Mesopotamian-Anatolian interaction at Hacinebi, Turkey: preliminary report on the 1992 excavations", Anatolica 20, pp. 145–189, 1994
  • Stein, Gil, "1995 excavations at Hacinebi Tepe", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 18, pp. 93–120, 1997
  • Stein, Gil, "1996 excavations at Hacinebi Tepe", Kazi Sonuları Toplantisi 19, pp. 197–207, 1998
  • Stein, Gil, et al., "Southeast Anatolia before the Uruk expansion: preliminary report on the 1997 excavations at Hacınebi, Turkey", Anatolica 24, pp. 143–193, 1998
  • Stein, G. J., and A. Misir, "The fourth-millennium occupation of Hacınebi", American Journal of Archaeology 100.2, pp. 206–22, 1996
  • Stein, Gil, "The Uruk Expansion: Northern Perspectives from Hacınebi, Hassek Höyük, and Tepe Gawra", Paléorient 25, pp. 7–171, 1999
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