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Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov phase

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The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase (also occasionally called the Larkin–Ovchinnikov–Fulde–Ferrell phase, or LOFF)[1] can arise in a superconductor under large magnetic fields. Among its characteristics are Cooper pairs with nonzero total momentum and a spatially non-uniform order parameter, leading to normally conducting areas in the system.

History

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Two independent publications in 1964, one by Peter Fulde and Richard A. Ferrell[2] and the other by Anatoly Larkin and Yuri Ovchinnikov,[3][4] theoretically predicted a new state appearing in a certain regime of superconductors at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. This particular superconducting state is nowadays known as the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state, abbreviated FFLO state (also LOFF state). Since then, experimental observations of the FFLO state have been searched for in different classes of superconducting materials, first in thin films and later in more exotic superconductors such as heavy-fermion[5] and organic[6] superconductors. Good evidence for the existence of the FFLO state was found in organic superconductors using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [7][8][9] and studies of heat capacity.[10] [11] [12] In recent years, the concept of the FFLO state has been used in the field of atomic physics and experiments to detect the state in atomic ensembles in optical lattices.[13][14] Moreover, there are indicators of the FFLO phase existence in two-component Fermi gases confined in a harmonic potential. These signatures are suppressed neither by phase separation nor by vortex lattice formation.[15]

Theory

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If a BCS superconductor with a ground state consisting of Cooper pair singlets (and center-of-mass momentum q = 0) is subjected to an applied magnetic field, then the spin structure is not affected until the Zeeman energy is strong enough to flip one spin of the singlet and break the Cooper pair, thus destroying superconductivity (paramagnetic or Pauli pair breaking). If instead one considers the normal, metallic state at the same finite magnetic field, then the Zeeman energy leads to different Fermi surfaces for spin-up and spin-down electrons, which can lead to superconducting pairing where Cooper pair singlets are formed with a finite center-of-mass momentum q, corresponding to the displacement of the two Fermi surfaces. A non-vanishing pairing momentum leads to a spatially modulated order parameter with wave vector q.[6]

Experiment

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For the FFLO phase to appear, it is required that Pauli paramagnetic pair-breaking is the relevant mechanism to suppress superconductivity (Pauli limiting field, also Chandrasekhar-Clogston limit). In particular, orbital pair breaking (when the vortices induced by the magnetic field overlap in space) has to be weaker, which is not the case for most conventional superconductors. Certain unusual superconductors, on the other hand, may favor Pauli pair breaking: materials with large effective electron mass or layered materials (with quasi-two-dimensional electrical conduction).[5]

Heavy-fermion superconductors

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Heavy-fermion superconductivity is caused by electrons with a drastically enhanced effective mass (the heavy fermions, also heavy quasiparticles), which suppresses orbital pair breaking. Furthermore, certain heavy-fermion superconductors, such as CeCoIn5, have a layered crystal structure, with somewhat two-dimensional electronic transport properties.[5] Indeed, in CeCoIn5 there is thermodynamic evidence for the existence of an unconventional low temperature phase within the superconducting state.[16][17] Subsequently, neutron diffraction experiments showed that this phase also exhibits incommensurate antiferromagnetic order[18] and that the superconducting and magnetic ordering phenomena are coupled to one another.[19]

Organic superconductors

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Most organic superconductors are strongly anisotropic, in particular there are charge-transfer salts based on the molecule BEDT-TTF (or ET, "bisethylendithiotetrathiofulvalene") or BEDT-TSF (or BETS, "bisethylendithiotetraselenafulvalene") that are highly two-dimensional. In one plane, the electric conductivity is high compared to a direction perpendicular to the plane. When applying large magnetic fields exactly parallel to the conducting planes, penetration depth[20][21][22] demonstrates and specific heat confirms[23][citation needed] the existence of the FFLO state. This finding was corroborated by NMR data that proved the existence of an inhomogeneous superconducting state, most probably the FFLO state.[24]

References

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  1. ^ Casalbuoni, Roberto; Nardulli, Giuseppe (26 February 2004). "Inhomogeneous superconductivity in condensed matter and QCD". Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (1): 263–320. arXiv:hep-ph/0305069. Bibcode:2004RvMP...76..263C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.76.263. S2CID 119472323.
  2. ^ Fulde, Peter; Ferrell, Richard A. (1964). "Superconductivity in a Strong Spin-Exchange Field". Phys. Rev. 135 (3A): A550–A563. Bibcode:1964PhRv..135..550F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.135.A550. OSTI 5017462.
  3. ^ Larkin, A.I.; Ovchinnikov, Yu.N. (1964). Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 47: 1136. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ Larkin, A.I.; Ovchinnikov, Yu.N. (1965). "Inhomogeneous State of Superconductors". Sov. Phys. JETP. 20: 762.
  5. ^ a b c Matsuda, Yuji; Shimahara, Hiroshi (2007). "Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State in Heavy Fermion Superconductors". J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76 (5): 051005. arXiv:cond-mat/0702481. Bibcode:2007JPSJ...76e1005M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.76.051005. S2CID 119429977.
  6. ^ a b H. Shimahara: Theory of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State and Application to Quasi-Low-Dimensional Organic Superconductors, in: A.G. Lebed (ed.): The Physics of Organic Superconductors and Conductors, Springer, Berlin (2008).
  7. ^ Wright, J. A.; Green, E.; Kuhns, P.; Reyes, A.; Brooks, J.; Schlueter, J.; Kato, R.; Yamamoto, H.; Kobayashi, M.; Brown, S. E. (2011-08-16). "Zeeman-Driven Phase Transition within the Superconducting State of ". Physical Review Letters. 107 (8): 087002. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107h7002W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.087002. PMID 21929196.
  8. ^ Mayaffre, H.; Krämer, S.; Horvatić, M.; Berthier, C.; Miyagawa, K.; Kanoda, K.; Mitrović, V. F. (2014-10-26). "Evidence of Andreev bound states as a hallmark of the FFLO phase in ". Nature Physics. 10 (12): 928–932. arXiv:1409.0786. Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..928M. doi:10.1038/nphys3121. S2CID 118641407.
  9. ^ Koutroulakis, G.; Kühne, H.; Schlueter, J. A.; Wosnitza, J.; Brown, S. E. (2016-02-12). "Microscopic Study of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State in an All-Organic Superconductor". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 067003. arXiv:1511.03758. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116f7003K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.067003. PMID 26919012. S2CID 24383751.
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  11. ^ Beyer, R.; Bergk, B.; Yasin, S.; Schlueter, J. A.; Wosnitza, J. (2012-07-11). "Angle-Dependent Evolution of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State in an Organic Superconductor". Physical Review Letters. 109 (2): 027003. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109b7003B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.027003. PMID 23030197.
  12. ^ Agosta, C. C.; Fortune, N. A.; Hannash, S. T.; Gu, S.; Liang, L.; Park, J.-H.; Schlueter, J. A. (2017-06-28). "Calorimetric Measurements of Magnetic-Field-Induced Inhomogeneous Superconductivity Above the Paramagnetic Limit". Physical Review Letters. 118 (26): 267001. arXiv:1602.06496. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118z7001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.267001. PMID 28707943. S2CID 23554914.
  13. ^ Zwierlein, Martin W.; Schirotzek, André; Schunck, Christian H.; Ketterle, Wolfgang (2006). "Fermionic Superfluidity with Imbalanced Spin Populations". Science. 311 (5760): 492–496. arXiv:cond-mat/0511197. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..492Z. doi:10.1126/science.1122318. PMID 16373535. S2CID 13801977.
  14. ^ Liao, Y. A.; Rittner, A. S. C.; Paprotta, T.; Li, W.; Partridge, G. B.; Hulet, R. G.; Baur, S. K.; Mueller, E. J. (2010). "Spin-imbalance in a one-dimensional Fermi gas". Nature. 467 (7315): 567–9. arXiv:0912.0092. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..567L. doi:10.1038/nature09393. PMID 20882011. S2CID 4397457.
  15. ^ Kopyciński, Jakub; Pudelko, Wojciech R.; Wlazłowski, Gabriel (2021-11-23). "Vortex lattice in spin-imbalanced unitary Fermi gas". Physical Review A. 104 (5): 053322. arXiv:2109.00427. Bibcode:2021PhRvA.104e3322K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.104.053322. S2CID 237372963.
  16. ^ Radovan, H. A.; Fortune, N.A.; Murphy, T.P.; Hannahs, S.T.; Palm, E.C.; Tozer, S.W.; Hall, D. (2003). "Magnetic enhancement of superconductivity from electron spin domains". Nature. 425 (6953): 51–55. Bibcode:2003Natur.425...51R. doi:10.1038/nature01842. PMID 12955136. S2CID 4422876.
  17. ^ Bianchi, A.; Movshovich, R.; Capan, C.; Pagliuso, P.G.; Sarrao, J.L. (2003). "Possible Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov State in CeCoIn5". Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (18): 187004. arXiv:cond-mat/0304420. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..91r7004B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.187004. PMID 14611309. S2CID 25005211.
  18. ^ Kenzelmann, M.; Strässle, Th; Niedermayer, C.; Sigrist, M.; Padmanabhan, B.; Zolliker, M.; Bianchi, A. D.; Movshovich, R.; Bauer, E. D. (2008-09-19). "Coupled Superconducting and Magnetic Order in CeCoIn5". Science. 321 (5896): 1652–1654. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1652K. doi:10.1126/science.1161818. ISSN 0036-8075. OSTI 960586. PMID 18719250. S2CID 40014478.
  19. ^ Kumagai, K.; Shishido, H.; Shibauchi, T.; Matsuda, Y. (2011-03-30). "Evolution of Paramagnetic Quasiparticle Excitations Emerged in the High-Field Superconducting Phase of ". Physical Review Letters. 106 (13): 137004. arXiv:1103.1440. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106m7004K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.137004. PMID 21517416. S2CID 13870107.
  20. ^ Cho, K.; Smith, B.E.; Coniglio, W.A.; Winter, L.E.; Agosta, C.C.; Schlueter, J. (2009). "Upper critical field in the organic superconductor β"−(ET)2SF5CH2CF2SO3 : Possibility of Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state". Physical Review B. 79 (22): 220507. arXiv:0811.3647. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.220507. S2CID 119192749.
  21. ^ Coniglio, W.A.; Winter, L.E.; Cho, K.; Agosta, C.C.; Fravel, B.; Montgomery, L.K. (2011). "Superconducting Phase Diagram and FFLO Signature in Λ-(BETS)2gacl4 from Rf Penetration Depth Measurements". Physical Review B. 83 (22): 224507. arXiv:1003.6088. Bibcode:2011PhRvB..83v4507C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.224507.
  22. ^ Agosta, C.C.; Jin, J.; Coniglio, W.A.; Smith, B.E.; Cho, K.; Stroe, I.; Martin, C.; Tozer, S.W.; Murphy, T.P.; Palm, E.C.; Schlueter, J.A.; Kurmoo, M. (2012). "Experimental and semiempirical method to determine the Pauli-limiting field in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors as applied to κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2: Strong evidence of a FFLO state". Physical Review B. 85 (21): 214514. arXiv:1111.5025. Bibcode:2012PhRvB..85u4514A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.214514.
  23. ^ Agosta, C.C.; Fortune, N.A.; Hannahs, S.T.; Gu, Shuyao; Liang, Lucy; Park, J.-H.; Schlueter, J.A. (2017). "Experimental and semiempirical method to determine the Pauli-limiting field in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors as applied to κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2: Strong evidence of a FFLO state". Physical Review Letters. 118 (26): 267001. arXiv:1602.06496. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.267001. PMID 28707943.
  24. ^ Mayaffre, H.; Krämer, S.; Horvatić, M.; Berthier, C.; Miyagawa, K.; Kanoda, K.; Mitrović, V. (2014). "Evidence of Andreev bound states as a hallmark of the FFLO phase in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2". Nature Physics. 10 (12): 928–932. arXiv:1409.0786. Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..928M. doi:10.1038/nphys3121.
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