HES4
Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 4 (HES4) is a protein encoded by a gene of the same name located on chromosome 1 in humans.[3] It does not currently have a known mouse ortholog.
HES4 plays a major role in key developmental processes, particularly in the immune system and bone formation. As a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors, HES4 plays a crucial role in T-cell development by responding to Notch1 signaling, which is vital for guiding hematopoietic progenitor cells toward becoming T-cells.[4]
Additionally, HES4 has emerged as a significant factor in the context of osteosarcoma (OS), a type of bone cancer, where its expression correlates with aggressive tumor behavior and poor patient prognosis.[5]
Structure
[edit]Primary Structure
[edit]HES4 is a polypeptide chain consisting of 221 amino acids with a molecular weight of 23,523 Da.[6]
Secondary Structure
[edit]The secondary structure of the completed HES4 protein features a structural motif known as the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH).[7] This motif is characterized by two alpha helices connected by a loop, which allows for a compact and flexible structure.[8]
The bHLH domain plays a critical role in DNA binding and protein-protein interactions, making it significant in various biological processes, particularly in the regulation of gene expression.[8] In HES4, the basic region of the motif typically contains positively charged amino acids that facilitate binding to specific DNA sequences, often in the context of transcriptional regulation.
Function
[edit]Notch1 activation
[edit]HES4 plays an important role in the development of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that are a crucial part of the mammalian immune system. The process of T-cell development starts when a signaling pathway called Notch1 is activated in certain blood precursor cells, known as hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Notch1 activation is crucial for initiating T-cell development while suppressing differentiation into other lineages. While the functions of these genes are well understood in mice, the absence of a mouse ortholog for HES4 has made its role in humans less clear.
When Notch1 is activated, it acts like a switch that encourages these cells to become T-cells instead of other types of blood cells, such as those involved in the immune response or red blood cell formation. HES4 is one of the genes that responds to this activation, helping to guide the cells along the T-cell development path.
Research has shown that HES4 works alongside another gene called HES1. While both genes help suppress the development of other cell types, they do so in different ways. HES1 primarily keeps the cells in a resting state, allowing them to maintain their potential to become T-cells. In contrast, HES4 also supports the early stages of T-cell development but does not prevent the formation of B-cells, another important type of immune cell.[4]
Together, HES4 and HES1 ensure that as blood precursor cells receive the Notch1 signal, so that they successfully start their journey to becoming T-cells.
Clinical Significance
[edit]Because T-cells play an important role in constantly scrutinizing and destroying tumor cells,[9] and HES4 is important for the development of T-cells in humans, it has been hypothesised to be an oncogene and has been investigated using human cell lines and mice.
Bone Cancer
[edit]The clinical significance of HES4 in osteosarcoma (OS) is highlighted by its potential as a prognostic biomarker.
Studies using human OS cell lines both in vitro and injecting them into live mice in vivo have confirmed that overexpressing HES4 leads to larger and more aggressive tumors, with a greater tendency to spread to other parts of the body.[5]
Interestingly, while overexpressing HES4 promotes aggressive tumor behavior by inhibiting the normal bone cell differentiation process, another Notch1 target gene, HES1, has opposing effects, where overexpression has a preventative effect on tumor growth.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000188290 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Gene: HES4 (ENSG00000188290) - Summary - Homo_sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 113". asia.ensembl.org. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ a b De Decker, Matthias; Lavaert, Marieke; Roels, Juliette; Tilleman, Laurentijn; Vandekerckhove, Bart; Leclercq, Georges; Van Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Van Vlierberghe, Pieter; Taghon, Tom (2021-01-01). "HES1 and HES4 have non-redundant roles downstream of Notch during early human T-cell development". Haematologica. 106 (1): 130–141. doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.226126. ISSN 1592-8721. PMC 7776241. PMID 31919081.
- ^ a b c McManus, Madonna; Kleinerman, Eugenie; Yang, Yanwen; Livingston, John Andrew; Mortus, Jared; Rivera, Rocio; Zweidler-McKay, Patrick; Schadler, Keri (2017-05-01). "Hes4: A potential prognostic biomarker for newly diagnosed patients with high-grade osteosarcoma". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 64 (5). doi:10.1002/pbc.26318. ISSN 1545-5017. PMC 6240354. PMID 27786411.
- ^ "UniProt". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ "HES4 Gene - Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 4". GeneCards. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ a b Jones, Susan (2004-05-28). "An overview of the basic helix-loop-helix proteins". Genome Biology. 5 (6): 226. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-6-226. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 463060. PMID 15186484.
- ^ Waldman, Alex D.; Fritz, Jill M.; Lenardo, Michael J. (2020-11-01). "A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice". Nature Reviews Immunology. 20 (11): 651–668. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0306-5. ISSN 1474-1741. PMC 7238960. PMID 32433532.