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Euryale (plant)

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Euryale
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene [1]
Flowering Euryale ferox cultivated at the Kodai Hasu no Sato park in Gyoda City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Nymphaeaceae
Genus: Euryale
Salisb.
Type species
Euryale ferox Salisb. ex K.D. Koenig & Sims[2]
Species

see here

Synonyms[3]
  • Anneslea Roxb. ex Andrews

Euryale is a genus of flowering plants of the family Nymphaeaceae.[3]

Description

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Vegetative characteristics

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Adaxial leaf surface of Euryale ferox with numerous prickles
Euryale ferox seedling with 3 cm scale bar

Euryale is an annual or perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herb with erect, unbranched rhizomes.[4] The adaxial leaf surface is green, and features prickles at the veins. The abaxial leaf surface is violet and displays prominent, prickly venation.[5] The thin, sharp prickles are 3–11 mm long, and 1–2 mm wide at the base.[6]

Generative characteristics

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Euryale ferox growing in Niigata City, Japan

The pedunculate, 5 cm wide flowers have prickly peduncles and sepals.[7] The flowers have four persistent sepals.[8] The gynoecium consists of 7–16 carpels.[4] The prickly fruit bears 8–20[8] black,[5] arillate,[4] spherical, ovate, obovate, or ellipsoidal[9] 6-10 mm wide seeds[7] with a hard, smooth, wrinkled,[10] gnarled, or irregularly ridged testa.[9]

Taxonomy

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Publication

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It was published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805.[3] with Euryale ferox Salisb. ex K.D. Koenig & Sims as the type species.[2]

Species

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It has one extant species:[3]

And several fossil species:

The placement of some of the fossil species is however disputed, as it has been proposed to move several species to the genus †Pseudoeuryale P.I. Dorof.[21]

Evolutionary relationships

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Together with the genus Victoria, Euryale may be placed within the genus Nymphaea, rendering it paraphyletic in its current circumscription.[22][1][23][24][25] The lineage of Euryale and Victoria diverged from the lineage of Nymphaea subg. Lotos and Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis in the Miocene and subsequently the lineages of Euryale and Victoria diverged from each other also in the Miocene.[1]

Cytology

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The chromosome count of Euryale ferox is 2n = 58.[26]

Ecology

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Habitat

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It occurs in ponds, lakes,[27] rice fields, and marshes.[5]

Pollination

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Flies and solitary bees visit the flowers of Euryale ferox.[28]

Distribution

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Euryale is found in the area that stretches from Northern India to the Russian Far East and extends into temperate East Asia.[3] Recently, it has also been recorded in Serbia, Europe. It was likely dispersed to Serbia through migrating birds.[29]

Conservation

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The IUCN conservation status of Euryale ferox is least concern (LC).[27]

Fossil record

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Euryale seeds and prickles are well preserved in the fossil record[6] and pollen fossils are known as well.[30] Today, Euryale only occurs in the region spanning from Northern India to the Russian Far East, and extends to temperate East Asia[3] but the fossil record shows it was once also present in central Europe.[31] It is known from the Miocene of Poland, Russia, China, Germany,[9] and the United Kingdom,[19] from the Pliocene of the Netherlands, Poland,[9] Germany,[32][33] and Italy,[34] and lastly, from the Pleistocene of Russia, Germany, Poland, Japan, China,[9] Belgium,[35] and Belarus.[36]

Use

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The seeds[16] and petioles are used as food.[37]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Löhne, C., Yoo, M., Borsch, T., Wiersema, J., Wilde, V., Bell, C.D., Barthlott, W., Soltis, D.E. and Soltis, P.S. (2008), Biogeography of Nymphaeales: extant patterns and historical events. Taxon, 57: 1123-19E.
  2. ^ a b Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-h). Euryale Salisb. Tropicos. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40007311
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Euryale Salisb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Euryale Salisbury. Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112398
  5. ^ a b c Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse." pp.45-46. Deutschland: Henkel.
  6. ^ a b Villaret-von Rochow, M. (1958). Stacheln von Euryale sp. im norddeutschen Pleistozän : ein neues Interglazialfossil. Veröffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich, 34. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-308097
  7. ^ a b Euryale ferox in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007078
  8. ^ a b Euryale Salisb. (n.d.). Flora of Pakistan @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 13, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=112398
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Huang, Y., Ji, X., Su, T., Wang, L., Deng, C., Li, W., ... & Zhou, Z. (2015). "Fossil seeds of Euryale (Nymphaeaceae) indicate a lake or swamp environment in the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin of southwestern China." Science Bulletin, 60(20), 1768-1777.
  10. ^ Hooker, J. D., Thomson, T. (1855). Flora Indica: Being a Systematic Account of the Plants of British India, Together with Observations on the Structure and Affinities of Their Natural Orders and Genera. pp. 244–245. Vereinigtes Königreich: Pamplin.
  11. ^ Tanai, T. (1961). "Neogene floral change of Japan." Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, 11, 119-398.
  12. ^ Euryale bielorussica Wieliczk. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=15598D5C-7E64-43EC-8766-EDFF244B8F1F
  13. ^ Euryale carpatica Szafer (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B5F532B5-110E-42F3-A683-828C3780329F
  14. ^ Weber, C. A. (1907). "22. C. A. Weber: Euryale europaea nov. sp. foss." Berichte Der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 150–157.
  15. ^ Euryale limburgensis C. & E. In. Reid. [family NYMPHAEACEAE]. (n.d.). JSTOR. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.k000659202
  16. ^ a b Goren-Inbar, N., Melamed, Y., Zohar, I., Akhilesh, K., & Pappu, S. (2014). "Beneath still waters–multistage aquatic exploitation of Euryale ferox (Salisb.) during the Acheulian." Internet Archaeol, 37(10.11141).
  17. ^ Martinetto, E. (1998). "East Asian elements in the Plio-Pleistocene floras of Italy." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Floristic Character Diversity of East Asian Plants (pp. 71-87). Berlin, Germany: Springer‐Verlag.
  18. ^ Euryale spinosa J.B. Simpson (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=2A53E054-1014-0EAF-4F1D-1ABF9CD01C69
  19. ^ a b Potonié R.(1970). Die fossilen Sporen. Ihre morphologische (phylogenetische) neben der morphographischen Ordnung. p. 115. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i2jCHCNTCMYC/page/n113/mode/2up
  20. ^ Euryale ucrainica A.G. Negru (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=CCEBA1A8-527A-4A9E-BDEF-8C0D7C071433
  21. ^ Doweld A.B. 2022. New names of fossil Nymphaeaceae and allied forms. Geophytology 52(1&2): 1–28.
  22. ^ Song, W., Shi, W., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Tao, R., Liu, J., ... & Shi, C. (2024). Comparative analysis of 12 water lily plastid genomes reveals genomic divergence and evolutionary relationships in early flowering plants. Marine Life Science & Technology, 6(3), 425-441.
  23. ^ He, D., Gichira, A. W., Li, Z., Nzei, J. M., Guo, Y., Wang, Q., & Chen, J. (2018). Intergeneric relationships within the early-diverging angiosperm family Nymphaeaceae based on chloroplast phylogenomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12), 3780.
  24. ^ Loehne, C., Borsch, T., & Wiersema, J. H. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 154(2), 141-163.
  25. ^ Roestel, J. A., Wiersema, J. H., Jansen, R. K., Borsch, T., & Gruenstaeudl, M. (2024). On the importance of sequence alignment inspections in plastid phylogenomics–an example from revisiting the relationships of the water‐lilies. Cladistics.
  26. ^ Wu, P., Zhang, L., Zhang, K., Yin, Y., Liu, A., Zhu, Y., ... & Li, L. (2022). "The adaptive evolution of Euryale ferox to the aquatic environment through paleo‐hexaploidization." The Plant Journal, 110(3), 627-645.
  27. ^ a b Zhuang, X. 2011. Euryale ferox. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T168756A6535154. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T168756A6535154.en. Accessed on 27 January 2024.
  28. ^ Kadono, Y., & Schneider, E. L. (1987). The life history of Euryale ferox Salisb. in southwestern Japan with special reference to reproductive ecology. Plant Species Biology, 2(1‐2), 109-115.
  29. ^ Živković, M., Pejčić, L., Paskaš, N., Bajić, A., Šipoš, Š., Perić, R., & Novakovic, B. (02 2023). "First recent record of Prickly Waterlily (Euryale ferox) Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) in freshwaters of Europe."
  30. ^ Simpson JB. XVI.–The Tertiary Pollen-Flora of Mull and Ardnamurchan. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1961;64(16):421-468. doi:10.1017/S0080456800100407
  31. ^ Kirchheimer, F. (1956). "Die Laubgewächse der Braunkohlenzeit." pp. 619-622.
  32. ^ Mädler, K. (1939). Die pliozäne Flora von Frankfurt am Main. p. 93. Deutschland: Senckenbergische Naturforschende Ges..
  33. ^ Thiel, C., Klotz, S., & Uhl, D. (2012). Palaeoclimate estimates for selected leaf floras from the late Pliocene (Reuverian) of Central Europe based on different palaeobotanical techniques. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21(2), 263-287.
  34. ^ Manchester, S. R., CHEN, Z. D., LU, A. M., & Uemura, K. (2009). Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 47(1), 1-42.
  35. ^ VANHOORNE, R. (2005). POLLEN ASSEMBLAGES, PLANT COMMUNITIES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE CAMPINE CLAY IN BELGIUM. Geologica Belgica.
  36. ^ Величкевич, Ф. Ю. (1979). ИСТОРИЯ ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНОВОЙ ФЛОРЫ СРЕДНЕЙ ПОЛОСЫ ВОСТОЧНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РАВНИНЫ. In Советская палеокарпология (итоги и перспективы) (pp. 76–121). НАУКА.
  37. ^ Khapudang, R., Loukrakpam, L.C., Jadaun, S., Sharma, U., Siddiqui, S. (2024). Wild Edible and Wetland Plants of Manipur: Their Sustainable Food Usage. In: Thakur, M. (eds) Sustainable Food Systems (Volume I). World Sustainability Series. Springer, Cham.
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