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Galdieria partita

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Galdieria partita
Galdieria partita cell. n: nucleus; c: chloroplast
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Cyanidiophyceae
Order: Cyanidiales
Family: Galdieriaceae
Genus: Galdieria
Species:
G. partita
Binomial name
Galdieria partita
O.Yu.Sentsova, 1991

Galdieria partita is a species of extremophilic red algae that lives in acidic hot springs.[1] It is the only unicellular species of red algae known to reproduce sexually.[2] It was discovered in 1894 by Josephine Elizabeth Tilden from Yellowstone National Park in the western United States.[3] Originally described as a species of green algae, Chroococcus varium, its scientific name and taxonomic position were revised several times. In 1959, Mary Belle Allen produced the pure culture which has been distributed as the "Allen strain".[4]

History

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Josephine Elizabeth Tilden, the first woman teacher at the University of Minnesota, investigated algae of the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming in 1894.[3] Among her collection was a species which she identified as a green alga. In 1898, she named it Protococcus botryoides f. caldarium.[5] Austrian biologists Lothar Geitler and Franz Ruttner revised the identification as a blue-green algae with a name Cyanidium caldarium in 1936.[6] Around the same time Joseph J. Copeland created the genus name as Pluto caldarius.[7] The controversy of priority started, but Cyanidium caldarium became more widely used.[6]

Mary Belle Allen, while working at the Marine Station of Stanford University, had developed the method of culturing microbes living at high temperature (thermophiles).[8] In 1952, she developed a specific culture media for thermophilic algae by which she isolated an "unidentified unicellular alga" from the acid waters of the Lemonade Spring, The Geysers, Sonoma County, California.[9] In 1958, while working at the Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Morphology of the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute in Richmond, California, she compared the thermophilic algae of the Lemonade Spring with those of the Yellowstone National Park. With it she produced the first pure culture of the C. caldarium, as reported in 1959.[10] This sample was subsequently distributed as the "Allen strain".[4]

In 1991, Olga Yu Sentsova at the Moscow State University, analysed the specimen of Allan strain with a new one collected from Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia Far East.[11] She confirmed that the specimens were distinct from other C. caldarium and revised the identification as Galdieria partita, along with a description of two other new species, G. daedala and G. maxima.[12] The genus Galdieria was established by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification of a red alga, G. sulphuraria.[13][14]

Habitat

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G. partita is an thermoacidophile that survives well in high temperature and high acidic environments. They are present in hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park in US, Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia Far East,[11] and the Tatun Volcanic Group area in Taiwan.[15] The hot springs of the Yellowstone National Park has high acidity with a pH ranging from 2.5 to 3, and a temperature ranging from 28 to 90°C.[16][17] The Kamchatka hot springs can have a pH as low as 1.5 and temperatures from 50 to 99°C.[18]

Structure and composition

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Galdieria partita cells under various growth conditions. c: chloroplast; glu: glucose; HL: high light source; LL: low light source; n: nucleus.

G. partita is unicellular with a rigid cell wall.[10] It is spherical in shape and measures 2.5 to 8 μm in diameter. The Allen strain is slightly bigger under culture as it can grow to 10 to 11 μm in size.[11] There is single mitochondrion with a crescent shape, and a single vacuole.[14] It contains prominent nucleus and the rest of the cytoplasm is much occupied by a single chloroplast.[10] The chloroplast is belt-shaped in young individuals and becomes four-lobed in mature cells.[11]

It is for the prominent presence of chloroplast that it was once argued to be member of the green algae and blue-green algae. It requires light to produce chlorophyll and phycocyanin, while green algae and blue-green algae do not.[10] It was difficult to recognise as a red alga because of the presence of a purple pigment phycocyanin, as red algae are normally characterised by phycobilins (phycocyanobilin, phycoerythrobilin, phycourobilin and phycobiliviolin), pigments that give the distinctive red or orange colour.[19][20]

Biochemistry

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G. partita is a facultative heterotroph that feeds on various nutrients mostly under low light environment,[21] but can grow well in under sunlight, unlike other Galdieria species.[15] It mostly uses citric acid as its nutrient source for carbon and energy.[11] Environmental glucose level facilitates protection from oxidative stress by stimulating the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid.[21]

Reproduction

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Asexual reproduction is achieved by spore (endospore) formation. The mother cell divides internally and the daughter cells are released after rupture of the mother cell wall.[10] The chloroplast divides first and then the nucleus afterwards.[14] The daughter cells are called autospores and divide into cell numbers 2 to 4 to 8.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Sano, S.; Ueda, M.; Kitajima, S.; Takeda, T.; Shigeoka, S.; Kurano, N.; Miyachi, S.; Miyake, C.; Yokota, A. (2001). "Characterization of ascorbate peroxidases from unicellular red alga Galdieria partita". Plant & Cell Physiology. 42 (4): 433–440. doi:10.1093/pcp/pce054. ISSN 0032-0781. PMID 11333315.
  2. ^ Hirooka, Shunsuke; Itabashi, Takeshi; Ichinose, Takako M.; Onuma, Ryo; Fujiwara, Takayuki; Yamashita, Shota; Jong, Lin Wei; Tomita, Reiko; et al. (2022). "Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (41): e2210665119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2210665119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9565259. PMID 36194630.
  3. ^ a b Hansen, Gayle I. (1996). "Josephine Elizabeth Tilden (1869-1957)". In Garbary, David J.; Wynne, Michael James (eds.). Prominent Phycologists of the 20th Century. Lancelot Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-88999-636-6.
  4. ^ a b Seckbach, Joseph (1991). "Systematic problems with Cyanidium caldarium and Galdieria sulphuraria and their implications for molecular biology studies". Journal of Phycology. 27 (6): 794–796. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00794.x. ISSN 0022-3646. S2CID 84476554.
  5. ^ Tilden, Josephine E. (1898). "Observations on Some West American Thermal Algæ". Botanical Gazette. 25 (2): 89–105. doi:10.1086/327640. ISSN 0006-8071. JSTOR 2464465.
  6. ^ a b Brock, Thomas D. (1978), "The Genus Cyanidium", Thermophilic Microorganisms and Life at High Temperatures, Springer Series in Microbiology, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 255–302, doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6284-8_9, ISBN 978-1-4612-6286-2, retrieved 2022-10-24
  7. ^ Copeland, Joseph J. (1936). "Yellowstone thermal myxophyceae". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 36 (1): 4–223. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x. S2CID 128571314.
  8. ^ Allen, Mary Belle (1 June 1953). "The thermophilic aerobic sporeforming bacteria". Bacteriological Reviews. 17 (2): 125–173. doi:10.1128/br.17.2.125-173.1953. PMC 180763. PMID 13058821.
  9. ^ Allen, M. B. (1 January 1952). "The cultivation of myxophyceae". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 17 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1007/BF00410816. ISSN 1432-072X. S2CID 20787061.
  10. ^ a b c d e Allen, Mary Belle (1959). "Studies with cyanidium caldarium, an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte". Archiv für Mikrobiologie. 32 (3): 270–277. doi:10.1007/BF00409348. ISSN 0302-8933. PMID 13628094. S2CID 1804474.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Sentsova, O. Yu. (1994). "The study of Cyanidiophyceae in Russia". In Seckbach, Joseph (ed.). Evolutionary Pathways and Enigmatic Algae: Cyanidium caldarium (Rhodophyta) and Related Cells. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 167–174. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0882-9. ISBN 978-94-010-4381-6. S2CID 46232620.
  12. ^ Sentsova, O. Yu (1991). "Diversity of acido thermophilic unicellular algae of the genus galdieria rhodophyta cyanidiophyceae". Botanicheskii Zhurnal (St Petersburg). 76 (1): 69–79.
  13. ^ Merola, Aldo; Castaldo, Rosa; Luca, Paolo De; Gambardella, Raffaele; Musacchio, Aldo; Taddei, Roberto (1981). "Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae". Giornale Botanico Italiano. 115 (4–5): 189–195. doi:10.1080/11263508109428026. ISSN 0017-0070.
  14. ^ a b c Albertano, P.; Ciniglia, C.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A. (2000). "The taxonomic position of Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria: an update". Hydrobiologia. 433 (1/3): 137–143. doi:10.1023/A:1004031123806. S2CID 11634959.
  15. ^ a b Hsieh, Chia-Jung; Zhan, Shing Hei; Lin, Yiching; Tang, Sen-Lin; Liu, Shao-Lun (2015). Vis, M. (ed.). "Analysis of rbc L sequences reveals the global biodiversity, community structure, and biogeographical pattern of thermoacidophilic red algae (Cyanidiales)". Journal of Phycology. 51 (4): 682–694. doi:10.1111/jpy.12310. PMID 26986790. S2CID 26833023.
  16. ^ Munson-McGee, Jacob H.; Field, Erin K.; Bateson, Mary; Rooney, Colleen; Stepanauskas, Ramunas; Young, Mark J. (2015). "Nanoarchaeota, Their Sulfolobales Host, and Nanoarchaeota Virus Distribution across Yellowstone National Park Hot Springs". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (22): 7860–7868. doi:10.1128/AEM.01539-15. PMC 4616950. PMID 26341207.
  17. ^ Santos, Ricardo; Fernandes, João; Fernandes, Nuno; Oliveira, Fernanda; Cadete, Manuela (2007). "Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum in acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (15): 5071–5073. doi:10.1128/AEM.00353-07. PMC 1951044. PMID 17557859.
  18. ^ Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (2019). "Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning". Life. 9 (2): E41. doi:10.3390/life9020041. PMC 6616967. PMID 31100955.
  19. ^ O'Carra, P; Murphy, R F; Killilea, S D (1980). "The native forms of the phycobilin chromophores of algal biliproteins. A clarification". Biochemical Journal. 187 (2): 303–309. doi:10.1042/bj1870303. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1161794. PMID 7396851.
  20. ^ D’Alessandro, Emmanuel B.; Antoniosi Filho, Nelson R. (2016). "Concepts and studies on lipid and pigments of microalgae: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 58 (1): 832–841. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.162.
  21. ^ a b Fu, Han-Yi; Liu, Shao-Lun; Chiang, Yin-Ru (2019). "Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid as a Glucose-Induced Photoprotective Process in the Extremophilic Red Alga Galdieria partita". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 3005. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03005. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6971183. PMID 31993036.
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