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Explosion of the tank-trap in Warsaw

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Explosion of the tank-trap in Warsaw
Part of Warsaw Uprising
Wreck of a mine-vehicle on Kiliński Street in Warsaw among rubble and destroyed buildings
Wreck of a mine-vehicle on Kiliński Street
DateAugust 13, 1944 (1944-08-13)
LocationWarsaw,  Poland
Typeexplosion of a special vehicle
Casualties
about 300[1]

The explosion of the tank-trap on Kiliński Street in Warsaw occurred on 13 August 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, at Kiliński Street [pl] in the Old Town.

The blast was caused by a captured German special vehicle, the Borgward IV, which the insurgents had seized. More than 300 insurgents and civilians were killed in the explosion, who had gathered to admire the captured "vehicle". In reality, the vehicle was not a "tank-trap" but a heavy transport vehicle intended to destroy barricades on Podwale Street [pl]. The explosion was essentially a tragic accident. However, some witnesses suggested that the Germans may have deliberately allowed the insurgents to bring the dangerous vehicle deeper into the Old Town.

This event became known in Polish history as the "tank-trap explosion" and is considered one of the most tragic episodes of the defense of the Old Town. Since 1992, the anniversary of the explosion has been commemorated as the Day of Remembrance for the Old Town.

Capture of the "tank"

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Borgward IV

According to the account of Witold Piasecki, a veteran of the Home Army's Gustaw Battalion [pl] (published in Gazeta Wyborcza), on 13 August 1944, around 8:00[2] or 9:00 AM,[3] two German tanks (Panzer IV) fired upon Polish positions on Świętojańska [pl] and Podwale [pl] streets from the Castle Square. Shortly after, a small vehicle emerged from behind the tanks and moved towards a barricade on Podwale Street, defended by soldiers from the Gustaw Battalion. Molotov cocktails were thrown at the vehicle, hitting it accurately. The vehicle caught fire and got stuck on the barricade. The driver fled, and the surprised insurgents quickly extinguished the flames with sand.[3]

Other sources describe the events slightly differently. The German attack reportedly began around 10:00 AM, preceded by an hour of artillery fire from three German armored guns.[3] Later, a German vehicle (referred to as a "tankette") advanced toward the barricade, escorted by a larger armored vehicle and infantry.[3]

The first Polish soldier to examine the captured vehicle was cadet Wiktor Trzeciakowski, codenamed Tur (or, according to other sources, cadet Ludwik Wyporek, codenamed Miętus). To their surprise, the vehicle did not resemble any known German combat vehicle. It had no armament but only a radio.[3] Battalion commander Captain Ludwik Gawrych [pl], codenamed Gustaw, and his deputy Włodzimierz Stetkiewicz, codenamed Włodek, instructed the soldiers to stay cautious and keep a distance from the vehicle. They suspected it might be a trap, especially since the Germans had ceased fire immediately after losing the vehicle.[2]

At around 5:00 PM, another group of insurgents seized the vehicle, citing orders from the defense command of the Old Town.[3] They were likely soldiers from one of the motorized insurgent units, such as the Młot Squadron or the Orlęta Company. The vehicle was started, and the insurgents drove it through the streets of the Old Town, causing great excitement among the civilian population. As they shouted "Tank captured!", crowds gathered to admire the trophy.[2]

Explosion

[edit]

The vehicle involved in the tragic explosion on Kiliński Street in Warsaw was not a tank but a heavy cargo transporter, Borgward IV, used by the special 302nd Panzer Battalion. This vehicle was employed as a self-propelled mine layer for destroying fortifications.[3] The captured transporter carried 500 kg of explosive material in a container mounted on its armor.[4] After being captured by insurgents, the vehicle was driven triumphantly around the Old Town of Warsaw. The insurgents moved through the Old Town Market Place but were eventually forced out by Major Stanisław Błaszczak [pl], codenamed Róg, the commander of the Old Town defense. They then returned to Podwale Street and turned onto Kiliński Street. According to some reports, the insurgents planned to park the vehicle in the courtyard of the Raczyński Palace [pl].[3]

Around 6:00 PM, while attempting to cross a small barricade on Kiliński Street, the metal box containing the explosives slipped off the front of the vehicle's armor.[2] This led to a massive explosion that resulted in a massacre. The destruction was compounded by the detonation of Molotov cocktails stored in a building at 3 Kiliński Street.[5][6] Over 300 people were killed, and hundreds more were wounded.[5] Among the dead was actor Józef Orwid. The heaviest losses were suffered by the Orlęta Company (which lost 80 men) and all the companies of the Gustaw Battalion (with 26 killed). The Wigry Battalion [pl] lost 14 men, and 59 were wounded. Witnesses described the gruesome scene of dismembered bodies hanging from gutters, cornices, and shattered windows,[3] with body parts found on nearby streets.[6] General Tadeusz Komorowski, codenamed Bór, the commander of the Home Army, was also injured in the explosion while observing the event from the Raczyński Palace.[7]

The tragedy had a profound impact on both the insurgents and the civilian population.[7] Captain Gustaw demanded an investigation into the carelessness that led to the massacre, but with the increasing intensity of German attacks on the Old Town, the matter was soon sidelined.[2]

Over the years, several myths and misunderstandings about the explosion developed. Some Polish historians and memoirists (such as Adam Borkiewicz [pl],[7] Władysław Bartoszewski,[8] Antoni Przygoński [pl],[5] and Stanisław Podlewski [pl])[6] initially believed that the explosion was a German trap, with the Nazis deliberately leaving a tank filled with explosives, which was detonated remotely or with a time delay. Other inaccuracies emerged, including the claim that soldiers from the Gustaw Battalion had started the vehicle[8] or that the vehicle was a Goliath tracked mine.[9]

Recent research suggests that the vehicle that caused the explosion on Kiliński Street was not a tank-trap detonated by the Germans but rather a heavy cargo transporter. Its intended purpose was to destroy the barricade on Podwale Street, and the explosion was likely a result of an accident.[2][3][4] However, Witold Piasecki, codenamed Wiktor, argued that the Germans might have intentionally allowed the vehicle to be moved into the Old Town, knowing it contained explosives, thus causing numerous casualties when it exploded in the crowded area after German fire ceased.[2]

Commemoration

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Place of remembrance at Kiliński Street

A commemorative stone was placed on the sidewalk at 3 Kiliński Street in the 1950s, inscribed with a plaque that mistakenly cited the number of victims and included the following text:[4][10]

A place hallowed by the blood of 500 insurgents and civilians from the Old Town, who perished on 13 August 1944 from the explosion of a tank with explosives secretly planted by the enemy.

In the early 1970s, a second, smaller stone with a bronze plaque was added nearby, reading:[10]

In memory of the soldiers of the Warsaw Uprising and civilians who perished in this place on 13 August 1944 from the explosion of a German tank.

One of the few remaining traces of the events is a fragment of a continuous track, possibly from the same vehicle that caused the massacre on Kiliński Street. This fragment is displayed on the wall of St. John's Archcathedral, facing Dziekania Street [pl], with the following incorrect inscription:[4]

The continuous track of the German mine tank 'Goliath', which during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 destroyed part of the Cathedral walls.

Since 1992, the anniversary of the explosion on Kiliński Street has been commemorated as the Day of Memory for the Old Town. It is an integral part of the anniversary celebrations of the Warsaw Uprising.[11]

In culture

[edit]

Immediately after the tragedy, Tadeusz Gajcy dedicated a poem, Święty kucharz od Hipciego, which included references to the event.[12]

The explosion on Kiliński Street is mentioned by Roman Bratny [pl] in the second volume of his novel Kolumbowie. Rocznik 20. In the book, the narrator describes people who gathered to admire the captured vehicle, sitting on its turret, though the Borgward IV did not actually have a turret.[13]

The explosion is also a pivotal moment in Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz's novel Kinderszenen.[14]

On 13 August 2010, a short documentary film 13 sierpnia '44, written and directed by Małgorzata Brama [pl], premiered at Castle Square in Warsaw, focusing on the tragedy.[15]

The explosion on Kiliński Street was also described by American journalist Rita Cosby in her book Quiet Hero: Secrets From My Father's Past, which tells the story of her father, Ryszard Kossobudzki [pl], a soldier of the Home Army who survived the explosion in 1944.[16]

References

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  1. ^ "Powstanie Warszawskie: eksplozja transportera na Starówce – 300 zabitych" [Warsaw Uprising: Explosion of an Armored Vehicle in the Old Town – 300 Killed]. dzieje.pl (in Polish). 10 July 2018. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Urzykowski, Tomasz (12 August 2005). "Rocznica wybuchu na Kilińskiego" [Anniversary of the Explosion on Kiliński Street]. warszawa.gazeta.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2010-08-17.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bączyk, Norbert (2009). "302. batalion pancerny (radio) przeciw Powstaniu Warszawskiemu" [302nd Armored Battalion (Radio) Against the Warsaw Uprising]. Nowa Technika Wojskowa (in Polish). 3.
  4. ^ a b c d Komacki, Mariusz (1 August 2003). "Tak zwany czołg pułapka" [The So-Called Tank-Trap]. Rzeczpospolita (in Polish).
  5. ^ a b c Przygoński, Antoni (1980). Powstanie Warszawskie w sierpniu 1944 r [The Warsaw Uprising in August 1944] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. p. 32. ISBN 978-83-01-00293-0.
  6. ^ a b c Podlewski, Stanisław (1957). Przemarsz przez piekło [March Through Hell] (in Polish). Warsaw: Pax. p. 238.
  7. ^ a b c Borkiewicz, Adam (1969). Powstanie warszawskie. Zarys działań natury wojskowej [The Warsaw Uprising: An Outline of Military Operations] (in Polish). Warsaw: pax. p. 159.
  8. ^ a b Bartoszewski, Władysław (2004). Dni walczącej stolicy: kronika Powstania Warszawskiego [Days of the Fighting Capital: A Chronicle of the Warsaw Uprising] (in Polish). Warsaw: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego. p. 108. ISBN 978-83-7391-679-1.
  9. ^ Fajer, Lucjan (1957). Żołnierze Starówki. Dziennik bojowy kpt. Ognistego [Soldiers of the Old Town: Combat Diary of Captain Ognisty] (in Polish). Warsaw: Iskry. p. 185.
  10. ^ a b Ciepłowski, Stanisław (1987). Napisy pamiątkowe w Warszawie: XVIII-XX w [Commemorative Inscriptions in Warsaw: 18th–20th Century] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 93. ISBN 978-83-01-06109-8.
  11. ^ "Jutro obchodzony będzie dzień pamięci Starówki" [Tomorrow, The Day Of Remembrance For The Old Town Will Be Observed]. archiwum-ordynariat.wp.mil.pl (in Polish). 12 August 2001. Retrieved 2024-12-12.
  12. ^ Urbanowski, Maciej (7 September 2008). "Historia, czyli masakra" [History, Or A Massacre]. Wprost (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  13. ^ Bratny, Roman (1957). Kolumbowie. Rocznik 20 [The Columbuses: Generation of 1920] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. pp. 379–382.
  14. ^ Rymkiewicz, Jarosław Marek (2008). Kinderszenen (in Polish). Warsaw: Sic!. pp. 177–183. ISBN 978-83-60457-60-3.
  15. ^ "Film o czołgu-pułapce" [Film About the Tank-Trap]. www.1944.pl (in Polish). 9 August 2010. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  16. ^ Magierski, Wiktor (12 June 2012). "Trzeba o nich pamiętać" [We Must Remember Them]. Nowy Dziennik - Polish Daily News (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2012-06-22.
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