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First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters

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The First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters (simplified Chinese: 第一批异体字整理表; traditional Chinese: 第一批異體字整理表; pinyin: Dìyīpī Yìtǐzì Zhěnglǐbiǎo) is a standard character selection list issued by the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Character Reform Committee of the People's Republic of China in 1955. [1] There were originally 810 groups of variant characters, among which 1,055 characters were eliminated. After some later adjustments, the list now has 796 groups, with 1,027 characters eliminated. [2] [3]

History

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In December 1955, the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Character Reform Committee of the PRC jointly announced the "First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters". [1] This list contained 810 groups of variant characters, totaling 1865 characters. According to the principle of following the common and simple, one character from each group was selected as the standard form, and the rest (totally 1,055 variant characters) were eliminated. [a] [3]

On March 23, 1956, the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Character Reform Committee issued the "Notice on Standardizing '坂' and '挫' in the First List of Variant Chinese Characters", restoring "坂" and "挫" to be standard characters. [3]

According to the explanation of the "General List of Simplified Characters" re-published on October 10 of 1986, the 11 analogous simplified characters "䜣、䜩、晔、詟、诃、䲡、䌷、刬、鲙、诓、雠" were confirmed as standard characters and no longer considered as obsolete variants.[3]

According to the "Joint Notice on the Release of the List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese" issued by the State Language Commission and the Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China on March 25, 1988, the 15 characters "翦、邱、於、澹、骼、彷、菰、溷、徼、薰、黏、桉、愣、晖、凋" were confirmed as standard characters and no longer considered as obsolete variants.[3]

After the above adjustments, the first batch of variant characters was reduced from 810 groups to 796 groups, and the eliminated variant characters were reduced from 1053 to 1027.[3]

On September 3, 1993, the State Language Commission's Writing Application Management Department issued a "Reply on the Use of Character '鎔'", restoring "鎔" to standard (and then simplified to "镕" by analogy). The re-arranged version published in 1997 also reduced some other variant characters.[3] [4]

On June 5, 2013, the State Council of the People's Republic of China announced the "List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters" (通用规范汉字表) with Appendix 1 of Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters, which replaced the First List of Processed Chinese Variant Characters among some other related character lists and became the new standard. [5] [6] [7]

Usage and encoding

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The eliminated variant characters are considered "non-standard Chinese characters" in mainland China, so most of them are not included in the national standard encoding; but because they are still used in other Chinese character regions, most of them have been included in the Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs. A small number of characters are not included uniquely partly because they are considered as different glyphs of the same character, for example, character "珊" and "珊" share the same Unicode U+73CA. [8]

The list

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The following are some examples of variant groups which have been processed. (The characters before the brackets are selected and those in the brackets are eliminated):[9] 

冰[氷] (bīng, ice),
册[冊] (cè, copy),
村[邨] (cūn, village).

The complete list of the revised version arranged by Chinese pinyin is available at website "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/第一批异体字整理表", among which many eliminated variants are still commonly used in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan or some dialects

The second list

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In June 1956, the Chinese Character Reform Committee compiled the "Second List of Precessed Variant Chinese Characters (Draft)", which included 605 groups of variant characters and eliminated 759 characters. After soliciting opinions, the Second List was printed in October, which included 595 groups of variant characters and eliminated 766 characters. In January 1957, the "First List" and the "Second List" were merged into the "List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters". In June of the same year, the Chinese Character Reform Committee decided to only consider characters with the same pronunciation and meaning but in different character shapes as variant characters, cancel characters with different pronunciations or meanings, and delete extremely rare ancient variant characters. [10]

Variant character processing was carried out in 1959, 1962, and 1965, but the "List of Processed Variant Characters" was never published. At the end of 1976, the "Second List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters (Draft for Comments)" was formulated, and in May 1977, it was revised and renamed "List of Processed Variant Chinese Character (Draft for Comments)". However, the main task of the Chinese Character Reform Committee at that time was to formulate the Second round of simplified Chinese characters, so the processing of variant characters was stopped. As a result, neither the Second List nor the General List has ever been formally published. [10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ should be 1,053, because character "妳" and "粇" appeared twice

References

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  1. ^ a b Chinese Character Reform Committee (1955). "First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters (第一批异体字整理表)". Chinese Character Reform Press.
  2. ^ Chinese Language Press, PRC (语文出版社) (1997). 语言文字规范手册 (Handbook of Language Standards) (in Chinese). Beijing: 语文出版社 (Chinese Language Press). p. 182.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters". the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Character Reform Committee of the PRC (中华人民共和国文化部、中国文字改革委员会). 1997.
  4. ^ Chinese Language Press 1997, p. 182.
  5. ^ State Language Commission (1986). "General List of Simplified Chinese Characters (简化字总表)". Language Press.
  6. ^ Li, Dasui 李大遂 (2013). 简明实用汉字学 [Concise and Practical Chinese Characters] (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-7-301-21958-4.
  7. ^ "国务院关于公布《通用规范汉字表》的通知" [Notice of the State Council on the publication of the "General Standard Chinese Character List"]. Gov.cn (in Chinese). State Council of the People's Republic of China. 5 June 2013.
  8. ^ Official Unicode code chart of CJK Unified Ideographs (PDF)
  9. ^ Su, Peicheng (苏培成) (2014). 现代汉字学纲要 (Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters) (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). Beijing: 商务印书馆 (The Commercial Press, Shangwu). pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-7-100-10440-1.
  10. ^ a b Wu Zhankun (武占坤) (1988). Chinese Characters·History of Chinese Character Reform (漢字·漢字改革史) (1st ed.). Hunan People's Publishing House (湖南人民出版社). p. 166.
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