Jump to content

Furosemide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Furoscix)
"Lasix" redirects here. For the method of eye surgery, see LASIK.

Furosemide
Clinical data
Pronunciation/fjʊˈroʊsəˌmaɪd/
Trade namesLasix, Furoscix, others
Other namesFurosemide
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682858
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: WARNING[1]Rx-only[2][3]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability43–69%
Protein binding91–99%
MetabolismLiver and kidney glucuronidation
Onset of action30 to 60 min (PO), 5 min (IV)[4]
Elimination half-lifeup to 100 minutes
ExcretionKidney (66%), bile duct (33%)
Identifiers
  • 4-Chloro-2-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.185 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H11ClN2O5S
Molar mass330.74 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • o1cccc1CNc(cc2Cl)c(C(=O)O)cc2S(=O)(=O)N
  • InChI=1S/C12H11ClN2O5S/c13-9-5-10(15-6-7-2-1-3-20-7)8(12(16)17)4-11(9)21(14,18)19/h1-5,15H,6H2,(H,16,17)(H2,14,18,19) checkY
  • Key:ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Furosemide, sold under the brand name Lasix among others, is a loop diuretic medication used to treat edema due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.[4] Furosemide may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure.[4] It can be taken intravenously or orally.[4] When given intravenously, furosemide typically takes effect within five minutes; when taken orally, it typically metabolizes within an hour.[4]

Common side effects include orthostatic hypotension (decrease in blood pressure while standing, and associated lightheadedness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).[4] Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, and hearing loss.[4] It is recommended that serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, and liver and kidney functioning be monitored in patients taking furosemide. It is also recommended to be alert for the occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.[4] Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys.[4] Common side effects of furosemide injection include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), and dizziness.[5]

Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] In the United States, it is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2022, it was the 24th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23 million prescriptions.[8][9] In 2020/21 it was the twentieth most prescribed medication in England.[10] It is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.[11] It has also been used in race horses for the treatment and prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.[12][13]

Medical uses

[edit]
Furosemide (Lasix) for injection.

Furosemide is primarily used for the treatment of edema, but also in some cases of hypertension (where there is also kidney or heart impairment).[14] It is often viewed as a first-line agent in most people with edema caused by congestive heart failure because of its anti-vasoconstrictor and diuretic effects.[4][15] Compared with furosemide, however, torasemide (aka "torsemide") has been demonstrated to show improvements to heart failure symptoms, possibly lowering the rates of rehospitalization associated with heart failure, with no difference in risk of death. [16][17][18] Torsemide may also be safer than furosemide.[19][20] Providing self-administered subcutaneous furosemide has been found to reduce hospital admissions in people with heart failure, resulting in significant savings in healthcare costs.[21][22]

Furosemide is also used for liver cirrhosis, kidney impairment, nephrotic syndrome, in adjunct therapy for swelling of the brain or lungs where rapid diuresis is required (IV injection), and in the management of severe hypercalcemia in combination with adequate rehydration.[23]

Kidney disease

[edit]

In chronic kidney diseases with hypoalbuminemia, furosemide is used along with albumin to increase diuresis.[24] It is also used along with albumin in nephrotic syndrome to reduce edema.[25]

Other information

[edit]

Furosemide is mainly excreted by tubular secretion in the kidney. In kidney impairment, clearance is reduced, increasing the risk of adverse effects.[4] Lower initial doses are recommended in older patients (to minimize side effects) and high doses may be needed in kidney failure.[26] It can also cause kidney damage; this is mainly by loss of excessive fluid (i.e., dehydration), and is usually reversible.[citation needed]

Furosemide acts within 1 hour of oral administration (after IV injection, the peak effect is within 30 minutes). Diuresis is usually complete within 6–8 hours of oral administration, but there is significant variation between individuals.[27]

Adverse effects

[edit]

Furosemide also can lead to gout caused by hyperuricemia. Hyperglycemia is also a common side effect.[28][29][30]

The tendency, as for all loop diuretics, to cause low serum potassium concentration (hypokalemia) has given rise to combination products, either with potassium or with the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride (Co-amilofruse). Other electrolyte abnormalities that can result from furosemide use include hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia.[31]

In the treatment of heart failure, many studies have shown that the long-term use of furosemide can cause varying degrees of thiamine deficiency, so thiamine supplementation is also suggested.[32]

Furosemide is a known ototoxic agent generally causing transient hearing loss but can be permanent. Reported cases of furosemide-induced hearing loss appeared to be associated with rapid intravenous administration, high dosages, concomitant renal disease, and coadministration with other ototoxic medication.[33][34] However, a recently reported longitudinal study showed that participants treated with loop diuretics over 10 years were 40% more likely to develop hearing loss and 33% more likely of progressive hearing loss compared to participants who did not use loop diuretics.[35] This suggests the long-term consequences of loop diuretics on hearing could be a more significant than previously thought and further research is required in this area.  

Other precautions include nephrotoxicity, sulfonamide (sulfa) allergy, and increased free thyroid hormone effects with large doses.[36]

Interactions

[edit]

Furosemide has potential interactions with these medications:[37]

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs:

Mechanism of action

[edit]
Main article: Loop diuretic

Furosemide, like other loop diuretics, acts by inhibiting the luminal Na–K–Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, by binding to the Na-K-2Cl transporter, thus causing more sodium, chloride, and potassium to be excreted in the urine.[38]

The action on the distal tubules is independent of any inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase or aldosterone; it also abolishes the corticomedullary osmotic gradient and blocks negative, as well as positive, free water clearance. Because of the large NaCl absorptive capacity of the loop of Henle, diuresis is not limited by the development of acidosis, as it is with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.[citation needed]

Additionally, furosemide is a noncompetitive subtype-specific blocker of GABA-A receptors.[39][40][41] Furosemide has been reported to reversibly antagonize GABA-evoked currents of α6β2γ2 receptors at μM concentrations, but not α1β2γ2 receptors.[39][41] During development, the α6β2γ2 receptor increases in expression in cerebellar granule neurons, corresponding to increased sensitivity to furosemide.[40]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]
  • Molecular weight (daltons) 330.7
  • % Bioavailability 47 – 70%
    • Bioavailability with end-stage renal disease 43 – 46%[42][43]
  • % Protein binding 91 – 99[44]
  • Volume of distribution (L/kg) 0.07 – 0.2[45][46]
    • Volume of distribution may be higher in patients with cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome[45]
  • Excretion
    • % Excreted in urine (% of total dose) 60 – 90[45][46]
    • % Excreted unchanged in urine (% of total dose) 53.1 – 58.8 [47]
    • % Excreted in feces (% of total dose) 7 – 9[27]
    • % Excreted in bile (% of total dose) 6 – 9[46]
  • Approximately 10% is metabolized by the liver in healthy individuals, but this percentage may be greater in individuals with severe kidney failure [46]
  • Renal clearance (mL/min/kg) 2.0[45]
  • Elimination half-life (hrs) 2[44]
    • Prolonged in congestive heart failure (mean 3.4 hrs)[45][48]
    • Prolonged in severe kidney failure (4 – 6 hrs)[49] and anephric patients (1.5 – 9 hrs)[46]
  • Time to peak concentration (hrs)
    • Intravenous administration 0.3[50]
    • Oral solution 0.83[44]
    • Oral tablet 1.45[44]

The pharmacokinetics of furosemide are not significantly altered by food.[51]

No direct relationship has been found between furosemide concentration in the plasma and furosemide efficacy. Efficacy depends upon the concentration of furosemide in urine.[27]

Names

[edit]

Furosemide is the INN and BAN.[52] The previous BAN was frusemide.

Brand names under which furosemide is marketed include Aisemide, Apo-Furosemide, Beronald, Desdemin, Discoid, Diural, Diurapid, Dryptal, Durafurid, Edemid, Errolon, Eutensin, Farsiretic, Flusapex, Frudix, Frusemide, Frusetic, Frusid, Fulsix, Fuluvamide, Furantril, Furesis, Furix, Furo-Puren, Furon, Furosedon, Fusid.frusone, Hydro-rapid, Impugan, Katlex, Lasilix, Lasix, Lodix, Lowpston, Macasirool, Mirfat, Nicorol, Odemase, Oedemex, Profemin, Rosemide, Rusyde, Salix, Seguril, Teva-Furosemide, Trofurit, Uremide, and Urex.

Veterinary uses

[edit]
Furosemide for feline use

The diuretic effects are put to use most commonly in horses to prevent bleeding during a race. In the United States of America, under the racing rules of most states, horses that bleed from the nostrils (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) three times are permanently barred from racing. Sometime in the early 1970s, furosemide's ability to prevent, or at least greatly reduce, the incidence of bleeding by horses during races was discovered accidentally. Clinical trials followed, and by the decade's end, racing commissions in some states in the USA began legalizing its use on race horses. In 1995, New York became the last state in the United States to approve such use, after years of refusing to consider doing so.[53] Some states allow its use for all racehorses; some allow it only for confirmed "bleeders". Its use for this purpose is still prohibited in many other countries.[citation needed]

Furosemide is also used in horses for pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure (in combination with other drugs), and allergic reactions. Although it increases circulation to the kidneys, it does not help kidney function and is not recommended for kidney disease.[54]

It is also used to treat congestive heart failure (pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and/or ascites) in cats and dogs.[55]

Horses

[edit]

Furosemide is injected either intramuscularly or intravenously, usually 0.5-1.0 mg/kg twice/day, although less before a horse is raced. As with many diuretics, it can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, including loss of potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium. Excessive use of furosemide will most likely lead to a metabolic alkalosis due to hypochloremia and hypokalemia. The drug should, therefore, not be used in horses that are dehydrated or experiencing kidney failure. It should be used with caution in horses with liver problems or electrolyte abnormalities. Overdose may lead to dehydration, change in drinking patterns and urination, seizures, gastrointestinal problems, kidney damage, lethargy, collapse, and coma.

Furosemide should be used with caution when combined with corticosteroids (as this increases the risk of electrolyte imbalance), aminoglycoside antibiotics (increases the risk of kidney or ear damage), and trimethoprim sulfa (causes decreased platelet count). It may also cause interactions with anesthetics, so its use should be related to the veterinarian if the animal is going into surgery, it decreases the kidneys' ability to excrete aspirin, so dosages will need to be adjusted if combined with that drug.

Furosemide may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity due to hypokalemia.

It is recommended that furosemide not be used during pregnancy or in a lactating mare, as it is passed through the placenta and milk in studies with other species. It should not be used in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Equine Cushing's Disease).

Furosemide is detectable in urine 36–72 hours following injection. Its use is restricted by most equestrian organizations.

US major racetracks ban the use of furosemide on race days.[56]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Lasix- furosemide tablet". DailyMed. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  3. ^ "Furoscix- furosemide injection 80 mg/ 10 ml injection". DailyMed. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Furosemide". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 22, 2020". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 458. ISBN 9783527607495.
  7. ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  8. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  9. ^ "Furosemide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  10. ^ "PCA England". NHS Business Services Authority. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  11. ^ "World Anti-doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2022" (PDF). 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  12. ^ Sullivan S, Hinchcliff K (April 2015). "Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. 31 (1): 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011. PMID 25770069.
  13. ^ Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, et al. (2015). "Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 29 (3): 743–758. doi:10.1111/jvim.12593. PMC 4895427. PMID 25996660.
  14. ^ "Furosemide". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  15. ^ King KC, Goldstein S (2021). "Congestive Heart Failure And Pulmonary Edema". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32119444. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  16. ^ Täger T, Fröhlich H, Seiz M, Katus HA, Frankenstein L (July 2019). "READY: relative efficacy of loop diuretics in patients with chronic systolic heart failure-a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials". Heart Failure Reviews. 24 (4): 461–472. doi:10.1007/s10741-019-09771-8. PMID 30874955. S2CID 77394851.
  17. ^ Miles JA, Hanumanthu BK, Patel K, Chen M, Siegel RM, Kokkinidis DG (June 2019). "Torsemide versus furosemide and intermediate-term outcomes in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 20 (6): 379–388. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000794. PMID 30950982. S2CID 96436158.
  18. ^ Abraham B, Megaly M, Sous M, Fransawyalkomos M, Saad M, Fraser R, et al. (January 2020). "Meta-Analysis Comparing Torsemide Versus Furosemide in Patients With Heart Failure". The American Journal of Cardiology. 125 (1): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.039. PMID 31699358. S2CID 207937875.
  19. ^ Roush GC, Kaur R, Ernst ME (January 2014). "Diuretics: a review and update". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 19 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1177/1074248413497257. PMID 24243991. S2CID 21204143.
  20. ^ Buggey J, Mentz RJ, Pitt B, Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Velazquez EJ, et al. (March 2015). "A reappraisal of loop diuretic choice in heart failure patients". American Heart Journal. 169 (3): 323–333. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2014.12.009. PMC 4346710. PMID 25728721.
  21. ^ Dahiya G, Bensimhon D, Goodwin MM, Mohr JF, Alexy T (August 2022). "From Oral to Subcutaneous Furosemide: The Road to Novel Opportunities to Manage Congestion". Structural Heart. 6 (4): 100076. doi:10.1016/j.shj.2022.100076. PMC 10242578. PMID 37288336.
  22. ^ Khan WJ, Arriola-Montenegro J, Mutschler MS, Bensimhon D, Halmosi R, Toth K, et al. (November 2023). "A novel opportunity to improve heart failure care: focusing on subcutaneous furosemide". Heart Failure Reviews. 28 (6): 1315–1323. doi:10.1007/s10741-023-10331-4. PMID 37439967. S2CID 259843357.
  23. ^ Rossi S, ed. (2004). Australian Medicines Handbook 2004 (5th ed.). Adelaide, S.A.: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9578521-4-3.
  24. ^ Kitsios GD, Mascari P, Ettunsi R, Gray AW (April 2014). "Co-administration of furosemide with albumin for overcoming diuretic resistance in patients with hypoalbuminemia: a meta-analysis". Journal of Critical Care. 29 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.10.004. PMID 24268626.
  25. ^ Duffy M, Jain S, Harrell N, Kothari N, Reddi AS (October 2015). "Albumin and Furosemide Combination for Management of Edema in Nephrotic Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Studies". Cells. 4 (4): 622–630. doi:10.3390/cells4040622. PMC 4695849. PMID 26457719.
  26. ^ "British National Formulary". Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  27. ^ a b c Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD (May 1990). "Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I)". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (5): 381–408. doi:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004. PMID 2185908. S2CID 32352501.
  28. ^ Li Q, Li X, Kwong JS, Chen H, Sun X, Tian H, et al. (June 2017). "Diagnosis and treatment for hyperuricaemia and gout: a protocol for a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements". BMJ Open. 7 (6): e014928. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014928. PMC 5623447. PMID 28645962.
  29. ^ Li Q, Li X, Wang J, Liu H, Kwong JS, Chen H, et al. (August 2019). "Diagnosis and treatment for hyperuricemia and gout: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements". BMJ Open. 9 (8): e026677. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026677. PMC 6720466. PMID 31446403.
  30. ^ Han Y, Cao Y, Han X, Di H, Yin Y, Wu J, et al. (July 2023). "Hyperuricemia and gout increased the risk of long-term mortality in patients with heart failure: insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". J Transl Med. 21 (1): 463. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04307-z. PMC 10339518. PMID 37438830.
  31. ^ Oh SW, Han SY (June 2015). "Loop Diuretics in Clinical Practice". Electrolyte & Blood Pressure. 13 (1): 17–21. doi:10.5049/EBP.2015.13.1.17. PMC 4520883. PMID 26240596.
  32. ^ Katta N, Balla S, Alpert MA (July 2016). "Does Long-Term Furosemide Therapy Cause Thiamine Deficiency in Patients with Heart Failure? A Focused Review". The American Journal of Medicine. 129 (7): 753.e7–753.e11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.037. PMID 26899752.
  33. ^ Favrelière S, Delaunay P, Lebreton JP, Rouby F, Atzenhoffer M, Lafay-Chebassier C, et al. (June 2020). "Drug-induced hearing loss: a case/non-case study in the French pharmacovigilance database". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 34 (3): 397–407. doi:10.1111/fcp.12533. PMID 31912913. S2CID 210087413.
  34. ^ Gallagher KL, Jones JK (November 1979). "Furosemide-induced ototoxicity". Annals of Internal Medicine. 91 (5): 744–745. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-91-5-744. PMID 496112.
  35. ^ Joo Y, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Hong O, Wallhagen MI (February 2020). Newman A (ed.). "The Contribution of Ototoxic Medications to Hearing Loss Among Older Adults". The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 75 (3): 561–566. doi:10.1093/gerona/glz166. PMC 7328195. PMID 31282945.
  36. ^ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  37. ^ Brand name:Lasix - Generic name: Furosemide Prescription Drug Information, Side Effects - PDRHealth
  38. ^ Dowd FJ, Johnson B, Mariotti A (3 September 2016). Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 324–326. ISBN 9780323445955. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  39. ^ a b Korpi ER, Kuner T, Seeburg PH, Lüddens H (February 1995). "Selective antagonist for the cerebellar granule cell-specific gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor". Molecular Pharmacology. 47 (2): 283–289. PMID 7870036.
  40. ^ a b Tia S, Wang JF, Kotchabhakdi N, Vicini S (June 1996). "Developmental changes of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar granule neurons: role of GABA(A) receptor alpha 6 subunit". The Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (11): 3630–3640. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-11-03630.1996. PMC 6578841. PMID 8642407.
  41. ^ a b Wafford KA, Thompson SA, Thomas D, Sikela J, Wilcox AS, Whiting PJ (September 1996). "Functional characterization of human gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors containing the alpha 4 subunit". Molecular Pharmacology. 50 (3): 670–678. PMID 8794909.
  42. ^ AMA Department of Drugs: Drug Evaluations Subscription, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1990.
  43. ^ Knoben JE & Anderson PO (Eds): Handbook of Clinical Drug Data, 6th. Drug Intelligence Publications, Inc, Hamilton, IL, 1988.
  44. ^ a b c d "Product Information: Lasix(R), furosemide" (PDF). Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2004.
  45. ^ a b c d e Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, et al. (1990). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
  46. ^ a b c d e Kelly MR, Cutler RE, Forrey AW, Kimpel BM (February 1974). "Pharmacokinetics of orally administered furosemide". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 15 (2): 178–186. doi:10.1002/cpt1974152178. PMID 4812154. S2CID 74223978.
  47. ^ Verbeeck RK, Patwardhan RV, Villeneuve JP, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA (June 1982). "Furosemide disposition in cirrhosis". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 31 (6): 719–725. doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.101. PMID 7075120. S2CID 27659838.
  48. ^ Chaturvedi PR, O'Donnell JP, Nicholas JM, Shoenthal DR, Waters DH, Gwilt PR (March 1987). "Steady state absorption kinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in congestive heart failure". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 25 (3): 123–128. PMID 3557737.
  49. ^ Brater DC (1991). "Clinical pharmacology of loop diuretics". Drugs. 41 (Supplement 3): 14–22. doi:10.2165/00003495-199100413-00004. PMID 1712712. S2CID 41247401.
  50. ^ Haegeli L, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Wenk M, Pfisterer M, Drewe J, Krähenbühl S (December 2007). "Sublingual administration of furosemide: new application of an old drug". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (6): 804–809. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03035.x. PMC 2198789. PMID 17875188.
  51. ^ AHFS Drug Information 2004. McEvoy GK, ed. Furosemide. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2004: 2260-4.
  52. ^ "Naming human medicines". Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  53. ^ "COMMENTARY : New York Buckles and Allows Lasix Use". Los Angeles Times. 28 May 1995. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  54. ^ Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW (January 2022). "Pharmacology of furosemide in the horse: a review". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 5 (4): 211–218. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00951.x. PMID 1941755.
  55. ^ Kittleson M, Kienle R (1998). Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. Mosby. ISBN 978-0-8151-5140-1.
  56. ^ "U.S. Racetracks to ban race-day Lasix in 2021". 18 April 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Aventis Pharma (1998). Lasix Approved Product Information. Lane Cove: Aventis Pharma Pty Ltd.
  • Forney B (2007). Understanding Equine Medications, Revised Edition (Horse Health Care Library). Eclipse Press. ISBN 978-1-58150-151-3.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Furosemide&oldid=1261767725"