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Future of rail transport in India

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The Indian Government is undertaking several initiatives to upgrade its aging railway infrastructure and enhance its quality of service. The Railway Ministry has announced plans to invest ₹5,400,000 crore (equivalent to ₹57 trillion or US$690 billion in 2023) to upgrade the railways by 2030.[1] Upgrades include 100% electrification of railways, upgrading existing lines with more facilities and higher speeds, expansion of new lines, upgrading railway stations, introducing and eventually developing a large high-speed train network interconnecting major cities in different parts of India and development of various dedicated freight corridors to cut down cargo costs within the country.

The Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) is undertaking all research, designs and standardisation work for modernisation, National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL) is overlooking the implementation of high-speed train programs across the country, Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCI) is the agency undertaking development of freight corridors around the country and Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation (IRSDC) is engaged in railway stations upgrade and development programs.

Trains

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Vande Bharat trains have set a new record of 183km/hr speed in trials

Semi-high-speed rail

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A semi-high-speed rail network will be introduced for connecting important routes, including Delhi–Agra, Delhi–Kanpur, Chennai–Hyderabad, Nagpur–Secunderabad, Mumbai–Pune–Solapur–Hyderabad and Mumbai–Goa. Initially, the trains will operate at a maximum speed of 160 km/h, which will be increased to 200 km/h after the rails are strengthened and fenced off. The Gatimaan Express began services on April 5, 2016, after safety clearances were obtained on its first route.[2][3] Currently, Vande Bharat Express is the fastest train running on 66 routes with highest trail speed of 183 km/h, with potential of reaching up to 200 km/h.[4]

Mission Raftaar was announced in the Railway Budget of 2016-17 with the target of increasing the average speed of freight and superfast mail/express trains. The railway is focusing on the New Delhi-Mumbai and New Delhi-Howrah routes as part of the Golden Quadrilateral. Mission Raftar compromises several measures have been taken to achieve the medium- and long-term goals of Mission Raftaar, including the construction of tracks, bridges, rail flyovers, bypasses, right-powering of trains, third and fourth line construction, replacement of conventional loco-hauled trains by MEMUs, changes in timetable, and modification of the 1×25 KV traction system to the 2×25 KV traction system, among others.[5][6]

The country has made target of having 4,500 Vande Bharat trains running across India by 2047.[7] Indian Railways have planned to introduce Vande Bharat trains in inner parts of India such as Ranchi-Puri, Raipur-Ranchi, Indore-Pune, Raipur-Varanasi, Pune-Goa, Goa-Mysore, Gokarna-Bangalore, Agartala-Guwahati, Indore-Lucknow to increase connectivity and economic development.[8][9] Indian Railways will soon start the upgradation of tracks with high strength rails (R-350).The railways has started the work to increase the design speed limit of the next-generation Vande Bharat sleeper trains to 220 kmph and work has also started to improve the Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah lines to allow trains to run at 160 km/h.[10]

Dedicated freight corridors(dfc)

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Dedicated freight corridors of 3,300 km length will also be completed thus freeing the dual use high demand trunk routes for running more high-speed passenger trains.[11] The project will continue to figure on the high priority list of all the government agencies associated with it. DFCs will help India reduce its high logistics costs from some 13-15 per cent of the GDP and help it move towards the target of 8 per cent.[12]

Till date in the commissioned sections, a total of 4000 trains have been run. Some of the trains in the section are achieving the average speed of 99.38 kmph in EDFC and the average speed is 89.50 kmph in WDFC.[13][14][15] Passenger train such as Vande Bharat Express have already ran on DFC tracks during exigencies.[16][17]

High-speed rail

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Main article: High-speed rail in India

The Indian government conducted joint surveys with a Japanese government team in 2014, finally approving a corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. The new high-speed service will use a Japanese Shinkansen system and rolling stock. The cost of procuring the technology is estimated to be around ₹110,000 crore (US$13 billion). India and Japan signed agreements for the project in December 2015; the Japanese government will fund 81% of the total cost with a soft loan fixed at a nominal interest rate.[18] A special committee has recommended the trains be run on an elevated corridor for an additional cost of ₹10,000 crore (US$1 billion), to avoid the difficulties of acquiring land, building underpasses and constructing protective fencing.[19] Indian Railways will operate the corridor for a five-year period after its commissioning and afterwards will be turned over to a private operator.[20]

Construction work of the corridor began in 2017 and will be completed by 2028.[21] However, there is uncertainty in other routes as many of the routes have been junked as unfeasible.[22]

Rolling stock

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Modern locomotive factories

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See also: Locomotive manufacturers in India

In 2015, plans were disclosed for the construction of two locomotive factories with foreign partnerships in the state of Bihar, at Madhepura (electric) and at Marhowra (diesel). The diesel locomotive works will be jointly operated in a partnership with General Electric, which has invested ₹2,052 crore (US$246 million) for its construction and the electric locomotive works with Alstom, which has invested ₹1,293.57 crore (US$155 million). The factories will provide IR with 800 electric locomotives of 12,000 horsepower and a mix of 1,000 diesel locomotives of 4,500 and 6,000 horsepower each.[23] In November 2015, it was announced IR and GE would engage in an 11-year joint venture in which GE would hold a majority stake of 74%. IR would purchase 100 goods locomotives a year for 10 years, beginning in 2017; the locomotives would be modified versions of the GE Evolution series.[24] The diesel locomotive works will be built by 2018; GE will import the first 100 locomotives and manufacture the remaining 900 in India from 2019 onwards, also assuming responsibility for their maintenance over a 13-year period.[25][needs update] In the same month, a ₹20,000 crore (US$2 billion) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[26]

Indian Railways is now moving to manufacturing high-end aluminium self-propelled 160 km/hour indigenous Make in India coaches that require no locomotive and are 10% cheaper than the comparable imports. The first such self-propelled train, Vande Bharat Express, was rolled out in October 2018. It is estimated to be 40% cheaper than foreign-built trains.[27]

Railway coach refurbishment

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Railway coach refurbishment project aims for the refurbishment of 12 to 15 years old coaches at Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety measures.[28][29]

Bio-toilets in all trains

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In 2014, IR and DRDO developed a bio-toilet to replace direct-discharge toilets, which was the primary type of toilet used in railway coaches.[30] Upgrade of all trains to bio-toilet was completed by the end of FY2018-19 (c. Dec 2017).[31]

The direct discharge of human waste from trains onto the tracks corrodes rails, costing IR tens of millions of rupees a year in rail-replacement work. Flushing a bio-toilet discharges human waste into an underfloor holding tank where anaerobic bacteria remove harmful pathogens and break the waste down into neutral water and methane, which can then be harmlessly discharged onto the tracks.[30] IR plans to completely phase out direct-discharge toilets by 2020 or 2021. All-new coaches were installed in 2016, with older rolling stock to gradually becoming retrofitted. After Comptroller and Auditor General of India found 200,000 complaints related to the foul smelling and blocked bio-toilets, IR announced that it will add 80,000 bio-toilets (each costing INR 1 lakh) in FY2018-2019 and will start installing much improved "vacuum bio-toilets" (each costing INR 2.5 lakh) as well.[32] By Feb 2018, over 100,000 biotoilets have been installed and the project is on target to have 100% biotoilets by 31 March 2019.[33]

Hyperloop

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Mumbai–Pune hyperloop

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Mumbai–Pune hyperloop is a proposed 1000 km/h Hyperloop system that will take 14 minutes compared to current 3 hours to commute between these two cities while carrying 10,000 commuters per hour (5,000 in each direction). The route is found feasible and can be made operational by 2026 as per the Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to "Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority" (PMRDA) by "Virgin Hyperloop company" in January 2018. Commuters and cargo will travel in pods traveling in the near-vacuum tubes at the speed of 1,000 km/h. DPR provided three feasible terminal end-points options in Mumbai, namely Dadar, Santacruz and the international airport. Currently, 300,000 people commute between these two cities daily in 110,000 vehicles (including 80,000 cars and 6,000 buses).[34] (as of Jan 2018)

On December 2024, India's First Hyperloop Test track was completed successfully at Thaiyur near Chennai and soon trials are about to start on this test track.[35]

Infrastructure

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Stations

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Station redevelopment

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Under a INR 1 trillion initiative,[36] 600[36] railway stations will be redeveloped by monetizing 2700 acres of spare railway land under the ₹1,070,000 crore (US$128 billion) plan undertaken by Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation by converging it with the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation and Smart Cities Mission in collaboration with Ministry of Urban Development, Rail Land Development Authority and National Buildings Construction Corporation. Following monetization of land, ₹680,000 crore (US$81 billion) will be used for the commercial development, ₹280,000 crore (US$34 billion) for station redevelopment and the remaining ₹110,000 crore (US$13 billion) as surplus with the Railways. Initially A1 and A category stations will be prioritised.[37] To begin with 22 stations will be developed by end of 2018.[31]

Under Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, invited proposals in February 2023 for redeveloping 2000 stations over next decade, including the Gandhinagar railway station, Banaras railway station, Chandigarh railway station, Bijwasan railway station and Anand Vihar railway station costing Rs140 crore, Rs310 crore and Rs206 crore respective.[36]

Tracks

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Dedicated freight corridors

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There are 2 under implementation and 4 approved DFCs with many more planned. DFC will convert existing and implement new DFC as High-speed rail corridors of India. [11]

Geostrategic border rail lines

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See also: India-Bhutan geostrategic rail lines and India-Nepal geostrategic rail lines
See also: Dispute with China, Dispute with Pakistan, India's geostrategic roads, ANC geostrategy, and QUAD

Ministry of Defence (MoD) a list of at least 15 new geostrategic rail lines to be constructed. In 2012, MoD had identified following 14 geostrategic new rail lines to be built near China, Pakistan and Nepal border for the rapid and easier deployment of troops while simultaneously undertaking development of 73 similar geostrategic India-China Border Roads (ICBR) roads as border rail and road transport development in India is lagging much behind China:[38][39] China has built lines up to Shigatse in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.[39] After these lines proposed by MoD in 2013, GoI approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,[40] of which at least 12 surveys had been already completed by 2014.[38] Later additional "Bilaspur–Manali–Leh line" was also added to the list of strategic lines.[41]

In 2016, the "Final Location Survey" (FLS) at the cost of INR345 crore for 4 lines to be taken up in the first phase was approved by the Cabinet, funding has been already provided by MoD and railway is undertaking survey of Missamari–Tenga–Tawang, Bilaspur–Manali–Leh, Pasighat–Tezu–Rupai and Lakhimpur–Bame–Silapathar lines.[41][42] Undulating terrain of young Himalayas and difficult geological conditions affect the pace of survey.[43][39]

As of July 2020, Cabinet approval for the funding for construction of any of these lines has not been granted yet.

Phase Line[40] length Border State FLS Cabinet construction funding approval Construction status Comment
Phase-I[41][42] Murkongselek–Pasighat–Tezu–Rupai line 227 km[41][42] China (Eastern sector) Arunachal Pradesh, Assam Yes No Not commenced Map
Missamari–Tenga–Tawang line 378 km[41][42] China, Bhutan (Eastern sector) Arunachal Pradesh, Assam Yes No Not commenced Map
Lakhimpur–Along–Silapathar line 249 km[41][42] China (Eastern sector) Arunachal Pradesh, Assam Yes No Not commenced Map
Bhanupli–Manali–Leh line 498 km[41][42] China, Pakistan (Western sector) Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh Yes No Not commenced Map
Srinagar–Kargil–Leh line China, Pakistan (Western sector) Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir ? No Not commenced Map
Pathankot–Leh line China, Pakistan (Western sector) Ladakh, Punjab No No Not commenced Map
Dehradun–Uttarkashi line (Gangotri) China (Central sector) Uttarakhand Completed Yes Under construction, see Char Dham Railway. Map
Rishikesh–Karanprayag line (via Chamoli) (Central sector) Uttarakhand Completed Yes Under construction, also see Char Dham Railway. Map
Tanakpur–Jauljibi line Nepal (Central sector) Uttarakhand No No Not commenced Map
Tanakpur–Bageshwar line (Central sector) Uttarakhand No No Not commenced Map
Jammu–Akhnoor–Poonch line (Western sector) Jammu and Kashmir No No Not commenced Map
Patti–Ferozepur line Pakistan (Western sector) Punjab No No Not commenced Map
Anupgarh–Chattargarh–Motigarh–Bikaner line Pakistan (Western sector) Rajasthan No No Not commenced Map
Jodhpur–Agolai–Shergarh–Phalsund line Pakistan (Western sector) Rajasthan No No Not commenced Map
Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line doubling Pakistan (Western sector) Rajasthan Yes Map

Following projects along the LAC with China are also of relevance, only one of these is included in the MoD's list of strategically important defence projects, however all of these have been declared projects of strategic national importance.

Track gauge conversion

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Main article: Project Unigauge

Indian Railways is converting its entire network to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge to enhance viability. New and converted broad gauge tracks are being introduced at the rate of 7.7 km per day. IR has projected completion date of the same till 2022.[48][49][50][51]

Track electrification

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Electrification of all routes to save on the imported fuel costs and improve running speed, IR launched "Mission Electrification" in 2017 to electrify 100% or the remaining 38,000 km of the broad gauge network in five years from fy2017-18 to fy2022-23,[52] Railways annual fuel bill is ₹32,000 crore (US$3.83 billion or €3.92 billion), including ₹20,000 crore (US$2.40 billion or €2.45 billion) on diesel and converting to 100% electricity will save ₹10,000 crore (US$1.20 billion or €1.23 billion) by bringing the total fuel bill to ₹22,000 crore (US$2.64 billion or €2.70 billion) (c. Dec 2017).[53][52] Completion of electrification at the end of March 2024 was 45,881 km (28,509 mi) or 94.44%.[54]

Doubling of tracks

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Doubling of tracks to reduce congestion and delays while improving safety. 15,000 km double tracks already exist by 2016 and funding for 12,500 km more track doubling was approved in 2016.[51] In fy2018-19 budget, 18,000 km of broad gauge track doubling and conversion was approved along with 36,000 km of track renewal for safety.[55]

Track renewal

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In FY 2018-19 budget, 36,000 km of broad gauge renewal was approved to enhance the safety.[55]

Power and fuel

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Off-the-grid solar-powered trains

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Off-the-grid solar powered trains by installing 1 gigawatt of solar and 130 megawatts of wind power between 2017 and 2022.[56][57] India introduced world's first solar powered train in June 2017 as well as 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms.[58] In July 2017, IR rolled out its first DEMU train with rooftop solar panels that power the lights, fans and information display systems inside passenger coaches.[59]

Rooftop solar electricity

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Rooftop solar electricity at stations to reduce long-term fuel cost and protect the environment.[60]

Traintop solar electricity

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In 2017, first train with solar rooftop panels started. Increasingly more trains will be operated with renewal onboard solar electricity generation.

LED lighting

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Sustainable LED lighting on all stations by March 2018 to cut electricity costs (Dec 2017).[61]

Safety

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Elimination of unmanned level crossings on broad gauge network

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Target completion date for this is March 2020.[55] Fy2017-18 has allocated funds to eliminate remaining 4,267 unmanned railway crossings on broad gauge routes in the next two years by March 2020.[55] A ₹100,000 crore (US$12 billion) "National Rail Safety Fund," for a complete safety upgrade by 2022, was announced in the 2017 Union Budget; among other improvements, the program would eliminate unmanned level crossings by March 2020.[62] Elimination of Unmanned Level Crossings at an average of 1217 per year by building an average of 1066 Road Over Bridges (ROB) and Road Under Bridges (RUB) per year (May 2016).[63][51]

Automated fog pilot assistance system

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GPS-enabled Fog Pilot Assistance System railway signalling devices, old practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alert train divers was done away with by initially installing 6,095 devices in four most affected zones in 2017, Northern Railway zone, North Central Railway zone, North Eastern Railway zone and North Western Railway zone.[64]

Automated fire alarm system

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Automated fire alarm system project started from 2013 when improved automated fire alarm System in Rajdhani Express trains were installed, these will be installed in the AC coaches of all regular trains.[65]

CCTV camera on stations

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963 stations will have CCTV camera by the end of 2018.[31] Progressively CCTV cameras and wifi will be installed on all trains and stations.[55]

CCTV camera inside trains

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IR has started to install cameras in some of the trains from fy2017-18 under the Nirbhaya fund. Progressively CCTV cameras will be installed in all trains.[55]

Information technology

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See also: Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation, BharatNet, Bharat Broadband Network, and UMANG

On 7 August 2019, IRCTC launched a payment wallet named iMudra.[66][67] On 11 August 2021, IRCTC introduced a smart card system through which unreserved train tickets which can be bought either at railway stations or online.[68]

Digital India driven digitalisation of railway to improvement efficiency and reduce cost. ₹3,500,000 million (equivalent to ₹4.9 trillion or US$59 billion in 2023) funding was approved in 2016.[51]

Services

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Wi-fi-enabled trains and stations

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See also: RailTel and BharatNet

Progressively CCTV cameras and wifi will be installed on all trains and stations (announcement c. March 2018).[55] In September 2015, the IR and Google announced a joint initiative intent on delivering high-speed wi-fi access across 400 major railway stations. The first 100 stations were connected to the network by the end of 2016, with Mumbai Central station the first to be connected.[69] The Railtel-Google free high-speed public WiFi service is currently available at Mumbai Central, Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Madurai Junction, Coimbatore Junction, Chandigarh, Old Delhi, Pune, Bhubaneshwar, Bhopal, Ranchi, Raipur, Vijayawada, Kacheguda, Ernakulum, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Jabalpur, Vishakhapatnam, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Patna, Guwahati, Ujjain, Allahabad, Howrah, Varanasi, etc.[70]

Tickets

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Select passengers with confirmed tickets will now be allowed to transfer tickets to someone else. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) is now offering a pay-on-delivery option for train tickets on its website and app, where the customers can book their tickets and pay on delivery.

Escalators

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Progressively escalators will be installed on all stations with a footfall of more than 25,000 per day.[55]

Station upgrades

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600 stations will be upgraded, including 400 to be redeveloped, progressively to enhance services, safety and security.[55]

List of upcoming Vande Bharat Express services

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  1. Agra-Varanasi[71]
  2. Jamshedpur - Patna[72]
  3. Jamshedpur - Berhampur[73]
  4. Jamshedpur - Ranchi - Varanasi[74][75][76]
  5. Hyderabad - Bhubaneswar[77][78][79]
  6. Hyderabad - Pune[80]
  7. Nagpur - Pune[81]
  8. Nagpur - Hyderabad[81][82]
  9. Nagpur - Bhopal[81][83]
  10. Khajuraho - Bhopal[84][85]
  11. Ahmedabad - Bhopal[80]
  12. Ahmedabad - Okha[80]
  13. Ahmedabad - Jaipur[80]
  14. Jaipur - Agra - Kanpur[80]
  15. Jaipur - Chandigarh[86]
  16. Jaipur - Sriganganagar[87]
  17. Jaipur - Jodhpur[87][88]
  18. Jaipur - Jaisalmer[87]
  19. Jaipur - Indore[89]
  20. Indore - Gwalior[90][85]
  21. Indore - Surat (Udhna)[91][92]
  22. Indore - Khajuraho[93]
  23. Indore - Lucknow[94]
  24. Vadodara - Hapa[95]
  25. Mumbai - Kolhapur[96]
  26. Mumbai - Udaipur[97][98]
  27. Mumbai - Belagavi[99]
  28. Bangalore - Coimbatore[80]
  29. Bangalore - Tirupati[100]
  30. Bangalore - Mangalore[101][102]
  31. Kochi - Mangalore[103]
  32. Trivandrum - Bangalore[103]
  33. Kochi - Coimbatore[104]
  34. Mangalore - Mysore[80]
  35. Mangalore - solapur - kalaburagi[105]
  36. Chennai Central - Hyderabad[80]
  37. Chennai Egmore - Kanyakumari[80]
  38. Tirupati - Chennai - Pondicherry[106][107][108]
  39. Tirupati - Visakhapatnam[80]
  40. Visakhapatnam - Shalimar[80]
  41. Visakhapatnam - Bhubaneswar[109]
  42. Visakhapatnam - Raipur[110]
  43. Pune - Londa - Goa[111]
  44. Pune - Kohlapur[112]
  45. Pune - Hubli[113]
  46. Pune - Vadodara[114]
  47. Pune - Indore - Bhopal[115]
  48. Raipur - Bhubaneswar[116]
  49. Raipur - Rourkela[117]
  50. Howrah - Bokaro Steel City[80][118]
  51. Howrah - Varanasi[80]
  52. Haridwar - Varanasi[119]
  53. Gorakhpur - Kanpur[120]
  54. Gorakhpur - Prayagraj[121]
  55. Saharanpur - Prayagraj[122]
  56. Chitrakoot - Prayagraj - Lucknow[123]
  57. Delhi - Lucknow[124]
  58. Delhi - Kota[80]
  59. Delhi - Sriganganagar[80]
  60. Delhi - Kathgodam[125][126]
  61. Dehradun - Tanakpur[120]
  62. Dehradun - Kathgodam[127]
  63. Lucknow - Kathgodam[124]
  64. Lucknow - Dehradun[128]
  65. Lucknow - Varanasi[129]
  66. Ranchi - Deoghar[130]
  67. Ranchi - New Jalpaiguri[131]
  68. Ranchi - Puri[132]
  69. Ranchi - Raipur[133]
  70. Varanasi - Deoghar[134]
  71. Varanasi - Jabalpur[135]
  72. Patna - Deoghar[130]
  73. Jammu - Srinagar[136]

Social responsibility

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Rainwater harvesting

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Rainwater harvesting with 1885 rainwater harvesting systems already installed at different locations by December 2016.[137]

Reforestation

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Reforestation on the railway land and along the tracks is being undertaken.[138]

See also

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Similar roads development
Similar ports and river transport development
Similar air transport development
General

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Govt to invest 50 lakh crore rupees in railways by 2030". All India Radio. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Indian Railways choose vibrant colors for semi-high speed train coaches". The Financial Express. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  3. ^ Roy, Sidhartha (5 April 2016). "Railways gathers pace with Gatimaan". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  4. ^ "Watch: Vande Bharat Express reachs[sic] over 180 kmph speed in its trail run". Business Today. 27 August 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  5. ^ "What is mission raftaar, boosting the speed of trains on New Delhi-Mumbai and New Delhi-Howrah routes?". News9live. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  6. ^ https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Mobility/Presentation/SER-SECR-WCR.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ "Indian Railways to introduce Vande Bharat Express trains on THESE routes". mint. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Have urged rly min for trains to Varanasi, Puri as well: Seth". The Times of India. 25 September 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
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  10. ^ "Railways step up to use high strength rails to increase speed of trains". The Times of India. 18 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b Arora, Rajat (23 December 2017). "Railways may invest Rs 20-lakh crore in high-speed corridors". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  12. ^ Sharma, Kushal Dev (21 November 2023). "A corridor to power: The project that will speed up India and boost its economy". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  13. ^ https://dfccil.com/images/uploads/img/DFC-Press-Release_DFC-achieves-avg-speed-of-99.38-kmph-on-EDFC_30.05.2021_SV17.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  14. ^ "Freight train on DFC clocks record speed of 99.38 KMPH, runs faster than Rajdhani trains". 29 May 2021.
  15. ^ Nandi, Tamal (28 December 2019). "Indian Railways conduct speed tests for trains on dedicated freight corridor". mint. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  16. ^ Mishra, Twesh (20 April 2022). "Passenger trains can run on DFC network during exigencies". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  17. ^ 🚄 Vande Bharat on Dfc Track🥰🤘, 23 October 2022, retrieved 5 March 2024
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  24. ^ "GE Gets $2.6 Billion IR Contract". Wall Street Journal. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  25. ^ "Rail ministry awards Rs 14,656-cr Marhowra locomotive project to GE". Business Standard. 9 November 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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  27. ^ Arora, Rajat (16 March 2018). "Made-in-India 160 km per hour train to run from June". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Indian Railways gets first model rake of luxury 'Make in India' coaches". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
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  32. ^ Railways target 80,000 bio-toilets in 2018, vacuum bio-toilets next in line, Economic Times, 20 Dec 2017.
  33. ^ Over 1 lakh biotoilets installed, Economic Times, 17 Mar 2018.
  34. ^ Pune-Mumbai in 14 minutes: Firm’s project report says Hyperloop transport system feasible, Hindustan Times, 9 Jan 2018.
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