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Fusobacterium

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Fusobacterium
Fusobacterium novum in liquid culture
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Fusobacteriota
Class: Fusobacteriia
Order: Fusobacteriales
Family: Fusobacteriaceae
Genus: Fusobacterium
Knorr 1923
Type species
Fusobacterium nucleatum[1]
Knorr 1923
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • "Distasoa" Pribram 1929
  • "Necrobacterium" Lahelle & Thjotta 1945
  • "Sphaerocillus" corrig. Prévot 1938
  • "Sphaerophorus" Prévot 1938 non Persoon 1794 non Gray 1864 non Waltl 1835

Fusobacterium is a genus of obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative,[2] non-sporeforming bacteria[3] belonging to Gracilicutes. Individual cells are slender, rod-shaped bacilli with pointed ends.[4][5] Fusobacterium was discovered in 1900 by Courmont and Cade and is common in the flora of humans.[6][7]

Strains of Fusobacterium can cause several human diseases and infections, including periodontal diseases, Lemierre's syndrome,[8] oral, head, and neck infections, as well as colorectal cancer and topical skin ulcers.[9]

It has been tied[clarification needed] to HIV infection and suboptimal immune recovery.[10] Detection of Fusobacterium is typically through surgical retrieval of tissue, fecal tests, or blood tests in patients showing symptoms.[2] Early detection is preferred and helps to prevent further disease progression.[6]

Although older sources state that Fusobacterium is part of the normal flora of the human oropharynx, the current consensus is that Fusobacterium should always be treated as a pathogen.[11] There are thirteen described Fusobacterium strains; the predominant one affecting humans is F. nucleatum,[12] followed by F. necrophorum, which also affects animals, mainly cattle.[13]

Background

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History

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Although the genus was not discovered until 1900 by Courmont and Cade,[6] the first documented Fusobacterium infection was reported in 1898 by Veillon and Zuber, who described a case of systemic infection in a young child.[14] The genus was proposed by Knorr in 1923.[15] Fusobacterium has been classically considered a normal part of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and female genital flora, which is why infections are not commonly seen.[7]

Clinical relevance

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Fusobacterium is often associated with ulcerative colitis.[16] Research of colon cancer has also shown an overrepresentation of Fusobacterium, both in feces of patients[17] and tumor tissue itself.[18] Fusobacterium has also been seen increased in individuals infected with HIV as well as in individuals with suboptimal immune recovery as compared to patients who were not infected and had optimal responses.[10]

Prevalent pathogenic species

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F. nucleatum is found in humans more so than any other species of Fusobacterium.[12] It is commonly found in the oral cavity as well as in the intestinal tract.[9] Some of its pathogenic ties include its extraction from amniotic fluid sourced from spontaneous premature labor without reason/a given source.[12] A few additional sources of its pathogenic nature include its association with oral inflammation diseases, cancers such as pancreatic, oral, and colorectal, as well as infections of the head and neck. This association is due to the high increase in the prevalence of F. nucleatum in those infected areas. F. nucleatum can worsen or initiate colorectal cancer by stimulating other bacteria such as Streptococcus, Campylobacter spp. and Leptotrichia as well as cancerous gene expression from Beta-catenin signaling. F. nucleatum can be detected in tissues, genomic DNA, and feces using methods such as (FQ, q, and dd) polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. However, these are limited because tissues can only be tested after surgery and fecal matter can return false positive results.[9]

F. necrophorum has been found as a common pathogen in the diagnostic of peritonsillar abscess and is more prevalent than other bacteria regarding this infection. It is also the most frequent leading cause associated with Lemierre Syndrome and is not proven to be a normal part of the human oral bacterium population.[8] F. necrophorum commonly infects animals, causing liver abscesses and necrodic diseases, and can combine with other pathogenic bacteria to cause various infections such as foot rot[13] and uterine infections.[19]

Sources of other species of Fusobacterium

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Source:[12]

  • F. ulcerans is very similar to F. varium and is commonly extracted from tropical ulcers.
  • F. necrogenes is also closely related to F. ulcerans and F. varium and has been found in chickens and ducks.
  • F. perfoetans is sourced from fecal matter. (F. perfoetans and F. necrogenes have not been sourced from any infections in humans or animals)
  • F. gonidiaformans is typically found in the intestines of humans and is not found orally like the other Fusobacterium.
  • F. russi is a common bacteria in canine and feline oral cavities and can lead to the infection of puncture wounds if transferred to humans from bites.
  • F. simae which can be sourced from monkeys.

Symptoms and treatment

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Fusobacterium infections often cause clinical symptoms such as a fever, inflammation, and a diseased appearance. Further diagnosis can confirm suspicions of Fusobacterium infection through blood testing or culturing the tissue. Upon diagnosing the infection, action to treat it involves the application of antibiotics over a 2-week period which could be in the form of penicillin or other variants as well as using anaerobic antibiotics like clindamycin and metronidazole which work when the Fusobacterium can break down the Beta-lactams. Leaving Fusobacterium untreated could lead to more severe developments of the infection and early testing is recommended.[2] By testing early, fatal diseases such as Lemierre syndrome can be avoided. However, this requires the family physician to be conscious of the danger as infections such as Lemierre syndrome affects younger populations and especially those of male gender.[6] The bacterium is a big anchor for biofilms.[20][21] It is usually susceptible to clindamycin,[22] while approximately 20% of the clinical strains are resistant to penicillin.[23] In contrast to Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium has a potent lipopolysaccharide.

Taxonomy

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See also: Bacterial taxonomy

Current species

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Fusobacterium is divided into 13 different species, two of which each have their own set of subspecies (F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum).[12]

Reclassified species

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Other previously declared species of Fusobacterium such as F. symbiosum, F. praecutum, F. plauti, F. alocis, F. sulci, and F. prausnitzii have since been reclassified due to containing different characteristics from the other Fusobacterium members. F. alocis has been reclassified into Filifactor alocis while F. sulci has been reclassified as Eubacterium sulci. F. prausnitzii is a part of the Clostridium leptum subgroup under Eubacterium-like organisms.[12] A few strains F. prausnitzii, a gut commensal associated with healthy patients, was completely reclassified as Faecalibacterium (Clostridiales:Ruminococcaceae) in 2002.

Phylogenic tree

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16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[24][25][26] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[27][28][29]
Fusobacterium

F. perfoetens

F. gonidiaformans

F. equinum Dorsch et al. 2001

F. necrophorum

F. n. funduliforme Hallé 1898 ex Shinjo et al. 1991

F. n. necrophorum (Flügge 1886) Shinjo et al. 1991

F. ulcerans

F. varium

F. hominis Liu et al. 2022

F. mortiferum

F. necrogenes

F. gastrosuis

F. russii

F. periodonticum

F. polymorphum

F. naviforme (Jungano 1909) Moore & Holdeman 1970

F. vincentii

F. canifelinum

F. nucleatum

F. simiae Slots and Potts 1982

Filifactor alocis (Cato et al. 1985) Jalava and Eerola 1999

F. animalis

F. watanabei Tomida et al. 2021

Fusobacterium

F. perfoetens (Tissier 1905) Moore and Holdeman 1973

F. ulcerans Adriaans and Shah 1988

F. varium (Eggerth and Gagnon 1933) Moore and Holdeman 1969

"Ca. F. pullicola" Gilroy et al. 2021

F. mortiferum (Harris 1901) Moore and Holdeman 1970

F. necrogenes (Weinberg et al. 1937) Moore and Holdeman 1970

F. gonidiaformans (Tunnicliff and Jackson 1925) Moore and Holdeman 1970

F. necrophorum (Flügge 1886) Shinjo et al. 1991

F. gastrosuis De Witte et al. 2017

F. russii (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Moore and Holdeman 1970

"F. massiliense" Mailhe et al. 2017

F. periodonticum Slots et al. 1984

"F. pseudoperiodonticum" Park et al. 2019

F. animalis (Gharbia & Shah 1992) Kook et al. 2022

F. vincentii (Dzink, Sheenan & Socransky 1990) Kook et al. 2022

F. nucleatum Knorr 1922 (type sp.)

F. polymorphum (Dzink, Sheenan & Socransky 1990) Kook et al. 2022

F. canifelinum corrig. Conrads et al. 2004

"F. hwasookii" Cho et al. 2014

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Parte, A.C. "Fusobacterium". LPSN.
  2. ^ a b c Arane, Karen; Goldman, Ran (October 2016). "Fusobacterium infections in children". Canadian Family Physician. 62 (10): 813–814. PMC 5063768. PMID 27737977.
  3. ^ Broadley, Marissa; Schweon, Steven J. (May 2017). "Get the facts about Fusobacterium". Nursing2023. 47 (5): 64–65. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000515524.23032.d5. ISSN 0360-4039. PMID 28445341. S2CID 41693034.
  4. ^ Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-144329-7.
  5. ^ Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 22nd Edition, ISBN 9780803629790, (2009)n p.983
  6. ^ a b c d Cheung, Winson (September 2007). "Fusobacterium". Canadian Family Physician. 53 (9): 1451–1453. PMC 2234623. PMID 17872873.
  7. ^ a b Garcia-Carretero, Rafael; Lopez-Lomba, Marta; Carrasco-Fernandez, Blanca; Duran-Valle, Maria Teresa (October 2017). "Clinical Features and Outcomes of Fusobacterium Species Infections in a Ten-Year Follow-up". Journal of Critical Care Medicine (Universitatea de Medicina Si Farmacie Din Targu-Mures). 3 (4): 141–147. doi:10.1515/jccm-2017-0029. PMC 5769905. PMID 29967887.
  8. ^ a b Ehlers Klug, Tejs; Rusan, Maria; Fuursted, Kurt; Ovesen, Therese (15 November 2009). "Fusobacterium necrophorum: Most Prevalent Pathogen in Peritonsillar Abscess in Denmark". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 49 (10): 1467–1472. doi:10.1086/644616. PMID 19842975.
  9. ^ a b c Shang, Fu-Mei; Liu, Hong-Li (15 March 2018). "Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer: A review". World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 10 (3): 71–81. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v10.i3.71. PMC 5852398. PMID 29564037.
  10. ^ a b Lee, Soo Ching; Chua, Ling Ling; Yap, Siew Hwei; Khang, Tsung Fei; Leng, Chan Yoon; Raja Azwa, Raja Iskandar; Lewin, Sharon R.; Kamarulzaman, Adeeba; Woo, Yin Ling; Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian; Loke, P’ng; Rajasuriar, Reena (2018-09-24). "Enrichment of gut-derived Fusobacterium is associated with suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 14277. Bibcode:2018NatSR...814277L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32585-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6155144. PMID 30250162.
  11. ^ Aliyu SH, Marriott RK, Curran MD, et al. (October 2004). "Real-time PCR investigation into the importance of Fusobacterium necrophorum as a cause of acute pharyngitis in general practice". J Med Microbiol. 53 (Pt 10): 1029–35. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45648-0. PMID 15358827.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Citron, Diane (September 2002). "Update on the Taxonomy and Clinical Aspects of the Genus Fusobacterium". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (s1): S22 – S27. doi:10.1086/341916. PMID 12173104. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  13. ^ a b Tadepalli, S.; Narayanan, S. K.; Stewart, G. C.; Chengappa, M. M.; Nagaraja, T. G. (2009-02-01). "Fusobacterium necrophorum: A ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle". Anaerobe. Foodborne and Gastrointestinal Pathogen Ecology and Control in the Intestinal Tract. 15 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.05.005. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 18595747.
  14. ^ Creemers-Schild, D; Grounthoud, F; Spanjaard, L; Visser, L G; Brouwer, C N M; Kuijper, E J (May 2014). "Fusobacterium necrophorum, an emerging pathogen of otogenic and paranasal infections?". New Microbes and New Infections. 2 (3): 52–57. doi:10.1002/nmi2.39. PMC 4184658. PMID 25356344.
  15. ^ Bennett, K. W.; Eley, A.YR 1993 (1993). "Fusobacteria: New taxonomy and related diseases". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 39 (4): 246–254. doi:10.1099/00222615-39-4-246. ISSN 1473-5644. PMID 8411084.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Su, Wenhao; Chen, Yongyu; Cao, Pan; Chen, Yan; Guo, Yuanmei; Wang, Siwei; Dong, Weiguo (2020-11-27). "Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes the Development of Ulcerative Colitis by Inducing the Autophagic Cell Death of Intestinal Epithelial". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 10: 594806. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.594806. PMC 7728699. PMID 33330137.
  17. ^ Ahn, J.; Sinha, R.; Pei, Z.; Dominianni, C.; Wu, J.; Shi, J.; Goedert, J. J.; Hayes, R. B.; Yang, L. (18 December 2013). "Human Gut Microbiome and Risk for Colorectal Cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (24): 1907–1911. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt300. PMC 3866154. PMID 24316595.
  18. ^ Alice Park (18 October 2011). "A Surprising Link Between Bacteria and Colon Cancer". Time. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  19. ^ Bicalho, M. L. S.; Machado, V. S.; Oikonomou, G.; Gilbert, R. O.; Bicalho, R. C. (2012-05-25). "Association between virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Arcanobacterium pyogenes and uterine diseases of dairy cows". Veterinary Microbiology. 157 (1): 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.034. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 22186615.
  20. ^ Saito, Y.; Fujii, R.; Nakagawa, K.-I.; Kuramitsu, H. K.; Okuda, K.; Ishihara, K. (February 2008). "Stimulation of Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis". Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 23 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00380.x. hdl:10130/821. PMID 18173791. S2CID 9675789.
  21. ^ Okuda, Tamaki; Kokubu, Eitoyo; Kawana, Tomoko; Saito, Atsushi; Okuda, Katsuji; Ishihara, Kazuyuki (Feb 2012). "Synergy in biofilm formation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species" (PDF). Anaerobe. 18 (1): 110–116. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.003. hdl:10130/3922. ISSN 1095-8274. PMID 21945879.
  22. ^ "Clindamycin" (PDF). Davis. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  23. ^ Di Bella, Stefano; Antonello, Roberta Maria; Sanson, Gianfranco; Maraolo, Alberto Enrico; Giacobbe, Daniele Roberto; Sepulcri, Chiara; Ambretti, Simone; Aschbacher, Richard; Bartolini, Laura; Bernardo, Mariano; Bielli, Alessandra (June 2022). "Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey". Anaerobe. 75: 102583. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583. hdl:11368/3020691. PMID 35568274. S2CID 248736289.
  24. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  25. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  26. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  27. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  28. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  29. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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