Gnomium
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Gnomium was the proposed name for a new element similar to nickel and cobalt. Gerhard Krüss and F. W. Schmidt thought that existence of this element would solve an apparent problem in the periodic table.[1][2]
Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer were the first to arrange elements in a periodic table ordered by atomic weight, thereby revealing periodic patterns of chemical and physical properties. The use of atomic weight in the ordering — the concept of atomic number not yet having been established — resulted in several problems, one being a discrepancy in the iron group elements.
Ordered by atomic weight, the sequence would be:
iron (55.845) — nickel (58.6934) — cobalt (58.9331)
But arrayed by chemical properties, especially the highest possible oxidation numbers, the sequence would be:
iron (+6) — cobalt (+5) — nickel (+4)
It was initially believed that this problem was due to inadequate measurement of atomic weights, but after several years those of cobalt and nickel were established more precisely and the contradiction remained.[1][3] In 1892, Krüss and Schmidt proposed to solve it by postulating a new element, very similar to and nearly inseparable from cobalt, but with a higher atomic weight, so that its mixture with cobalt would be heavier than nickel. That proposed element was named gnomium.
However, attempts to isolate gnomium proved fruitless.
It was the introduction of the concept of atomic number, and the re-ordering of the periodic table by atomic number, that resolved this and related problems and obviated the hypotheses for gnomium:
iron (26) — cobalt (27) — nickel (28)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Krüss, Gerhard; Schmidt, F. W. (1892). "Atomgewichtsbestimmungen von Nickel". Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 2: 235–254. doi:10.1002/zaac.18920020121.
- ^ Kruss, Gerhard; Schmidt, F. W. (1889). "Ein neues Element, welches neben Kobalt und Nickel vorkommt". Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie. 28: 340–342. doi:10.1007/BF01375984. S2CID 97728815.
- ^ Demselben; Demselben (1886). "II. "Ueber die Atomgewichte des Kobalts und des Nickels"". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 232 (3): 324–347. doi:10.1002/jlac.18862320303.
Further reading
[edit]- Richards, Th. W.; Baxter, G. P. (1898). "Das Atomgewicht des Kobalts". Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie. 37 (12): 762–768. doi:10.1007/BF01420980. S2CID 197592433.
- Howe, JL (Jul 1900). "The Eighth Group of the Periodic System and Some of Its Problems". Science. 12 (288): 20–34. Bibcode:1900Sci....12...20H. doi:10.1126/science.12.288.20. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17818077.
- Richards, Theodore William; Cushman, Allerton Seward (1899). "A Revision of the Atomic Weight of Nickel. Second Paper. The Determination of the Nickel in Nickelous Bromide". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 34 (13): 327–348. doi:10.2307/20020900. JSTOR 20020900.