Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein
Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Genevieve Marie Grotjan April 30, 1913[1] |
| Died | August 10, 2006 (aged 93) |
| Other names | Gene, Gen[2] |
| Citizenship | American |
| Known for | Deciphering the Purple machine, and key insights into Venona |
| Spouse |
Hyman Feinstein
(m. 1943; died 1995) |
| Children | 1 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics Cryptanalysis |
| Institutions | Signals Intelligence Service |
Genevieve Marie Grotjan Feinstein (April 30, 1913 – August 10, 2006) was an American mathematician and cryptanalyst. She worked for the Signals Intelligence Service throughout World War II, during which time she played an important role in deciphering the Japanese cryptography machine Purple, and later worked on the Cold War-era Venona project.
Career
[edit]Feinstein discovered a passion for mathematics at a young age and aspired to become a math teacher. She graduated from the University at Buffalo summa cum laude in February 1936 with a mathematics degree. Unable to find a teaching job, she took a position as a statistical clerk at the Railroad Retirement Board.[2] Her high score on a civil service mathematics test in 1939 got the attention of William F. Friedman, who hired her to work as a junior cryptanalyst for the Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS). For eighteen months, she worked with other SIS codebreakers to analyze the encryption system used in the Japanese Type B Cipher Machine, code named Purple by the SIS[3]: p. 8 She played a key role in cracking the cipher,[4] discovering cyclical behavior in the code on September 20, 1940.[5]: 99 This enabled the construction of an equivalent machine by the SIS which in turn enabled the interception of almost all messages exchanged between the Japanese government and its embassies in foreign countries.[4][6] Purple-encoded reports from Hiroshi Oshima, the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, were a main source of intelligence about Axis plans.[5]: 102
In 1946, she was awarded the Exceptional Civilian Service Award from Brig. Gen. Paul Everton Peabody for her wartime service.[2]
She was later assigned to the Venona project, trying to decode encrypted messages sent by the Soviet KGB and Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU).[4] She made a significant breakthrough in November 1944, which allowed American cryptographers to recognize when an individual one time pad cipher was (improperly) reused. After the conclusion of World War II, Feinstein continued to work at the SIS, as the Cold War began, but resigned in 1947.[6] After resigning from government cryptanalysis, she joined the faculty of George Mason University, where she briefly served as a professor of mathematics.[4][2]
Personal life
[edit]In 1943, Genevieve Grotjan married the Manhattan Project chemist Hyman Feinstein, who worked at the National Bureau of Standards. They had a son named Ellis,[4] who died of a heart condition at age 22.[2] Widowed in 1995, Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein died in 2006, aged 93.[6]
Legacy
[edit]Genevieve Feinstein Award in Cryptography (George Mason University)[2]
Her breakthrough in deciphering the Purple machine has been called, in the Encyclopedia of American Women at War, "one of the greatest achievements in the history of U.S. codebreaking".[4] NSA posthumously inducted her into the NSA Hall of Honor in 2010.[6] In 2018, the University at Buffalo's alumni magazine featured her as "An American Hero".[2]
References
[edit]- ^ U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014
- ^ a b c d e f g Gentzke, Ann Whitcher (April 10, 2018). "An American Hero-Genevieve Grotjan applied her dazzling mathematical skills to unraveling enemy codes during World War II". At Buffalo. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ Friedman, William F. (October 14, 1940). "Preliminary Historical Report on the Solution of the Type "B" Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Findling, Megan (2013). "Feinstein, Genevieve Grotjan (1912–2006)". In Tendrich Frank, Lisa (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields. ABC-CLIO. pp. 215–217. ISBN 978-1-59884-443-6.
- ^ a b Mundy, Liza (2017). Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II. New York, Boston: Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-316-35253-6.
- ^ a b c d "Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein: 2010 Hall of Honor Inductee; Women in American Cryptology Honoree". National Security Agency. April 6, 2011. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- 1913 births
- 2006 deaths
- 20th-century American mathematicians
- Signals Intelligence Service cryptographers
- American women civilians in World War II
- George Mason University faculty
- 20th-century American women scientists
- Scientists from Buffalo, New York
- 20th-century American women mathematicians
- Mathematicians from New York (state)
- University at Buffalo alumni
- American women cryptographers
- 21st-century American women
- 20th-century cryptographers