Guanylurea dinitramide
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3D model (JSmol)
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| Properties | |
| C2H7N7O5 | |
| Molar mass | 209.122 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.760 g cm−3 |
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| Detonation velocity | 8235 m/s |
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Main hazards
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Explosive |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12 or GUDN) is a novel insensitive high explosive.
History
[edit]GUDN was discovered by Abraham Langlet, a chemist at the Swedish Defence Research Agency, and patented in 1997.[1] The moniker FOX-12 stems from the Swedish-language acronym for the Agency, FOI, plus x for "explosive."[2]
Applications
[edit]GUDN is particularly valued for its extreme stability and insensitivity.
GUDN found its first major application when mixed with oxidizers such as potassium nitrate or copper nitrate in automotive airbag inflators.[3]
Propellant
[edit]GUDN is also used in a 60/40 mix with RDX as a propellant in the UNIFLEX 2 IM modular artillery charge system fielded in the BAE 155mm/L52 Archer howitzer.[4]
Explosive
[edit]Blended in equal parts with TNT, GUDN forms the a melt-castable explosive known as GUNTOL. A variation adding 15% Aluminum is known as GUNTONAL.[5]
Explosive character
[edit]Upon detonation, GUDN undergoes a thermal decomposition which is not entirely understood as of 2021.[6] The calculated detonation velocity is 8235 m/s, with a detonation pressure of 25.89 GPa, and a detonation temperature of 2887 K.[7]
Synthesis
[edit]GUDN is synthesized by a reaction of Ammonium dinitramide and the sulfate salt of guanylurea.[2]
See also
[edit]- FOX-7, another high explosive developed by the Swedish Defense Research Agency
References
[edit]- ^ SE 9701897D0, Langlet, Abraham, "Compound consisting of guanyl urea dinitramide, explosive containing the compound and use of the compound in gas generators.", issued 1997-05-21, assigned to Swedish Defence Research Agency
- ^ a b Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2015). "Status of Explosives". High energy materials : propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 129–130. doi:10.1002/9783527628803. ISBN 978-3-527-80268-5. OCLC 932258181.
- ^ Peter Politzer; J. S. Murray, eds. (2003). "Chemistry and applications of dinitramides". Energetic materials. Part 1, Decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 401. doi:10.1016/S1380-7323(03)80015-8. ISBN 978-0-444-51518-6. OCLC 162579950.
- ^ Dahlberg, Johan (April 2006). New Low-Sensitivity Modular Charge Propellant Based on GUDN (PDF). IMEMTS. Bristol.
- ^ Helte, Andreas; Oestmark, Henric (January 2010). "Extremely low sensitivity melt castable explosives based on fox-12". Swedish Defence Research Agency.
- ^ Jiang, Liping; Fu, Xiaolong; Fan, Xuezhong; Li, Jizhen; Xie, Wuxi; Zhang, Guofang; Zhou, Zhongyue; Zhang, Wei (2021-07-01). "Study on N-guanylurea-dinitramide (GUDN) decomposition using theoretical simulations, online photoionization mass spectrometry and TG-DSC-IR-MS experiments". Combustion and Flame. 229: 111406. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111406. ISSN 0010-2180. S2CID 233544885.
- ^ Koch, Ernst-Christian (November 2011). "L-175 Insensitive Explosive Materials: VII - Guanylurea Dinitramide GUDN". Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center.