Fumarprotocetraric acid

Fumarprotocetraric acid
Names
	IUPAC name 4-[[(E)-3-Carboxyprop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]-10-formyl-3,9-dihydroxy-1,7-dimethyl-6-oxobenzo[b][1,4]benzodioxepine-2-carboxylic acid
	Other names Fumaroprotocetraric acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	489-50-9;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ECHA InfoCard	100.006.999
PubChem CID	5317419;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID801313939 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C22H16O12/c1-8-5-12(24)10(6-23)19-15(8)22(31)34-20-11(7-32-14(27)4-3-13(25)26)17(28)16(21(29)30)9(2)18(20)33-19/h3-6,24,28H,7H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26)(H,29,30)/b4-3+ Key: VEGGRTFDFMUBPD-ONEGZZNKSA-N;
	SMILES CC1=CC(=C(C2=C1C(=O)OC3=C(O2)C(=C(C(=C3COC(=O)/C=C/C(=O)O)O)C(=O)O)C)C=O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C22H16O12
Molar mass	472.358 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless, odorless solid with bitter taste
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Fumarprotocetraric acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula C₂₂H₁₆O₁₂. It is a secondary metabolite produced by a variety of lichens.

Occurence

Fumarprotocetraric acid is mainly known for its occurrence in Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica), where it is present in a mass fraction of 1–2% (dried thallus).^[2]

In addition, fumarprotocetraric acid has been detected in many other lichens, including:

Callopisma teicholytum [Ach.]^[3]
Cetraria fahluensis [L.]^[3]^[4]
Cetraria islandica [L.]^[3]^[4]
Cladina rangiferina [L.]^[3]^[4]
Cladina silvatica [L.]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia chlorophaea [Flörke]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. apolepta [Ach.] f. coniocraea [Flörke]^[4]
Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. cornuto-radiata [Coem.]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. simplex [Weis] f. major [Hag.]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia fimbriata [L.] var. simplex [Weis] f. minor [Hag.]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia foliacea [Huds.] var. alcicornis [Lightf.]^[4]
Cladonia foliacea [Huds.] var. convoluta [Lam.]^[4]
Cladonia furcata [Huds.] var. pinnata [Flörke]^[4]
Cladonia furcata [Huds.] var. racemosa [Hoffm.]^[4]
Cladonia gracilis [L.] var. chordalis [Flörke]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia gracilis [L.] var. elongata [Jacq.]^[4]
Cladonia pityrea [Flörke] var. cladomorpha [Flörke]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia pityrea [Flörke] var. Zwackhii [Wainio]^[4]
Cladonia pyxidata [L.] var. cereina [Arnold]^[4]
Cladonia pyxidata [L.] var. neglecta [Flörke]^[4]
Cladonia subcervicornis [Wainio]^[3]^[4]
Cladonia verticillata [Hoffm.] var. cervicornis [Ach.] f. phyllophora [(Flörke) Sandstede]^[4]
Cladonia verticillata [Hoffm.] var. evoluta [Wainio]^[4]
Dendrographa leucophaea [Tuck.]^[3]^[4]
Parmelia stygia [(L.) Ach.]^[1]

Pharmacology research

Fumarprotocetraric acid has antibacterial activity.^[1] It also induces an immunostimulating effect in vitro by triggering the formation of hydrogen peroxide.^[1] Furthermore, cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines has been demonstrated.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Entry on Fumarprotocetrarsäure. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved January 5, 2025.
^ Egon Stahl, Werner Schild (1986). Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Naturstoffen (1st ed.). Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 92.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Wilhelm Zopf (1907). Die Flechtenstoffe in chemischer, botanischer, pharmakologischer und technischer Beziehung (1st ed.). Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. 172–176.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Emil Abderhalden, ed. (1912), Biochemisches Handlexikon. Gerbstoffe, Flechtenstoffe, Saponine, Bitterstoffe, Terpene, Ätherische Öle, Harze, Kautschuk (1. Auflage ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 74 f

[Römpp-1] Entry on Fumarprotocetrarsäure. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved January 5, 2025.

[:2-2] Egon Stahl, Werner Schild (1986). Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Naturstoffen (1st ed.). Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 92.

[:1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Wilhelm Zopf (1907). Die Flechtenstoffe in chemischer, botanischer, pharmakologischer und technischer Beziehung (1st ed.). Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. 172–176.

[:3-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Emil Abderhalden, ed. (1912), Biochemisches Handlexikon. Gerbstoffe, Flechtenstoffe, Saponine, Bitterstoffe, Terpene, Ätherische Öle, Harze, Kautschuk (1. Auflage ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 74 f

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