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Gerhard Homuth

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Gerhard Homuth
Homuth as an officer
Born(1914-09-20)20 September 1914
Kiel
Died2 August 1943(1943-08-02) (aged 28)
near Oryol
Cause of deathKilled in action
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1933–1943
RankMajor (major)
UnitLG 2, JG 27, JG 54
Commands3./JG 27, I./JG 27, I./JG 54
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Gerhard Homuth (20 September 1914 – 2 August 1943) was a World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace. He scored all but two of his 63 victories against the Western Allies whilst flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109, and was one of the top scoring aces in the North African campaign.[1]

Born in Kiel, Homuth grew up in the Weimar Republic. He joined the military service in the Reichsmarine before transferring to the Luftwaffe in 1935. Trained as a fighter pilot, he was posted Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) where he flew with the aerobatics team. In October 1939, Homuth was posted Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). In February 1940, he was appointed squadron leader of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of JG 27. He claimed his first aerial victory on 11 May 1940 during the Battle of France. In early 1941, his unit was transferred to North Africa where he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 June 1941 following his 22nd aerial victory. In June 1942, Homuth was appointed group commander of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 27. In late 1942, Homuth fell ill and was taken off operational flying. Following his convalesance, he served as an instructor for Bulgarian fighter pilots. On 1 August 1943, Homuth was given command of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which was fighting on Eastern Front. The following day, he was posted as missing in action when he was shot down and likely killed in action near Kromy.

Early life and career

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Homuth was born 20 September 1914 in Kiel, at the time in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia.[2][Note 1] He joined the Reichsmarine before transferring to the Luftwaffe in 1935. In late 1938, I. (leichte Jagd) Gruppe, the light fighter group, of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) was created at Graz Airfield. With this Gruppe, Homuth was appointed chief of the Stabskompanie (staff company).[3] Homuth had been a member of LG 2's aerobatics team which was equipped with the Bücker Bü 133 Jungmeister. The team's first public appearance was on 10 May 1938 on account of a demonstration to the Belgian Air Component at Arlon.[4]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In preparation for the invasion, I.(J)/LG 2 had deployed to an airfield at Malzkow, present-day Malczkowo.[5] The Gruppe supported the 4th Army as part of Army Group North.[6]

On 1 October 1939, the new I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) was created at Münster-Handorf Airfield and placed under command of Hauptmann Helmut Riegel. Homuth was transferred and served as adjutant to Riegel, supporting him in the creation of the Gruppe.[7] On 22 January 1940, the Gruppe moved to Krefeld Airfield where they were tasked with flying fighter protection during the "Phoney War" along the German – Belgian border. During this period, the pilots had little to no enemy contact.[8] On 1 February, Homuth was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 27, replacing Oberleutnant Gerhard Rutsch in this capacity.[9] In late March, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Mönchengladbach. In April, Homuth was briefly assigned to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) which was commanded by Hauptmann Werner Mölders. Mölders' III./JG 53 was stationed further south on the German – French border and had already been engaged in aerial combat with Armée de l'air (French Air Force) and the Royal Air Force (RAF) of the British Expeditionary Force. The idea behind this assignment was to provide Homuth, and other Luftwaffe pilots, some combat experience.[10]

Battle of France and Britain

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On 10 May 1940, German forces launched the invasion of France and the Low Countries (Fall Gelb). At the start of the invasion, I. Gruppe of JG 27 was subordinated to the VIII. Fliegerkorps (8th Air Corps).[11] The next day, Homuth claimed his first victory on 11 May, shooting down a Bristol Blenheim bomber in the late afternoon. That day, I. Gruppe operated in the area of Maastricht. The following day, 3. Staffel intercepted eight low flying Blenheim bombers on a mission to bomb the bridges crossing the Meuse and Albert Canal near Veldwezelt. Defending against this attack, Homuth shot down one of the Blenheim bombers.[12] His opponent likely belonged to the RAF No. 110 Squadron.[13] On 18 May, I. Gruppe moved to Charleville located approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) west-northwest of Sedan. The next day, Homuth claimed a Hawker Hurricane fighter shot down.[14] On 22 May, the Gruppe moved to Guise. Three days later, they were ordered to Saint-Omer for combat against the encircled Allied forces fighting in the Battle of Dunkirk. Prior to the relocation, Homuth shot down a Blenheim bomber, his fourth aerial victory. The Gruppe returned to Guise on 31 May.[15]

The Gruppe predominately patrolled the area along the Somme on 1 and 2 June. On a combat air patrol to Dunkirk on 2 June, Homuth claimed two Supermarine Spitfire fighters shot down.[16] On 5 June, German forces launched Fall Rot (Case Red), the second phase of the conquest of France. That day in the vicinity of Compiègne, Homuth claimed two Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighters shot down.[17] One of the M.S.406 fighters may have been piloted by Sous lieutenant René Pomier Layrargues from Groupe de Chasse II/7, who was killed in action. Layrargues was the pilot who had shot down Hauptmann Werner Mölders from III. Gruppe of JG 53 that day and who was captured and taken prisoner of war.[18] The Gruppe relocated again on 11 June, this time to an airfield near Soisson-Saconin-et-Breuil. On 14 June, Homuth claimed his last and ninth aerial victory of the Battle of France when he shot down a Bloch MB.131 bomber near Léchelle.[19] When the Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed, Homuth was one of the leading fighter pilots of I. Gruppe of JG 27. On 28 June, the Gruppe was ordered to Neuenlander Feld in Bremen for a brief period of rest and replenishment.[20]

In preparation in what would become the Battle of Britain, I. Gruppe was moved to the English Channel on 2 July where they were based at an airfield near Plumetot.[21] On 20 July, I. Gruppe escorted a number of Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers on a Kanalkampf mission against Convoy Bosom to the Isle of Purbeck. On this mission, Homuth claimed two Spitfire fighters shot down near Swanage.[22] On 12 August, JG 27 escorted bombers to Portsmouth, claiming two aerial victories, including a Spitfire fighter by Homuth near Bembridge.[23] On 1 October, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the English Channel and had relocated to an airfield at Stade in Northern Germany. Here the Gruppe was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) and tasked with patrolling the German Bight. This assignment ended on 21 October, when the Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Dinan in northwestern France.[24]

Invasion of Greece and North Africa

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A Bf 109 E of I./JG 27 similar to those flown by Homuth

On 3 December 1940, I. Gruppe was again withdrawn from the English Channel and relocated to Döberitz located approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) west of Staaken. There, the pilots were sent on home leave, returning in January 1941. In February, the Gruppe began preparations for Operation Marita, the German invasion of Greece while the ground elements of the Gruppe began their relocation to Tripoli in North Africa, arriving there on 18 March. There, the ground crew began preparations for the air elements to arrive at the designated airfield at Ayn al-Ġazāla. In parallel, the air elements of I. Gruppe relocated to Munich-Riem Airfield in early March.[25] Credited with fifteen aerial victories, Homuth was the leading fighter pilot of I. Gruppe at the time.[26] There, the Gruppe received refurbished Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-7 fighter aircraft. The aircraft had been equipped with a sand-filter on the front of the supercharger intake which made the aircraft more suitable for deployment in North Africa. On 4 April, the Gruppe was ordered to move to Graz Airfield for Operation Marita. German forces launched the attack on 6 April. The orders for I. Gruppe that day were to attack and destroy the Yugoslavian air defenses in the area of Laibach, present-day Ljubljana in Slovenia. Leading 3. Staffel, Homuth was given the order to attack the airfield at Laibach where they came under heavy anti-aircraft artillery fire. The Staffel attacked the hangars and inflicted damage on parked Potez 25 aircraft.[27] Following Operation Marita, the air elements briefly returned to Munich-Riem before they transferred to North Africa, arriving in Ayn al-Ġazāla between 18 and 22 April 1941.[28]

Homuth claimed his first aerial victory over North Africa on 1 May 1941. That day his Staffel escorted Ju 87 dive bombers on a bombing mission to Tobruk. The Luftwaffe force was intercepted by six Hurricane fighters near Tobruk. In this aerial engagement, the Luftwaffe claimed four aerial victories, including two Hurricanes by Homuth shot down taking his total to 17 aerial victories. On 5 May, then again on 8 May, Homuth shot down a Martin Maryland bomber, the latter claimed as a Blenheim bomber.[29] On 15 May, British forces launched Operation Brevity aimed at the Axis front-line forces in the Sollum–Capuzzo–Bardia area of the border between Egypt and Libya. I. Gruppe was dispatched to the combat area near Sollum and the Halfaya Pass where Homuth claimed a Hurricane fighter shot down.[30] Following two Blenheim bombers shot down near Fort Capuzzo on 21 May 1941, Homuth was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 14 June for 22 aerial victories in total.[31] He was the first recipient of the Knight's Cross within I. Gruppe of JG 27.[32] On 14 September, German forces sent an armored reconnaissance mission to Sidi Barrani, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) into Egypt. The advance was repelled by British forces. Both sides committed aerial forces resulting in eight aerial victories claimed by I. Gruppe, including a Maryland bomber and Hurricane fighter by Homuth.[33] On 9 February 1942, Homuth claimed his 40th aerial victory over a Hurricane fighter near Al Adm.[34] Homuth was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 9 April.[35]

Group commander and death

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On 10 June 1942, Homuth was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 27. He replaced Major Eduard Neumann who had taken command of JG 27 as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander). Command of 3. Staffel was then handed to Oberleutnant Hans-Joachim Marseille.[36] His 60th claim came on 27 October, when he shot down a Spitfire over Bi'r Mu'min Busak located approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) west of Sidi Abdel Rahman.[37][38]

On 11 November, I. Gruppe was detached from JG 27 and ordered to return to Germany.[39] Coinciding with the withdrawal from North Africa, Homuth fell seriously ill and was on convalescence until February 1943.[40] Command of I. Gruppe then fell to Hauptmann Heinrich Setz who took command on 12 November.[36] In February 1943, Homuth was posted to the Luftwaffe Command in Sofia where he led the training Bulgarian fighter pilots.[40]

On 1 August 1943, Homuth was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing). He replaced Oberleutnant Hans Götz who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander Major Reinhard Seiler had been wounded in combat on 6 July.[41] At the time, I. Gruppe was based at Karachev and was fighting in the Battle of Kursk on the Eastern Front.[42] The following day, the Gruppe flew multiple combat missions in support of German ground forces retreating in the area north and northwest of Oryol. In the early afternoon, the Gruppe escorted Ju 87 dive bombers to the combat area near Kromy. Homuth failed to return from this mission and was posted missing in action.[43] Flying Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer 550436—factory number), he was shot down and likely killed in action 20 kilometers (12 miles) south of Kromy.[44] Command of the Gruppe was then again given to Götz who was killed in action two days later.[41][45]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to Obermaier, Homuth was credited with 63 victories claimed in approximately 450 missions, 47 in Africa. He recorded two victories over the Eastern Front.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 62 aerial victory claims, all of which claimed over the Western Allies on the Western Front or in North Africa.[46]

Chronicle of aerial victories

  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews, and Foreman.

Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 11 May 1940 17:30 Blenheim Diest[47] 6 2 June 1940 09:25 Spitfire southwest of Dunkirk[47]
2 12 May 1940 06:20 Blenheim Liège[47] 7 5 June 1940 18:15 M.S.406 Beauvais[47]
3 19 May 1940 16:30 Hurricane north of Albert[47] 8 5 June 1940 18:20 M.S.406 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Troissy[47]
4 25 May 1940 12:30 Blenheim west of Calais[47] 9 14 June 1940?[Note 2] 20:15 MB.131 Léchelle[47]
5 2 June 1940 09:20 Spitfire 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Dunkirk[47]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – 3 December 1940
10 20 July 1940 14:25 Spitfire west of Swanage[48] 13 3 September 1940 11:35 Hurricane Burnham[48]
11 20 July 1940 14:28 Spitfire west of Swanage[48] 14 11 September 1940 18:10 Hurricane 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Selsey Bill[48]
12 12 August 1940 12:50 Spitfire Bembridge[48] 15 30 September 1940 18:10 Spitfire south of Eastbourne[49]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[35]
Sicily, Balkans and North Africa — 4 December 1940 – 31 May 1941
16 1 May 1941 09:15 Hurricane 20 km (12 mi) south of Tobruk[50] 23 30 August 1941 17:30 Blenheim Sallum[51]
17 1 May 1941 09:20 Hurricane Tobruk airfield[50] 24 14 September 1941 17:45 Martin 167 south of El Sofafi[52]
18 5 May 1941 08:32 Martin 167 10 km (6.2 mi) east-southeast of Fort Acroma[50] 25 14 September 1941 17:48 Hurricane southeast of El Sofafi[52]
19 8 May 1941 10:10 Blenheim 100 km (62 mi) east-northeast of Tobruk[50] 26 24 September 1941 14:40 P-40 Sidi Omar[52]
20 15 May 1941 12:15 Hurricane Sallum[50] 27 24 September 1941 16:47 Hurricane Buq Buq[52]
21 21 May 1941 07:57 Blenheim southeast of Fort Capuzzo[50] 28 27 September 1941 10:10 Hurricane 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Ras Azaz[52]
22 21 May 1941 07:58 Blenheim southeast of Fort Capuzzo[50]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[46]
In North Africa — 18 November 1941 – 10 June 1942
29 5 December 1941 15:35 Hurricane[53] 40 9 February 1942 10:51 Hurricane south of Al Adm[54]
30 9 December 1941 14:15 P-40 south of Kambut[53] 41 21 February 1942 12:11 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Ayn al-Ġazāla[54]
31 13 December 1941 16:15 P-40 southwest of Tmimi[53] 42 27 February 1942 12:10 P-40 northeast of Fort Acroma[54]
32 23 December 1941 14:00 Beaufighter southeast of Arco Philaenorum[55] 43 2 March 1942 10:51 P-40 west of Tobruk[54]
33 23 December 1941 14:10 Beaufighter southeast of Arco Philaenorum[55] 44 2 March 1942 10:52 P-40 southeast of Fort Acroma[54]
34 3 January 1942 08:20 P-40 northeast of Ajdabiya[55] ?[Note 3] 2 March 1942 12:11 P-40 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Ayn al-Ġazāla
35 7 January 1942 12:15 P-40 northeast of Ajdabiya[55] 45 2 April 1942 18:07 P-40 30 km (19 mi) north of Fort Acroma[56]
36 7 January 1942 12:20 P-40 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Ajdabiya[55] 46 6 April 1942 09:10 Hurricane northwest of Tmimi[56]
37 9 January 1942 14:15 P-40 Marsa al-Brega[55] 47 7 April 1942 08:37 P-46 southwest of Ayn al-Ġazāla[56]
38 9 January 1942 14:20 P-40 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gadd el Ahmar[55] 48 23 May 1942 11:18 Boston north of Fort Acroma[57]
39 8 February 1942 14:32 P-40 east of Bomba Bight[55]
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 –[58]
In North Africa — 10 June – November 1942
49 25 July 1942 17:45 Hurricane west of El Dabaa[59] 56 29 August 1942 08:55 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Abu Dweis[60]
50 27 July 1942 12:25 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59] 57 2 September 1942 16:10 P-46 (P-40) southwest of El Hammam[61]
51 27 July 1942 12:27 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59] 58 7 September 1942 17:42 P-40 southeast of El Alamein[61]
52 27 July 1942 12:28 Hurricane southeast of El Hammam[59]
5 km (3.1 mi) south of El Alamein 		59 15 September 1942 16:54 P-40 southwest of El Alamein[61]
53 7 August 1942 09:35 Hurricane north-northwest of El Alamein[59] 60 27 October 1942 15:15 Spitfire south of Bi'r Mu'min Busak[62]
54 7 August 1942 09:37 P-40 north of El Alamein[59]
north of El Hammam 		61 2 November 1942 12:06 P-46 (P-40) southeast of Bi'r Mu'min Busak[62]
55 18 August 1942 09:38 P-40 west of El Alamein[60]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ His older brother was killed in action in 1942 on the Eastern Front, his father was shot by looting soldiers on 23 April 1945.[2]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 13 June 1940.[35]
  3. ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[54]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Spick 1996, p. 240.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 136.
  3. ^ Prien 1992, p. 54.
  4. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 54–55.
  5. ^ Prien 1992, p. 67.
  6. ^ Prien 1992, p. 71.
  7. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 20.
  8. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 23.
  9. ^ Prien et al. 2001a, p. 238.
  10. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 23, 25.
  11. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 60.
  12. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 62–63.
  13. ^ Weal 2003, p. 21.
  14. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 65, 561.
  15. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 66–67.
  16. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 68, 561.
  17. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 68.
  18. ^ Goss 2017, pp. 29–30.
  19. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 70.
  20. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 71.
  21. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 81.
  22. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 83.
  23. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 84, 562.
  24. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 88–89.
  25. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 120–121.
  26. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 8.
  27. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 123–124.
  28. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 138.
  29. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 141.
  30. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 141, 563.
  31. ^ Weal 2003, p. 18.
  32. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 144.
  33. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, pp. 144, 564.
  34. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 35.
  35. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 549.
  36. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 170.
  37. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 310.
  38. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 408.
  39. ^ Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 313.
  40. ^ a b Prien, Rodeike & Stemmer 1998, p. 314.
  41. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 165.
  42. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 140.
  43. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 141.
  44. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 192.
  45. ^ Weal 2001, p. 100.
  46. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 549–550.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2001b, p. 245.
  48. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2002, p. 376.
  49. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 378.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 370.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 371.
  52. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 372.
  53. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 176.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 178.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2004, p. 177.
  56. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 179.
  57. ^ Prien et al. 2004, p. 180.
  58. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 550.
  59. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2004, p. 183.
  60. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 184.
  61. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 185.
  62. ^ a b Prien et al. 2004, p. 186.
  63. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 64.
  64. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 234.
  65. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 404.
  66. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 196.

Bibliography

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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
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  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis December 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/III—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/III—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-07-9.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell (2012). A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945 Volume 2: North African Desert, February 1942 – March 1943. London, UK: Grub Street. ISBN 978-1-909166-12-7.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1994). Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-448-0.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2001). Jagdgeschwader 54 "Grünherz". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-286-9.
  • Weal, John (2003). Jagdgeschwader 27 "Afrika". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 12. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-538-9.
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