Fort Charlotte, Antigua and Barbuda
| Fort Charlotte | |
|---|---|
| English Harbour, Antigua | |
  Fort Charlotte  Fort Charlotte | |
| Coordinates | 17°00′00″N 61°45′38″W / 17.0001°N 61.7606°W |
| Type | Fortification |
| Site information | |
| Open to the public | Yes |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1745 |
| In use | 1740s-1830s |
Fort Charlotte was a historic military fort on the island of Antigua, built in 1745 and later expanded.[1] It was located at the entrance to English Harbour in Saint Paul parish. Originally called South East Point Battery and renamed Horseshoe Battery, the fort was finally renamed in honour of Queen Charlotte.[1] The remains of the fort are part of Nelson's Dockyard National Park[2] and part of the Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site.[1]
History
[edit]Construction of the modern Naval Dockyard in English Harbour began in the 1740s. During that time, Fort Berkeley was significantly expanded and upgraded, as it guarded the western entrance to English Harbour.[3][4]
In 1745, a new battery was built across from Fort Berkeley, to guard the eastern entrance to English Harbour.[1] Originally, the fort was called South East Point Battery, and consisted of two gun platforms, a guard house, a kitchen, and latrines.[1] It was armed with 11 cannons.[1] By 1755, the battery had been significantly upgraded and was renamed the Horseshoe Battery.[1]
In 1781, Thomas Shirley, recently appointed Governor of the Leeward Islands, urged the local government to fortify the area around and above English Harbour to better protect the Naval Dockyard.[5][6][7] As part of this defense upgrade, a larger gun platform was built above Horseshoe Battery, to function as a signal or communication station.[1] Upon this expansion, the fort was renamed Fort Charlotte in honor of Queen Charlotte.
Fort Charlotte had an iron chain that was strung across the harbour's entrance from Fort Berkeley.[8] The chain could be raised to prevent vessels from entering the harbour.[8]
By the 1840s, the fort had been decommissioned.[1] In 1843, an earthquake destroyed the majority of Fort Charlotte's structures.[9] As a result, little remains of the fort's lower section, and only the gun platform and foundations of the guard house remain of the fort's upper section.[1]
In 1984, the remains of Fort Charlotte became part of Nelson's Dockyard National Park.[10][11] In 2016, the grounds became part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as UNESCO recognized the English Harbour dockyard and the surrounding military archaeological sites together as The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites.[12][13] The fort is accessible via a short nature trail called Carpenter Rock Trail.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites: World Heritage Site Nomination Document" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2020.
- ^ a b "Nature Trails | Nelson's Dockyard National Park". www.nationalparksantigua.com. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ^ Waters, Christopher Kurt (2018). "Putting Forts in Their Place: The Politics of Defense in Antigua, 1670-1785". Syracuse University Libraries (Doctoral Dissertation). Syracuse University. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ^ "Forts | Nelson's Dockyard National Park". www.nationalparksantigua.com. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ "Shirley's Heights | Nelson's Dockyard National Park". www.nationalparksantigua.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
- ^ "The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites: World Heritage Site Nomination Document" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2020.
- ^ Weaver, David B. (2002). "English Harbour, Antigua: The Rise and Fall of a Strategic Military Site". Caribbean Quarterly. 48 (4): 1–11. doi:10.1080/00086495.2002.11672156. ISSN 0008-6495. JSTOR 40654292. S2CID 163471636.
- ^ a b "The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites: World Heritage Site Nomination Document" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2020.
- ^ Vaitilingam, Adam (2001). The Rough Guide to Antigua and Barbuda. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-715-7.
- ^ Stanford, Emma; Hanna, Nick (2016-10-04). National Geographic Traveler - The Caribbean: Ports of Call and Beyond. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-4262-1709-8.
- ^ "Shirley's Heights | Nelson's Dockyard National Park". www.nationalparksantigua.com. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ "About the National Park | Nelson's Dockyard National Park". www.nationalparksantigua.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.