Folkeslunda Limestone

Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone
Stratigraphic range: Darriwilian; (Lasnamägi); 463.5–460.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Formation
Underlies	Furudal Limestone
Overlies	Seby Limestone
Thickness	0.99–3.51 m (3.2–11.5 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Calcarenitic limestone
Other	Mudstone
Location
Coordinates	58°00′N 15°00′E / 58.0°N 15.0°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	36°00′S 8°18′W / 36.0°S 8.3°W
Region	In situ: Dalarna, Jämtland, Öland & Östergötland; Ex situ: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lubusz & Kuyavia-Pomerania
Country	Sweden; Ex situ:; Germany; Poland
Extent	Patches from Jämtland (N) via Siljan (C) to Öland (SE)
Type section
Named for	Folkeslunda, Öland
Named by	Jaanusson
Location	Långlöt & Runsten, Öland
Year defined	1960
Coordinates	56°43′38.4″N 16°43′01.9″E / 56.727333°N 16.717194°E
	Folkeslunda Limestone (Sweden)

The Folkeslunda Limestone is a thin limestone and mudstone geologic formation of Sweden. The formation crops out on the island of Öland to the east of Kalmar, where Folkeslunda is located. Other exposures of the formation are in Dalarna, Jämtland and Östergötland. The Folkeslunda Limestone was deposited in an open marine environment with an estimated water depth of 150 to 200 metres (490 to 660 ft) in a eustatically transgressive phase.

The formation preserves fossils dating back to the late Darriwilian (Lasnamägi stage in the regional stratigraphy) of the Middle Ordovician period, dating to 463.5 to 460.9 Ma. Several genera of nautiloids, trilobites, brachiopods and ostracods were found in the maximum 3.51 metres (11.5 ft) thick formation.

Erratic blocks of the same formation are also found in Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) and along the Vistula River in Bydgoszcz and in Żary, Lower Silesia, Poland.

Description

Ordovician sedimentary rocks are exposed in patches across the southern half of Sweden. The northernmost exposure is surrounding the Siljan Ring, a Devonian impact crater in Dalarna. Other outcrops are found west and south of Örebro, northeast of Livköping^{[clarification needed]}, west and southwest of Skövde and surrounding Falköping. Underlying the Granby crater, west of Linköping, the Ordovician has a larger exposure. The southernmost Ordovician outcrops are situated in Skåne, due east of Lund and at the southeastern tip of Sweden.^[1]

Most of the island of Öland consists of Ordovician sediments, where Folkeslunda is located, the namesake for the formation.^[2] Previous names for the formation were Upper Grey Orthoceratite Limestone, Chiron Limestone, Centaurus Limestone and Schroeteri Limestone (lower part). The type section is located in the southeastern part of the parish of Långlöt and the northeastern part of the parish of Runsten on Öland. The best section of the unit on Öland is in a quarry close to the road from Vedby to Bäcklunda, east of Hornsjön.^[3]

The formation is the uppermost unit in the traditional Orthoceras Limestone of Sweden, overlying the Seby Limestone and the Folkesunda Limestone is overlain by the Furudal Limestone.^[4] The Folkeslunda Limestone dates to the Lasnamägi stage, part of the Purtse, belonging to the Virunian in the regional stratigraphy of Sweden, corresponding to a late Darriwilian age of the Middle Ordovician.^[5]

The unit is 2 metres (6.6 ft) thick in the Vikarby section and 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) thick in the Kårgärde section of the western Siljan Ring.^[6] In the Lunne section of Jämtland the unit is between 0.99 and 3.51 metres (3.2 and 11.5 ft) thick.^[3]^[7]

Lithologies

The base of the formation is formed by a 15 centimetres (5.9 in) thick grey calcarenitic limestone bed, which is overlain by thin-bedded calcarenitic and calcilutitic limestones. The upper half of the formation consists of thick-bedded calcarenitic limestones. In Kårgärde, the formation comprises medium-bedded, coarse-grained, grey to dark grey limestones with chamositic grains in some beds.^[8] Other parts of the formation contain finely nodular lime mudstones and mudstones,^[9] and thick-bedded, coarse grained, in part coquinoid grey to dark grey limestones.

The depositional environment of the limestone has been interpreted as reef platform facies.^[10] The eustatic sea level change globally during deposition of the Folkeslunda Limestone was a transgression,^[11] and based on the low implosion rate of fossil shells during fossilization, the water depth at time of deposition of the Folkeslunda Limestone has been estimated at 150 to 200 metres (490 to 660 ft).^[12]

Erratic boulders

Erratic boulders belonging to the formation have been found in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,^[13] Germany and Lubusz and Kuyavia-Pomerania, Poland.^[14]^[15] The German boulder was described by Schlotheim (1820) and Boll (1857). Boll's collection is fortunately preserved at the regional Müritz Museum of Waren, Mecklenburg. Dzik (1984) described and illustrated Ordovician nautiloids of the erratic boulders in Poland.^[16]

Paleontology

With respect to both fauna and lithology, the unit in the Siljan District resembles its development on Öland. The fauna shares many common species with the Seby Limestone, but is also distinct with respect to the cephalopods and hyolithids. Faunal differences with respect to the underlying formation were notes in the phosphatic brachiopod fauna, although the dominant species is the same as in the Seby Limestone. Trilobites from the Folkeslunda Limestone were described by Holm (1883) and Törnquist (1884), while Janusson (1957) described ostracods. Species of nautiloid cephalopods were reported by Holm in 1896, Troedsson (1931, 1932), and Kröger (2004). Biostratigraphically, the Folkeslunda Limestone spans the Pygodus serra conodont zone and the Eoplacoghnathus reclinatus subzone.^[3]

Correlations

The Eoplacoghnathus reclinatus subzone extends from the lowermost part of the Folkeslunda Limestone into the lower part of the Furudal Limestone. The subzone index species is not common outside Baltoscandia but has been recorded from a few localities in eastern North America (Bergström 1973), Argentina (Albanesi & Ortega 2002), and China (Zhang 1998).^[17]

Fossil content

The following fossils have been found in the rocks belonging to the formation:

Group	Genus	Species	Location	Status	Notes
Cephalopods	Archigeisonoceras	A. folkeslundense	Öland	In situ	^[18]
	Arionoceras	A. lotskirkense	Löts Kyrka, Öland	In situ	^[19]
	Arionoceras	A. lotskirkense	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Erratic block	^[20]
	Bactroceras	B. angustisiphonatum	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Erratic block	^[13]
	Cyrtendoceras	C. hircus	Öland	In situ	^[21]
	Nilssonoceras	N. latisiphonatum	Öland	In situ	^[22]
	Orthoceras	O. bifoveatum	Öland	In situ	^[23]
		O. regulare	Öland	In situ	^[24]
		O. scabridum	Södra Bäck, Öland	In situ	^[25]^[26]^[27]
	Oonoceras	O. priscum	Vistula River, Bydgoszcz	Erratic block	^[15]
	Phthanoncoceras	P. ellipticum	Lerkaka, Kalmar	In situ	^[28]
			Vistula River, Bydgoszcz	Erratic block	^[15]
			Żary, Lower Silesia	Erratic block	^[14]
	Plagiostomoceras	P. fragile	Böda, Stora Mossen, Öland	In situ	^[29]
	Polygrammoceras	P. oelandicum	Folkeslunda, Öland	In situ	^[30]^[31]
	Richardsonoceras	R. gerhardi	Lerkaka, Kalmar	In situ	^[28]
	Troedssonella	T. endoceroides	Öland	In situ	^[32]
	Clinoceras	sp.	Vistula River, Bydgoszcz	Erratic block	^[15]
	Cochlioceras	sp.	Sjöstorp, Öland	In situ	^[33]^[34]
			Vistula River, Bydgoszcz	Erratic block	^[15]
			Żary, Lower Silesia	Erratic block	^[14]
	Lituites	sp.	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[35]
Trilobites	Illaenus	I. chiron	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[36]
	Pseudoasaphus	P. aciculatus
	Pseudobasilicus	P. ?brachyrachis
	Plectasaphus	P. plicicostis			^[35]
	Pseudomegalaspis	P. patagiata			^[37]
	Ampyx (Cnemidopyge)	sp.			^[37]
	Asaphus	sp.	Żary, Lower Silesia	Erratic block	^[14]
	?Lonchodomas	sp.	Żary, Lower Silesia	Erratic block	^[14]
	Nileus	sp.	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[37]
	Remopleurides	sp.	Östergötland	In situ	^[38]
	Remopleurides	sp.	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[35]
Gastropods	Eccyliopterus	E. alatus	Lerkaka, Kalmar	In situ	^[28]
	Eccyliopterus	E. declivis
	Pararaphistoma	P. vaginati
	Sinuites	S. vetustus
Ostracods	Euprimites	E. bursa	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[37]
	Euprimites	E. effusus
	Steusloffia	S. linnarssoni
	Laccochilina	sp.	Östergötland		^[38]
	Laccochilina		Kårgärde, Dalarna		^[37]
	Sigmobolbina		Östergötland		^[38]
Lingulata	Biernatia	B. holmi	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[35]^[36]^[37]
	Conotreta	C. mica
	Conotreta	C. siljanensis
	Eoconulus	E. cf. clivosus
	Eoconulus	E. robustus
	Hisingerella	H. unguicula
	Myotreta	M. dalecarlica
	Rowellella	R. cf. lamellosa
	Scaphelasma	S. mica
	Spinilingula	S. radiolamellosa
	Talasotreta	T. deformis
	Cyrtonotreta	sp.
	Paterula	sp.
	Spondylotreta	sp.
	Lingulellinae	indet.
	Orbiculoideinae	indet.
Rhynchonellata	Nicolella	sp.	Östergötland	In situ	^[38]
Strophomenata	Christiania	sp.	Kårgärde, Dalarna	In situ	^[35]

References

^ Bergman et al., 2012
^ Folkeslunda, Öland
^ ^a ^b ^c Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.17
^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.10
^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.11
^ Holmer, 1989, p.11
^ Karis & Larsson, 1982, p.70
^ Kårgärde at Fossilworks.org
^ Vikarbyn at Fossilworks.org
^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.44
^ Chen & Lindström, 1991, p.7
^ Chen & Lindström, 1991, p.14
^ ^a ^b Erratic block Mecklenburg-Vorpommern at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Erratic block Lubusz at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Erratic block Kuyavia-Pomerania at Fossilworks.org
^ Kröger, 2004, p.58
^ Ebbestad et al., 2007, p.32
^ Kröger, 2004, p.68
^ Kröger, 2004, p.72
^ Kröger, 2004, p.73
^ King, 1993, p.172
^ Kröger, 2004, p.70
^ Kröger, 2004, p.61
^ Kröger, 2004, p.60
^ Mutvei, 2002, p.158
^ Kröger, 2004, p.62
^ Södra Bäck at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c Lerkaka, Kalmar at Fossilworks.org
^ Kröger, 2004, p.64
^ Mutvei, 2002, p.160
^ Folkeslunda at Fossilworks.org
^ King, 1993, p.174
^ Mutvei, 2002, p.161
^ Sjöstorp, Öland at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kårgärde 4.1-5.5, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b Kårgärde 6.34-6.5, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kårgärde 5.5-6.34, Dalarna at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Östergötland at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography

Bergman, S.; Stephens, M.B.; Andersson, J.; Kathol, B.; Bergman, T. (2012), Bedrock map of Sweden, scale 1:1 million, Sveriges geologiska undersökning, pp. K.423
Ebbestad, Jan Ove; Wickström, Linda; Högström, Anette (2007), 9th meeting of the Working Group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia IGCP503 Ordovician Palaeogeography and Palaeoclimate Regional Meeting, Sveriges geologiska undersökning, pp. 1–112, ISBN 978-91-7158-788-6, ISSN 0349-2176
Kröger, Björn (2004), "Revision of Middle Ordovician orthoceratacean nautiloids from Baltoscandia" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49: 57–74, retrieved 2020-05-30
Mutvei, Harry (2002), "Connecting ring structure and its significance for classification of the orthoceratid cephalopods" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47: 157–168, retrieved 2020-05-30
King, A.H (1993), The Fossil Record - Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 169–188, ISBN 0-412-39380-8
Chen, Jun-yuan; Lindström, Maurits (1991), "Cephalopod Septal Strength lndices (SSI) and depositional depth of Swedish Orthoceratite limestone", Geologica et Palaeomologica, 25: 5–18
Holmer, Lars E (1989), "Middle Ordovician phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods from Våstergotland and Dalarna, Sweden", Fossils and Strata, 26: 1–172, doi:10.18261/8200374254-1989-01, ISBN 82-00-37425-4
Karis, Lars; Larsson, Kent (1982), Jämtland Road Log, N.N., pp. 64–76