Giovanni Renesi II
Giovanni Renesi II | |
|---|---|
| Native name | Gjon Renësi |
| Born | 1567 Zadar |
| Died | 1624 |
| Allegiance | .svg){kind=small} Republic of Venice |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Stradioti |
Giovanni Renesi (Albanian: Gjon Renësi, 1567-1624) was an Albanian military captain and mercenary. He was involved in the organization of spy networks in the Ottoman Empire in support of the Catholic powers of southern Europe and he participated in several plans for large-scale revolts against the Ottomans.[1]
Early life
[edit]Giovanni Renesi was born around 1567 in the town of Zara (modern Zadar).[2] He came from an Albanian Catholic family, which belonged to the Renesi fis of Lezha in northern Albania. They had settled in Zara as refugees after the Ottoman conquest of Albania and joined the stradioti regiments of Venice like many other Albanian refugees in Dalmatia.[3][4] His family had produced many military captains, administrators and governors in the Stato da Màr. His father and his brother were both military commanders of the Venetian Republic.[5] Renesi served the Venetian Republic as a stradiot until 1607, when he was banished from the Venetian Republic for murder in a blood feud.[2][6][7] Following these events, Renesi would regularly inform the Venetians of his future activities, which he probably did in the hope that they would lift the ban pending on him.[8] A Venetian report in 1617-18 describes him as man of pale skin colour who had a lean body, a black beard and who dressed in "French style" (alla francese).[5]
Rebellion and espionage
[edit]At the beginning of 1607, Renesi was in Turin and met with Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy. He proposed to the duke to take part in a rebellion against the Ottoman Turks, which was promoted by the voivode Grdan of Nikšić and the patriarch Jovan II of Peć.[9][10] Near the end of 1607 and beginning of 1608, Renesi participated in a mission in Mljet, led by Carlo Emanuele who sent out spies to the island and to Ragusa with the intention of supporting rebel leaders who had gathered in order to oppose Ottoman rule. Renesi had as role to negotiate directly with the leaders of the possible uprising rebels.[11]
At the end of the summer of 1608, Renesi arrived in Dalmatia with the envoys of Carlo Emanuele, and informed Grdan about the duke's decision in relation to their previously planned rebellion. Carlo Emmanuele assured his support for the uprising for the months of January or February 1609, depending on the weather conditions.[12] However, the intervention announced by Carlo Manuele for January-February 1609 did not take place and the duke lost all interest in the Balkans.[13] Renesi together with the other representatives of the uprising villages, were forced to seek support from another prince, the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo I Gonzaga.[13]
Renesi arrived in Mantua at the end of 1609, accompanied by a Dutch merchant and two noblemen from Ragusa. They presented the plan to the duke and informed him that Maurice of Nassau was also desiring to participate in it. The talks with the Duke of Mentua prevailed until his death on February 9, 1612.[13] Later in the same year, Renesi went to Milan to propose to another governor, Marquis de la Hinojosa, the undertaking of the uprising in Montenegro and Albania. Renesi tried to convince the duke by offering him, in case of victory, two of the most important strongholds in the region. Hinojosa encouraged Renesi to go to the court of Madrid as ambassador of the Albanians and the Serbs.[13]
Renesi sent a letter to the bishop of Vigevano Lombardy who relayed it to the Spanish court in Madrid where Renesi asked for military support for the uprising.[14]
In 1614, Renesi was in Parma, to propose the Duke Ranuccio I Farnese to assume leadership of the rebellion. Farnese sent him in the Balkans with money. On July 14 during the Convention of Kuçi, Renesi informed the local leaders of the Duke of Parma's support for their plans and they accepted to recognize Farnese as their lord.[15] These plans were abandoned when he returned to Italy as internal European conflicts stopped any plans for a future campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
On August 1615, the pretender to the Ottoman throne, Sultan Yahya, and the Duke of Nevres met in Paris. Renesi was also present and Sultan Yahya gave him a decree of appointment addressed to the archbishops, nobles and leaders of the Balkans. In the decree Renesi was presented as Sultan Yahya’s ambassador and was authorized to negotiate in his name. The Duke of Nevres gave Renesi a passport which allowed him to travel freely.[8] Renesi left Paris on April 1616, with orders to meet with the Dukes of Tuscany and Mantua before going to the Balkans.[8]
In 1617, on Farnese’s request, Renesi went to Madrid. Farnese ordered his ambassador to Spain, Flavio Atti, to meet with the Duke of Lerma, the secretary Antonio de Aróstegui, the Marquis of Hinojosa and with the confessor of King Filipe II. During the meeting, Renesi told Hinjora that there were many provinces involved in the uprising and he explained to him that they were inhabited by Albanians and Slavs, and not by Greeks.[16] Hinojosa offered to undertake the uprising in a union with Rome and Venice. Renesi argued that the undertaking of the rebellion would involve the initial costs of two armies and 12,000 soldiers. The negotiations at the Spanish court lasted until the end of October 1617, but no results were achieved.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Groot, Alexander H. de (1978). Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut Leiden/Istanbul. p. 183. ISBN 9789062580439. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ a b Floristán 2019, p. 37.
- ^ Floristán 2019, p. 28.
- ^ Valentini, Giuseppe (1956). Il diritto delle comunità nella tradizione giuridica albanese; generalità (in Italian) (Translation: as in the past, but the strong families of Scutari's Muslims have influenced to make these flags a group of their own, to them ... the last name Rènesi is frequent in C 1416-7; later it is a numerous and very important stradiotic family of which we know very well ... Joanne Renesi in 1610 (Biz), and the captains Giorgio and Giovanni Renesi who in the following century made themselves widely known (234) S; ... ed.). Vallecchi. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ a b Bartl 1974, p. 190
- ^ Biblioteca dell'Archivio storico italiano (in Italian) (Translation: Thus in the summer of 1607, an Albanian captain Giovanni Renesi (already in the service of the Serenissima in Italy and then banished for murder), who had also proposed to Carlo Emanuele the opportuneness and ease of a business in the Balkans. At the beginning of June 1608, according to what the captain Giovanni Renesi himself candidly reported to the ambassador of the Serenissima in Turin Piero Contarini. ed.). L. S. Olschki. 1961. pp. 28–40.
- ^ Studi Veneziani (in Italian) (Translation: Agreeing on the need to obtain the material support of the Italian States willing to participate in the Levantine enterprise, they sent the aforementioned Albanian adventurer Giovanni Renesi, former mercenary, Venetian subject already at the service of the Serenissima and of the Duke of Savoy, Carlo Emanuele 1. On behalf of the latter, the Albanian completed an exploratory mission in the Balkans in 1607, during which also got in touch with the notable secular and ecclesiastical notables of the Dalmatian hinterland. Renesi, who had been banished from the Venetian Republic for murder. ed.). Giardini. 2004. p. 336. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ a b c Floristán 2019, p. 41.
- ^ Floristán 2019, p. 38.
- ^ Cuadernos de investigación histórica (in Spanish) (Translation: Nevertheless, Carlos Manuel had not awakened and insisted on his requests for help in Spain, when a fact came to reinforce his purposes: the arrival in Turin of the Albanian Giovanni Renesi and the solicitor of the Bosnian nobility, Nicolas Drasovich. Both exposed the desire for liberation of their peoples and assured him that, if he helped them, they would rebel against the Turk and recognize him as king. Encouraged by this news, the Duke forged immediately ed.). Fundación Universitaria Española, Seminario Cisneros. 1977. p. 167. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Ćosić, Stjepan (2011). Mavro Orbini i raskol dubrovačkog patricijata (Translation: At the end of 1607 and beginning of 1608, the spies of the Duke of Savoy first visited Mljet and then in Dubrovnik, with the intention of giving financial support to the rebel leaders and organizing supporters among the Dubrovnik lords. Imberto Saluzzio, known as the Commendator della Manta, and Filiberto Provona posed as horse dealers, actually giving instructions to supporters of the uprising and secretly making accurate maps and drawings of the city's fortifications.13 But another Duke trustee, Giovanni Renesi, who toured the interior and negotiated directly with the leaders of potential uprising groups, he was not impressed by their willingness to seriously resist the Ottomans. Realizing that a good portion of the population did not want to replace "Ottoman tyranny at all with the Spanish authorities", Renesi reported that the whole venture was based on "very uncertain grounds". This euphemism was enough to keep the Savoy Duke cool from rapid action and almost give up the whole venture.14 ed.). Zagreb: Radovi - Zavod za hrvatsku povijest. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Floristán 2019, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b c d Floristán 2019, p. 39.
- ^ José M. Floristán (PDF) (An appeal of the people of Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro to the Spanish king Philip III for military help (1612- 1614). In 1612 the bishop of Vigevano, Lombardy forwarded to the Spanish court in Madrid an appeal for military support he had received through the Albanian captain Giovanni Renesi from the people of Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro for an uprising against the Turkish Ottomans. Such appeal was a continuation of the embassies which had been already sent to several Christian princes in the first decade of the 17th century. Patriarch Jovan II of Peć and the voïvode Grdan of Nikšić were apparently the main masterminds behind this plan. ed.). University Complutense, Madrid). p. 12. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Floristán 2019, p. 40.
- ^ a b Floristán 2019, p. 42.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bartl, Peter (1974). Der Westbalkan zwischen spanischer Monarchie und osmanischem Reich : zur Türkenkriegsproblematik an der Wende vom 16. zum 17. Jahrhundert. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447015535.
- Floristán, José M. (2019). "Stradioti albanesi al servizio degli Asburgo di Spagna (I): le famiglie albanesi Bua, Crescia e Renesi". Shêjzat – Pleiades (1–2).