English: Acanthochlamys bracteata is a Chinese endemic plant that first discovered, descripted and denominated by Kao in the West Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan Province. The anatomical characteristics of A. bracteata are very unique in monocotyledonous plants, such as the eustele in rhizome, protostele in root, as well as the leaf-stem compound structure in scape, which is the most special type in monocotyledonous plants, for the first time found. The coexistence of eustele and protostele in vascular bundle system suggested that Acanthochlamydaceae retains the ancestor of the original type, but also evolved derived type. It is absent of scattered bundles, which is the most derived bundles type in monocotyledons, but shows a transitional type between protostele and scattered bundles. The family, Acanthochlamydaceae, is a new monotypic family, which contains only one species. Phylogenetic results showed that Acanthochlamydaceae is a sister group of Velloziaceae. The close relationship with the two families indicated that the close floral relationship between Hengduan mountains and African tropical regions. In this paper, a comprehensive study was performed on the morphological characteristics, the status in the world flora, geographical distribution, phylogeny, origin, and other issues of Acanthochlamys bracteata.