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Eurocopter X³

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X³
Airbus Helicopters X³ in flight
Role Experimental compound helicopter
National origin Multinational
Manufacturer Eurocopter
Airbus Helicopters
First flight 6 September 2010
Status Retired
Number built 1
Developed from Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin
Eurocopter EC155

The Eurocopter X³ (X-Cubed) is a retired experimental high-speed compound helicopter developed by Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter). A technology demonstration platform for "high-speed, long-range hybrid helicopter" or H³ concept,[1] the X³ achieved 255 knots (472 km/h; 293 mph) in level flight on 7 June 2013, setting an unofficial helicopter speed record.[2][3] In June 2014, it was placed in a French air museum in the village of Saint-Victoret.

Design and development

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Eurocopter X³

Technology

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The X³ demonstrator is based on the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin[1] helicopter, with the addition of short span wings each fitted with a tractor propeller, having a different pitch to counter the torque effect of the main rotor.[1][4][5] Conventional helicopters use tail rotors to counter the torque effect.[6] The tractor propellers are gear driven from the two main turboshaft engines which also drive the five-bladed main rotor system, taken from a Eurocopter EC155.[1][5]

Test pilots describe the X³ flight as smooth,[5][7] but the X³ does not have passive or active anti-vibration systems and can fly without stability augmentation systems,[1][8] unlike the Sikorsky X2.[9] The helicopter is designed to prove the concept of a high-speed helicopter which depends on slowing the rotor speed[5] (by 15%)[1] to avoid drag from the advancing blade tip, and to avoid retreating blade stall by unloading the rotor while a small wing[10][11][12] provides 40–80% lift instead.[1][5][13][14] The X³ can hover with a pitch attitude between minus 10 and plus 15 degrees.[15] Its bank range is 40 degrees in hover, and is capable of flying at bank angles of 120 to 140 degrees.[16][17] During testing the aircraft demonstrated a rate of climb of 5,500 feet per minute and high-G turn rates of 2Gs at 210 knots.[18][19]

Performance

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flying at the 2012 ILA Berlin Air Show

The X³ first flew on 6 September 2010 from French Direction générale de l'armement facility at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base.[citation needed]

On 12 May 2011 the X³ demonstrated a speed of 232 knots (267 mph; 430 km/h) while using less than 80 percent of available power.[8][20][21][22][23]

In May 2012, it was announced that the Eurocopter X³ development team had received the American Helicopter Society's Howard Hughes Award for 2012.[24]

Eurocopter demonstrated the X³ in the United States during the summer of 2012, the aircraft logging 55 flight hours, with a number of commercial and military operators being given the opportunity to fly the aircraft.[25]

With an aerodynamic fairing installed on the rotor head,[26] the X³ demonstrated a speed of 255 knots (293 mph; 472 km/h) in level flight and 263 knots (303 mph; 487 km/h) in a shallow dive on 7 June 2013,[27][28] beating the Sikorsky X2's unofficial record set in September 2010, and thus becoming the world's fastest non-jet augmented compound helicopter.

Variants

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Eurocopter suggested that a production H³ application could appear as soon as 2020.[25] The company had also previously expressed an interest in offering an H³ technology based solution for the United States' Future Vertical Lift program, with EADS North America submitting bid to build a technology demonstrator under the US Army's Joint Multi Role (JMR) program,[29][30] but later withdrew due to cost[31] and because Eurocopter might have to transfer X³ intellectual property to the US,[32] and Eurocopter chose to focus on the Armed Aerial Scout instead.[33][34] Ultimately the company was not downselected for the JMR effort,[35] and the AAS program was cancelled.[36]

Eurocopter saw the offshore oil market[31] and Search and rescue community as potential customers for X³ technology. An X³-based unpressurised compound helicopter called LifeRCraft is also among the projects planned under the European Union's €4 billion ($5.44 billion) Clean Sky 2 research program as one of two high-speed rotorcraft flight demonstrators.[26][37][38][39] Airbus began development of the hybrid composite helicopter with a 4.6-litre V-8 piston engine[40] in 2014,[41] froze the design in 2016 to start building in 2017,[40] and had plans to fly it in 2019.[42]

The X³ was moved to Musée de l’air et de l’espace in 2014 for public display.[43]

RACER

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Main article: Airbus RACER
RACER model at Paris Air Show 2017

The Airbus RACER (Rapid And Cost-Effective Rotorcraft) is a development revealed at the June 2017 Paris air show, final assembly was planned to start in 2019 for a 2020 first flight. Cruising up to 400 km/h (216 kn), it aims for a 25% cost reduction per distance over a conventional helicopter.

Specifications

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Eurocopter X³ at ILA Berlin Air Show 2012

Data from FlightGlobal[44]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Gross weight: 5,200 kg (11,464 lb) [43]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322-01/9a[45] turboshaft engines, 1,693 kW (2,270 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in)
  • Main rotor area: 124.7 m2 (1,342 sq ft)
  • Propellers: 5-bladed (two tractor propellers gear driven from main engines).

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 472 km/h (293 mph, 255 kn) at roughly 10,000 ft (3,048 m)[28]
  • Cruise speed: 407 km/h (253 mph, 220 kn) [20]
  • Service ceiling: 3,810 m (12,500 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 28 m/s (5,500 ft/min) [47][48][49]
  • Tip speed: 0.91 Mach[5]
  • Autorotation: 2,800 f.p.m[5]

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Nelms, Douglas (9 July 2012), "Aviation Week Flies Eurocopter's X³", Aviation Week & Space Technology, archived from the original on 10 May 2014, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  2. ^ "Eurocopter's X³ hybrid helicopter makes aviation history in achieving a speed milestone of 255 knots during level flight", Helicopters (press release), Airbus, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014.
  3. ^ Meet the World's Fastest Helicopter: The 293-Mph X³ (video), Bloomberg, 20 June 2013.
  4. ^ "An Update on the X3: A Conversation with Hervé Jammayrac" Second Line of Defense, 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Erdos, Robert. "Flying the Future Archived 5 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine" Vertical (Magazine), 10 August 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  6. ^ "Eurocopter X³ (X Cubed) Experimental Compound Helicopter". Military Factory. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014..
  7. ^ Singing the X³'s praises (video) (press release), Airbus, 26 June 2012, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  8. ^ a b "The Eurocopter X³ hybrid helicopter exceeds its speed challenge: 232 knots (430 km/h) attained in level, stabilized flight", Eurocopter, Airbus helicopters, 16 May 2011, archived from the original on 12 May 2014, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  9. ^ Goodier, Rob (20 September 2010). "Inside Sikorsky's Speed-Record-Breaking Helicopter Technology". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2014..
  10. ^ "The X³ concept", Helicopters, Airbus, archived from the original on 12 May 2014, retrieved 9 May 2014.
  11. ^ Video 1, 2 (Google You tube) (video), Airbus Helicopters, 26 September 2010, 2 m 50 s, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 9 May 2014.
  12. ^ Stephens, Ernie (1 August 2012), "Pilot Report: The Exciting, Experimental, Exceptional X³", Rotor & Wing, archived from the original on 15 September 2012, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  13. ^ Eshel, Noam (6 September 2010), "Eurocopter Tests the X-Cubed, a New High-speed Hybrid Helicopter", Defense Update, archived from the original on 24 October 2013, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  14. ^ Norris, Guy (28 February 2012), "Eurocopter X-3 Targets US Market", Aviation Week, retrieved 1 March 2012[permanent dead link‍]. Mirror Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ^ Padfield, R Randall (3 August 2013), "Eurocopter X³ 'Flies Intuitively,' Say Test Pilots", AIN online, archived from the original on 6 August 2013, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  16. ^ Parsons, Dan, "Eurocopter's X³ Shows Old Designs Could Be The Future of Army Aviation", National defense magazine.
  17. ^ Gubisch, Michael, Eurocopter's X³ restricted by US regulations, Farnborough: Flightglobal.
  18. ^ "Eurocopter's Revolutionary X³ Helicopter Continues Military Leg of Its US Tour". Reuters. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014..
  19. ^ "Eurocopter X³ Approaches the Sunset of its Brief Life", Aviation today, archived from the original on 14 July 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Flight testing of Eurocopter's X³ high-speed hybrid helicopter demonstrator marks a new milestone in the company's innovation roadmap". Eurocopter. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  21. ^ Eurocopters Hybridhubschrauber X³ übertrifft sein angestrebtes Geschwindigkeitsziel: 232 Knoten (430 km/h) bei stabilem Horizontalflug [Eurocopter's hybrid helicopter X³ surpasses its attempted speed target: 232 knots (430 km/h) with a stable horizontal flight] (in German), Presse Box, 16 May 2011, archived from the original on 11 September 2012, retrieved 7 June 2011
  22. ^ "L'Hélicoptère de démonstration X³ atteint les 430 km/h !" [The demonstration helicopter X³ reaches 430 km/h!]. Avia News (in French). 24 Heures. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  23. ^ "Le X³ d'Eurocopter a volé à 430 km/h" [Eurocopter's X³ flew at 430 km/h]. Zone Militaire (in French). Opex 360. 17 May 2011.
  24. ^ Eurocopter's X Development Team wins Howard Hughes Award for Outstanding Improvement in Helicopter Technology (press release), Airbus, 3 May 2012, archived from the original on 28 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014.
  25. ^ a b Norris, Guy (14 February 2012). "Eurocopter Outlines Plans For X4 Program". Aviation Week. Retrieved 24 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  26. ^ a b Osborne, Tony. "Eurocopter Ponders X³ Helicopter’s Next Steps" Aviation Week & Space Technology, 17 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine on 13 May 2014.
  27. ^ Thivent, Viviane (11 June 2013), "Le X³, un hélico à 472 km/h" [The X³, a helicopter at 472 km/h], Le Monde, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  28. ^ a b Paur, Jason. "X³ Helicopter Sets Speed Record at Nearly 300 MPH" Wired, 11 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Archived on 31 March 2014
  29. ^ Warwick, Graham (30 July 2012), "Eurocopter's X3 – Would You Go to War in One?", Aviation Week & Space Technology, archived from the original on 10 May 2014, retrieved 10 May 2014.
  30. ^ Warwick, Graham (11 March 2013), "EADS (ie Eurocopter) Bids for Army's JMR", Aviation Week & Space Technology, archived from the original on 13 May 2014, retrieved 17 June 2014.
  31. ^ a b Majumdar, Dave. "Cost drove EADS from US Army rotorcraft demonstration" 13 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine on 12 May 2014
  32. ^ "Intellectual Property Concerns Swayed EADS JMR Pullout", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 24 June 2013, retrieved 17 June 2014, Guillaume Faury said the company made the 'strategic decision' because it was concerned that it would have to transfer the intellectual property rights of the company's self-developed X³ technology to the US.
  33. ^ Warwick, Graham. "EADS Withdraws JMR Bid To Focus On AAS" Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Archived 17 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "EADS Quits Helo Competition To Pursue Uncertain AAS" Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Archived 17 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ US Army selects Bell, Sikorsky/Boeing team for JMR demonstration, Flightglobal.
  36. ^ McLeary, Paul. "Outgoing General: US Army Must Continue To Fund Research and Development" DefenseNews, 14 January 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  37. ^ A Preliminary Programme Outline For Clean Sky 2 (PDF), EU: Clean sky, July 2012. Size 2 MB.
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  40. ^ a b Nathan, Stuart (13 January 2017). "Rethinking rotorcraft: Airbus aims for speedy helicopter". The Engineer. Retrieved 14 January 2017. design was frozen last summer ahead of its construction phase starting this year. Clean Sky 2 rotorcraft is classified as a hybrid helicopter.
  41. ^ Sailer, J. "Airbus Helicopters to design new compound rotorcraft demonstrator in the frame of Clean Sky 2 program Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine" Airbus PR, 16 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
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  44. ^ Croft, John (23 February 2009). "Heli-expo 2009: Rolls-Royce confirms role in Eurocopter X³ programme". Flightglobal. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
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  49. ^ Dubois, Thierry; Huber, Mark (February 2012), "New Rotorcraft 2012" (PDF), Aviation International, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2016, retrieved 31 March 2012.
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