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Eumeta variegata

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Eumeta variegata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Psychidae
Genus: Eumeta
Species:
E. variegata
Binomial name
Eumeta variegata
(Snellen, 1879)
Synonyms
  • Clania bougainvillea Strand, 1914
  • Eumeta maxima Butler, 1882
  • Eumeta sikkima Moore, 1891
  • Eumeta wallacei Swinhoe, 1892

Eumeta variegata, commonly known as the paulownia bagworm or cotton bag worm,[1] is a moth of the family Psychidae. The species was first described by Snellen in 1879.[2] It is found in Japan, Papua New Guinea, India, the Solomon Islands and Sri Lanka.[3][4][5]

Description

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Adults show strong sexual dimorphism.[6] Adult females lack wings and live throughout their life in the larval case.[7] Adult males have functional wings. This is due to that during final instar larvae, male show normal wing discs, whereas those of the female show rudimentary.[8][9] The protective is about 5 cm in length. The silk is composed entirely of Glycine-Alanine repeats and poly-Alanine stretches.[10]

In the male, wing discs proliferate rapidly in the eighth instar and continue proliferating. A conspicuous peripodial epithelium forms and the hemopoietic organs break down and disappear completely by the prepupal stage. Whereas in female, the wing discs remain as in the seventh instar, without proliferation of cells inside. Therefore, there is no peripodial epithelium formation and the hemopoietic organs are still attached to the wing discs. Finally the entire wing discs transform into a plain, thick epidermis in the prepupal period.[11][12]

Molecular basis

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In 2018, the complete mitochondrial genome of the moth was sequenced using a nanopore sequencer as a single long read. It is the second report of a complete mitochondrial genome of psychid species.[13]

Ecology

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It is a known pest of Citrus and tea cultivation,[14] though it is considered to be polyphagous.[15] It also a known pest of mango, cashew, casuarina, cinnamon, Shorea robusta.[16]

The natural parasites of the species include: Apanteles claniae, Aulosaphes fujianensis, Chouioia cunea, Exorista japonica, Nealsomyia rufella, Sarcophaga caudagalli, and Sclerodermus guani. Pathogens are Bacillus thuringiensis and Nucleopolyhedrosis virus.[17]

Host plants

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References

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  1. ^ "Eumeta variegata Snellen, 1879". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  2. ^ "Species Details: Eumeta variegata Snellen, 1879". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  3. ^ Koçak, Ahmet Ömer; Kemal, Muhabbet (20 February 2012). "Preliminary list of the Lepidoptera of Sri Lanka". Cesa News (79): 1–57 – via Academia.
  4. ^ Savela, Markku. "Eumeta variegatus (Snellen, 1879)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  5. ^ "The Bagworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae, Oiketicinae) of Papua Indonesia". papua-insects. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  6. ^ "Morphology and life-history of the bagworm moth Eumeta variegata". Research Gate. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  7. ^ Niitsu, S.; Lobbia, S.; Izumi, S.; Fujiwara, H. (2008). "Female-specific wing degeneration is triggered by ecdysteroid in cultures of wing discs from the bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata". Cell and Tissue Research. 333 (1): 169–73. doi:10.1007/s00441-008-0615-7. PMID 18478269.
  8. ^ "An improved method for the culture of wing discs of the wingless bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata" (PDF). Eur. J. Entomol. 107: 687–690, 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  9. ^ Niitsu, S. (2003). "Postembryonic development of the wing imaginal discs in the female wingless bagworm moth Eumeta variegata". Journal of Morphology. 257 (2): 164–70. doi:10.1002/jmor.10116. PMID 12833377.
  10. ^ Community, Nature Portfolio Ecology & Evolution (2019-04-29). "High tensile strengths of bagworm moth silk is revealed by its genome – but is it "extraordinary"?". Nature Portfolio Ecology & Evolution Community. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  11. ^ Niitsu, Shuhei (2003). "Postembryonic development of the wing imaginal discs in the female wingless bagworm moth Eumeta variegata (Lepidoptera, Psychidae)". Journal of Morphology. 257 (2): 164–170. doi:10.1002/jmor.10116. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  12. ^ Niitsu, Shuhei; Lobbia, Saori; Izumi, Susumu; Fujiwara, Haruhiko (2008-07-01). "Female-specific wing degeneration is triggered by ecdysteroid in cultures of wing discs from the bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae)". Cell and Tissue Research. 333: 169–173. doi:10.1007/s00441-008-0615-7. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  13. ^ Arakawa, Kazuharu; Kono, Nobuaki; Ohtoshi, Rintaro; Nakamura, Hiroyuki; Tomita, Masaru (2018). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Eumeta variegata (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 3 (2): 812–813. doi:10.1080/23802359.2018.1495119. PMC 7799889. PMID 33474332.
  14. ^ "HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  15. ^ Sobczyk, Thomas. "The Bagworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) of Papua Indonesia". Papua-Insects.nl. The Papua Insects Foundation. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Pest attacks of Eumeta variegata". ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Eumeta variegata". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
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