Jump to content

Economy of Nigeria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Economy of nigeria)

Economy of Nigeria
Lagos, the financial centre of Nigeria
CurrencyNigerian naira (NGN, ₦)
1 April – 31 March[1]
Trade organisations
AU, AfCFTA, ECOWAS, WTO
Country group
Statistics
PopulationIncrease 223,804,632 (2023)[4]
GDP
  • Decrease $199.72 billion (nominal, Q3 2024)[5]
  • Increase $1.44 trillion (PPP, 2024)[6]
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • 2.2% (2019)[7]
  • -3.0% (2020 est.)[7]
  • 3.1% (2024 est.)[7]
GDP per capita
  • Decrease $1,109 (nominal, 2024)[5]
  • Increase $6,320 (PPP, 2024)[5]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
33.20% (2024 est.)[9]
Population below poverty line
Positive decrease 38.9% (2023 est.)[10]
Decrease 35.1 medium (2020)[11]
Increase 25 out of 100 points (2023, 145th rank)
Labour force
  • Increase 100,571,000 (Q1 2024)[13]
Labour force by occupation
Unemployment32.1% (Q1 2021)[15]
Main industries
cement, oil refining, construction and construction materials, food processing and food products, beverages and tobacco, textiles, apparel and footwear, pharmaceutical products, wood products, pulp paper products, chemicals, ceramic products, plastic and rubber products, electrical and electronic products, base metals: iron and steel, information technology, automobile manufacturing, and other manufacturing (2015)[16]
External
ExportsDecrease $42.4 billion (2022)[17]
Export goods
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, vehicles, aircraft parts, vessels, vegetable products, processed food, beverages, spirits and vinegar, cashew nuts, processed leather, cocoa, tobacco, aluminum alloys
(2015)[18]
Main export partners
ImportsDecrease $52 billion (2022)[17]
Import goods
industry supplies, machinery, appliances, vehicles, aircraft parts, chemicals, base metals
(2015)[18]
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Increase $116.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[19]
  • Increase Abroad: $16.93 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[19]
Increase $10.38 billion (2017 est.)[19]
Increase $85.9 billion (31 December 2020 est.)[20]
Public finances
Decrease 36.6% of GDP (2021 est.)[21]
$5.2 billion; 1% of GDP (2014)[22]
Revenues₦11.045 trillion[23]
14.16% of GDP (2023)[24]
Expenses₦21.827 trillion[23]
27.99% of GDP (2023)[24]
Increase $38.77 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[19]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


Change in per capita GDP of Nigeria, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International Geary-Khamis dollars.

The economy of Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market[27][28] with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology, and entertainment sectors.[29][30] It is ranked as the 53rd-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, the fourth largest in Africa and the 27th-largest in terms of purchasing power parity.

The country's re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the region of West Africa.[31] Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio was 36.63% in 2021 according to the IMF.[21]

Although oil revenues contributed 2/3 of state revenues,[32] oil only contributes about 9% to the GDP. Nigeria produces only about 2.7% of the world's oil supply. Although the petroleum sector is important, as government revenues still heavily rely on this sector, it remains a small part of the country's overall economy. The largely subsistence agricultural sector has not kept up with the country's rapid population growth. Nigeria was once a large net exporter of food, but currently imports some of its food products. Mechanization has led to a resurgence in the manufacturing and exporting of food products, and there was consequently a move towards food sufficiency.[33] In 2006, Nigeria came to an agreement with the Paris Club to buy back the bulk of its owed debts from them, in exchange for a cash payment of roughly US$12 billion.[34]

According to a Citigroup report published in February 2011, Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2050.[35] Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among the 11 Global Growth Generators countries.[36]

Overview

[edit]

In 2014, Nigeria rebased its GDP to account for fast-growing contributors such as telecommunications, banking, and its film industry to its economy.[1] [37] Human capital is underdeveloped, as Nigeria ranked 161 out of 189 countries in the United Nations Development Index in 2019[38]—and non-energy-related infrastructure is inadequate.

Nigeria has advanced efforts to provide universal primary education, and protect the environment.[39][40]

A requirement for achieving many of its objectives is reducing endemic corruption, which obstructs development and stains Nigeria's business environment. However, while broad-based progress has been slow, these efforts are becoming visible in international surveys of corruption.[41] Nigeria's ranking has mostly improved since 2001, ranking 154 out of 180 countries in Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.[42]

The Nigerian economy suffers from an ongoing supply crisis in the power sector. Despite a rapidly growing economy, some of the world's largest deposits of coal, oil, and gas and the country's status as Africa's largest oil producer, power supply difficulties are frequently experienced by residents.[43] Two-thirds of Nigerians expect living conditions to improve in the coming decades.[44][45] According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Nigeria's GDP grew by 3.19% in Q2 2024. The non-oil sector drove growth, expanding by 4.13%, while the oil sector contracted by -3.83%.[46]

Economic history

[edit]
Further information: Economic history of Nigeria

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation under 10% is in green.[47] The annual unemployment rate from 1991 to 2009 (in italic) is extracted from the World Bank, although the International Monetary Fund find them unreliable.[48]

Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1990 174.0 1,827.1 62.2 652.9 Increasen/a n/a n/a 71.7%
1991 Increase178.9 Increase1,831.2 Decrease60.1 Decrease615.7 Decrease-0.6% n/a Steady4.1% Negative increase75.0%
1992 Increase186.9 Increase1,866.4 Decrease52.3 Decrease521.9 Increase2.2% n/a Steady4.1% Positive decrease70.2%
1993 Increase194.4 Increase1,892.6 Increase56.8 Increase553.1 Increase1.6% n/a Steady4.1% Negative increase71.0%
1994 Increase199.0 Decrease1,890.3 Increase80.1 Increase761.0 Increase0.3% n/a Steady4.1% Positive decrease55.9%
1995 Increase207.0 Increase1,917.7 Increase132.2 Increase1,224.9 Increase1.9% n/a Steady4.1% Positive decrease34.0%
1996 Increase219.3 Increase1,982.0 Increase172.7 Increase1,560.4 Increase4.1% Negative increase29.3% Positive decrease4.0% Positive decrease25.2%
1997 Increase229.6 Increase2,023.4 Increase187.9 Increase1,655.8 Increase2.9% Negative increase10.7% Steady4.0% Positive decrease24.1%
1998 Increase237.9 Increase2,045.6 Increase209.7 Increase1,802.6 Increase2.5% Increase7.9% Steady4.0% Positive decrease22.3%
1999 Increase242.6 Decrease2,033.9 Decrease57.5 Decrease482.0 Increase0.5% Increase6.6% Steady4.0% Negative increase64.9%
2000 Increase261.7 Increase2,140.4 Increase67.8 Increase554.6 Increase5.5% Increase6.9% Steady4.0% Positive decrease57.6%
2001 Increase285.5 Increase2,276.7 Increase73.1 Increase583.2 Increase6.7% Negative increase18.9% Positive decrease3.9% Positive decrease53.1%
2002 Increase332.3 Increase2,583.9 Increase94.0 Increase730.8 Increase14.6% Negative increase12.9% Steady3.9% Positive decrease43.3%
2003 Increase371.0 Increase2,812.9 Increase102.9 Increase780.4 Increase9.5% Negative increase14.0% Steady3.9% Positive decrease42.1%
2004 Increase420.8 Increase3,109.5 Increase130.3 Increase963.2 Increase10.4% Negative increase15.0% Steady3.9% Positive decrease35.5%
2005 Increase464.4 Increase3,344.1 Increase169.6 Increase1,221.7 Increase7.0% Negative increase17.9% Steady3.9% Positive decrease18.9%
2006 Increase510.9 Increase3,584.4 Increase222.8 Increase1,563.0 Increase6.7% Increase8.2% Steady3.9% Positive decrease9.4%
2007 Increase563.1 Increase3,848.0 Increase262.2 Increase1,791.8 Increase7.3% Increase5.4% Positive decrease3.8% Positive decrease8.1%
2008 Increase615.2 Increase4,094.2 Increase330.3 Increase2,197.8 Increase7.2% Negative increase11.6% Steady3.8% Positive decrease7.3%
2009 Increase670.9 Increase4,347.3 Decrease297.5 Decrease1,927.5 Increase8.4% Negative increase12.5% Steady3.8% Negative increase8.6%
2010 Increase755.4 Increase4,765.9 Increase369.1 Increase2,328.4 Increase11.3% Negative increase13.7% Negative increase5.1% Negative increase9.4%
2011 Increase808.8 Increase4,967.8 Increase414.1 Increase2,543.5 Increase4.9% Negative increase10.8% Negative increase6.0% Negative increase17.4%
2012 Increase836.2 Increase5,000.0 Increase461.0 Increase2,756.4 Increase4.3% Negative increase12.2% Negative increase10.6% Negative increase17.6%
2013 Increase897.5 Increase5,225.2 Increase515.0 Increase2,998.1 Increase5.4% Increase8.5% Positive decrease10.0% Negative increase18.3%
2014 Increase971.5 Increase5,507.2 Increase568.5 Increase3,222.7 Increase6.3% Increase8.0% Positive decrease7.8% Positive decrease17.5%
2015 Increase982.9 Decrease5,426.3 Decrease492.4 Decrease2,718.6 Increase2.7% Increase9.0% Negative increase9.0% Negative increase20.3%
2016 Decrease973.4 Decrease5,234.7 Decrease404.6 Decrease2,176.0 Decrease-1.6% Negative increase15.7% Negative increase13.4% Negative increase23.4%
2017 Increase990.7 Decrease5,190.4 Decrease375.7 Decrease1,968.6 Increase0.8% Negative increase16.5% Negative increase17.5% Negative increase25.3%
2018 Increase1,033.9 Increase5,278.2 Increase421.7 Increase2,153.1 Increase1.9% Negative increase12.1% Negative increase22.6% Negative increase27.7%
2019 Increase1,075.6 Increase5,352.2 Increase448.1 Increase2,229.9 Increase2.2% Negative increase11.4% n/a Negative increase29.2%
2020 Decrease1,069.0 Decrease5,186.0 Decrease429.4 Decrease2,083.2 Decrease-1.8% Negative increase13.2% n/a Negative increase34.5%
2021 Increase1,154.1 Increase5,459.1 Increase441.5 Increase2,088.6 Increase3.6% Negative increase17.0% n/a Negative increase36.6%
2022 Increase1,275.3 Increase5,883.8 Increase504.2 Increase2,326.2 Increase3.2% Negative increase18.9% n/a Negative increase37.4%
2023 Increase1,360.3 Increase6,122.4 Increase574.3 Increase2,584.7 Increase3.0% Negative increase17.3% n/a Negative increase38.6%
2024 Increase1,429.7 Increase6,278.4 Increase651.3 Increase2,860.4 Increase2.9% Negative increase12.6% n/a Negative increase39.8%
2025 Increase1,498.3 Increase6,421.1 Increase738.0 Increase3,162.6 Increase2.9% Negative increase11.5% n/a Negative increase41.2%
2026 Increase1,571.4 Increase6,572.9 Increase835.8 Increase3,496.1 Increase2.9% Negative increase11.5% n/a Negative increase42.6%
2027 Increase1,648.3 Increase6,730.5 Increase945.3 Increase3,860.1 Increase2.9% Negative increase11.5% n/a Negative increase43.9%
Year Gross domestic product,
(PPP, in billions)		 US dollar exchange Inflation index
(2000=100)		 Per capita income
(as % of USA)
1980 *58 1 Naira 1.30 7%
1985 *82 3 Naira 3.20 5%
1990 *118 9 Naira 8.10 2.5%
1995 *155 50 Naira 56 3%
2000 170 100 Naira 100 3.5%
2005 291 130 Naira 207 4%
2010 392 150 Naira 108 5%
2012 451 158 Naira 121 7%
2014 972 180 Naira 10 11%
2015 1,089 220 Naira 10 10%
2016 1,093 280 Naira 17 10%
2017 1,125 360 Naira 5 (est) 10%

NOTES:

The US dollar exchange rate is an estimated average of the official rate throughout a year and does not reflect the parallel market rate at which the general population accesses foreign exchange. This rate ranged from a high of 520 in March 2017 to a low of 350 in August 2017, due to a scarcity of forex (oil earnings had dropped by half), and speculative activity as alleged by the Central Bank. All the while the official rate was pegged at 360.

Per capita income (as % of USA) is calculated using data from estimates in the PPP link above, and census estimates, based on growth rates between census periods. For instance, 2017 GDPs were 1,125 billion (Nigeria) vs. 19,417 billion (USA) and populations were estimated at 320 million vs 190 million. The ratio is, therefore (1125/19417) / (190/320), which roughly comes to 0.0975. These are estimates and are intended to get a feel for the relative wealth and standard of living, as well as the market potential of its middle class.[49]

This is a chart of trends of the global ranking of the Nigerian economy, in comparison with other countries of the world, derived from the historical List of countries by GDP (PPP).

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (est.)
Ranking 52 47 38 37 34 31 31 30 23 20 21 22 23

This chart shows the variance in the parallel exchange rate at which the Dollar can be obtained with Naira in Lagos, with "Best" being cheaper for a Nigerian (i.e. stronger Naira).[50] [51][52]

Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Best 195 345 350 370 380
Worst 237 490 520 430 490

For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US dollar is exchanged at US$1 to 314.27 Nigerian naira (as of 2017).[53]

The current GDP per capita of Nigeria expanded 132% in the sixties reaching a peak growth of 283% in the seventies. But this proved unsustainable, and it consequently shrank by 66% in the 1980s.[54] In the 1990s, diversification initiatives finally took effect and decadal growth was restored to 10%. Although GDP on a PPP basis did not increase until the 2000s.[55]

In 2012, the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture: 40%; services: 30%; manufacturing: 15%; oil: 14%.[56] By 2015, the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture: 18%; services: 55%; manufacturing: 16%; oil: 8%[16]

In 2005 Nigeria's inflation rate was an estimated 15.6%. Nigeria's goal under the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) program is to reduce inflation to the single digits.[57] By 2015, Nigeria's inflation stood at 9%. In 2005, the federal government had expenditures of US$13.54 billion but revenues of only US$12.86 billion, resulting in a budget deficit of 5%. By 2012, expenditures stood at $31.61 billion, while revenues were $54.48 billion.[58] In 2024, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) raised the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) again, this time to 18.5%, the 6th consecutive increase since September 2022.[59]

Agriculture

[edit]
Further information: Agriculture in Nigeria
Nigerian farmers in the Middle Belt (2006). 30% of Nigerians are employed in agriculture.[60]

The agricultural sector suffers from extremely low productivity, reflecting reliance on antiquated methods. Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria's rapid population growth, so the country, which once exported food, now imports a significant amount of food to sustain itself.[61] However, efforts are being made towards making the country food sufficient again. Africa's most populous country has failed to grow more food for its fast-rising population who must be fed with staples ranging from rice, beans, maize etc.[62]

Crop production

[edit]
Plant based food production in Nigeria, 2020, in million tonnes[63]

Nigeria ranks sixth worldwide and first in Africa in farm output.[64] The sector accounts for about 18% of GDP and almost one-third of employment. Though Nigeria is no longer a major exporter, due to local consumer boom, it is still a major producer of many agricultural products.[65] Further agricultural products include palm oil and rubber.

Roots and tubers

[edit]
Roots economy in the South and cereal economy in the North of Nigeria

Counting by weight, this "underground food" is the largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 118 million tonnes in 2020.[66] This group includes yam, cassava, potatoes and sweet potatoes. These food products are cultivated mostly in the south of Nigeria ("Roots economy").

Cereals

[edit]

The group of sorghum, pear millet etc. is the second-largest group of food produced in Nigeria, with 28.6 million tonnes in 2020.[66] 50% or 14 million tonnes of this is sorghum.[67] The sugar cane production adds another 1.5 million tonnes to this. Cereals are mostly cultivated in the savannah zone of the country,[67] and on the 23rd of June Nigeria's grain market report, the International Grains Council (IGC) placed Nigeria's total 2022-23 grains production at 21.6 million tonnes, this specific figure was reviewed from the previous month's forecast which was 21.1 million, It set the production in the year 2021–22 at 21.5 million which demonstrates and proves that there is an increase in the production of grains on the 23rd of June 2022 – 2023.[68]

Rice and paddy

[edit]
Peanut, oil palm, cocoa and cotton production in Nigeria.

The third-largest group of food produced in Nigeria is rice and paddy. In 2020, 8.2 million tonnes were produced.[66]

Oil crops

[edit]

Nigeria produced a good 4 million tonnes of oil crops in 2020. These are e.g. soybeans, sunflower seed, canola and peanuts.[66]

Citrus fruit

[edit]

Nigeria produced close to 4 million tonnes of citrus fruit in 2020. Main Nigerian citrus fruits are tangerine, grape, lemon and lime.[66]

Cocoa

[edit]

Cocoa production, mostly from obsolete varieties and overage trees has increased from around 180,000 tons annually to 350,000 tons.[65]

More products

[edit]

Beans, melons, pepper and vegetables are grown on chopping fields. Oil palms, rubber and bananas are grown for export. Palm oil plays a major role in Nigeria's burgeoning personal care products industry.

Livestock

[edit]

Cattle

[edit]
livestock in the Nigeria market
Livestock in Kano fruit market, Nigeria

In total, about 15 million head are kept. In addition, about five million pigs are kept. Small livestock such as sheep, goats and chickens are kept mainly for subsistence.

Poultry and Eggs

[edit]

An estimated 42% of Nigerians own chicken. As a result, poultry and eggs represent a popular commodity within the food industry. 46% of the poultry is kept in an extensive / free-range system. 300 thousand tonnes of poultry meat and 650 thousand tonnes of eggs are produced annually in Nigeria (estimation).[69]

Fishing

[edit]
A man catching fish
A man catching fish

In 2003, Nigeria recorded a fish production of 505.8 metric tons.[70] In 2015, production stood at 1 027 000 tonnes.[71]

Timber

[edit]

Roundwood removals totaled slightly less than 70 million cubic meters, and sawn wood production was estimated at 2 million cubic meters.

The paper industry in Nigeria has a long history that dates back to the 1960s and 1970s, when the government established three integrated pulp and paper mills: the Nigerian Paper Mill in Jebba; the Nigeria Newsprint Manufacturing Company, Oku Iboku; and the Iwopin Pulp and Paper Company. These mills were meant to meet the domestic demand for paper products and reduce import dependence.[72]

However, these mills have faced various challenges over the years, such as lack of maintenance, obsolete equipment, inadequate power supply, and scarcity of raw materials. As a result, they have either become moribund or are operating at low capacity. According to a report by allAfrica.com, only the Jebba mill still has a shoath of life.[73]

The local production of paper products in Nigeria is estimated at 265,000 metric tons per year, while the domestic demand is estimated at 3 million metric tons per annum.[72] This means that Nigeria relies heavily on importation of paper products to meet its needs, which costs the country about N182 billion annually. Importing paper products also exposes the country to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and international market prices.[74]

Food processing

[edit]

Peeling / Milling

[edit]
Main article: Imota rice mill

Until now, Nigeria exported unhusked rice but imported husked rice, the country's staple food. The rice mill in Imota, near Lagos, is expected to do the relevant processing domestically, improve the balance of trade and the labour market, and save unnecessary costs for transport and middlemen. It began operations in 2023 at low levels, and is expected to employ 250,000 people and produce 2.4 million 50-kg bags of rice annually when fully operational.[75][76]

Coconut oil milling and refining

[edit]

A multi-billion Naira coconut oil refinery, first of its kind in Africa started business in Akwa Ibom State. The St.Gabriel Coconut Refinery in Mkpat Enin was inaugurated in May 2022. The governor of Akwa Ibom promised to commence immediate training of indigenous hands to man the refinery, said the facility has a daily capacity to crack 1,000,000 coconuts and will employ no fewer than 3,000 direct and indirect staff.[77] Coconut oil goes for $1,326 per barrel, according to Governor Emmanuel.[77]

Dairy and meat

[edit]

Nigeria has 19 million head of cattle, the largest number in Africa.[78] Yet the dairy sector in Nigeria is only able to supply less than 10% of the country's demand for dairy products (as of June 2021), a gap expected to grow in line with population growth.[79]

Fan Milk, a Danone Group company, manufacturer of popular frozen dairy and ice cream brands, unveiled its newly completed model dairy in Odeda, Ogun state, in June 2022. This dairy farm is Danone's first investment in dairy farming in sub-Saharan Africa to boost local milk production in Nigeria. Fan Milk will launch a world-class dairy farm and training institute, leveraging the expertise of parent company Danone.[80][81]

In Lekki's Free Trade Zone, the Dano Milk Factory (Arla) opened in 2022.[82] - In 2021 farmer owned dairy co-operative Arla Foods started to build a dairy farm in Kaduna state with 200 hectares. It will keep 400 dairy cows and will have modern milking parlors and technology, also grass lands and living facilities for 25 employees.[79]

Bakery, household cereals, etc.

[edit]

Nigeria's bread sector is growing rapidly, with 72 percent dominated by small- and medium-scale bakers, according to a 2016 KPMG report. The bakery market of Nigeria is a $621 million industry.[83]

"Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery" is the bakery product group with the highest consumption (8.5M tonnes), which is 91% of total volume. "Fresh bread and miscellaneous bakery" exceeded the figures recorded for the second-largest product group "gingerbread, sweet biscuits and waffles" (689K tonnes), more than tenfold. The Nigerian bakery product market size is expected to show significant growth in the forecast period 2020–2026.[84]

Primera Food in cooperation with Michael Foods started production of noodles on a big scale in Ogun state in 2022.[80]

Kellogg's opened a production plant for her products in the Lekki Free Trade Zone in Lagos in 2022.[80] It is the second factory Kellogg's has built in Africa.[82]

In Jos, NASCO Foods produces biscuits and corn flakes. In 2022 they expanded their Jos factory.[80][85]

Mining and fossil fuel

[edit]

Mining

[edit]
Further information: Mining industry of Nigeria

The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for 0.3% of its gross domestic product. The domestic mining industry is largely underdeveloped, and minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt or iron ore, are imported. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the Federal Government of Nigeria, which grants titles for mineral exploration, mining, and sale of mineral resources.[86]

Mining regulation is handled by the Ministry of Solid Minerals Development, which oversees the management of all mineral resources. Mining law is codified in the Federal Minerals and Mining Act of 1999.

Oil

[edit]
Further information: Petroleum industry in Nigeria
Dangote oil refinery

The types of crude oil exported by Nigeria are Bonny light oil, Forcados crude oil, Qua Ibo crude oil and Brass River crude oil.[87] The U.S. remains Nigeria's largest buyer of crude oil, accounting for 40% of the country's total oil exports; Nigeria provides about 10% of overall U.S. oil imports and ranks as the fifth-largest source of U.S. imported oil.[88]

The United Kingdom is Nigeria's largest trading partner followed by the United States. The stock of U.S. investment is nearly $7 billion, mostly in the energy sector. ExxonMobil and Chevron are the two largest U.S. corporations in offshore oil and gas production.

Natural gas pipeline Nigeria–Morocco

[edit]

The supply of natural gas to Europe, which is threatened by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is pushing projects to transport Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.[89][90][91] In December 2022, Morocco's National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines signed Momoranda of Understanding with Nigeria, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ghana to start building the pipeline through the countries.[92][93]

Process and Industrial Developments dispute

[edit]

Process and Industrial Developments Ltd (P&ID) entered into a 20-year contract with the Nigerian government for natural gas supply and processing. Nigeria was to provide the gas, which PI&D was to refine so that it could be used to power the Nigerian electrical grid. PI&D could keep valuable byproducts for its own use. In 2012, PI&D demanded arbitration in London, alleging that Nigeria had not supplied the agreed quantity of gas or to construct the infrastructure it had agreed to build.[94] The arbitral tribunal awarded damages of more than £4.8 billion. The compensation was valued £8.15 billion with interest when the case was heard in London High Court in December 2022.[95]

Industry

[edit]

Cement

[edit]

Dangote and BUA are the dominating companies in the cement market of Nigeria. In May 2022, BUA opened a new, large scale cement plant in Sokoto, including its own 50 MW power station.[80]

Oil based products

[edit]

Historically, Nigeria has exported crude oil but imported the majority of petroleum products consumed in the country. In September 2024, Dangote Oil Refinery began operations with capacity to produce 650,000 barrels (~103 m liters) of petrol per day and the potential to significantly reduce Nigeria's reliance on imported petroleum products.[96] NNPC, Nigeria's state-owned oil firm, is the sole customer of the refinery.

Fertiliser and paint

[edit]

On 3 May 2022, after years of construction, a fertiliser production plant was commissioned near Lagos that will produce 3 million tonnes of fertiliser a year.[97][98] With no more Russian fertiliser coming onto the world market in 2022 due to the invasion of Ukraine, Nigeria is filling a gap in the market. "The fertiliser market is a seller's market", enthused company boss Dangote at the plant's opening. "People are begging for us to sell and we are choosy about who we sell to."[98]

A stone's throw away from the Dangote refinery BASF opened a factory in Lekki. BASF is mostly known for fertilisers, paints, and lacquers.[80]

Bodycare products, cleaning detergents

[edit]

The Colgate factory in the Lekki Free Trade Zone close to Lagos started to produce body care products in 2022.[80]

Pharmaceutical industry

[edit]

Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa (status 2022) and is projected to grow between $60 billion to $70 billion after COVID-19, experts say.[99] The pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria has headroom for growth and can potentially reach $4 billion over the next 10 years.[100] Goldstein Market Intelligence analyst forecast the Nigeria pharmaceuticals market size is set to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% over the forecast years of 2017–2030.[101] Most large pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are located in Lagos.[102]

The pharmaceutical producer with the most employees in Nigeria appears to be Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. They produce more than 140 pharmaceutical products, including painkillers, vitamins, haematinics, antimalarials, tussives, antibiotics, anthelmintics, antihistamines, antacids and cardioprotectants.[103]

Fidson Healthcare Plc produces painkillers, anti-allergies, blood pressure medicines, digestive aids, sleeping pills and cough syrup.[104] May & Baker Nig. Plc produces remedies against malaria, hypertension, diabetes, depressions and pain.[105] Swiss Pharma Nigeria produces pharmaceutical products of BAYER.[106]

Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing in Nweri

Vehicle industry

[edit]
Main article: Automotive industry in Nigeria

Nigerians buy 720,000 cars per year, but less than 20% of these are produced in Nigeria itself.[107]

Indigenous manufacturers

Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing[108] is located in Nnewi. It produces buses, SUVs and since May 2022 tricycles which are locally known as "kekes".[109][110]

Nord Automobiles Ltd has two assembly plants: one in Sangotedo, where all eight models are currently assembled; a plant in Epe is still under construction. The company currently manufactures its own plastic parts and plans to add steel stamping in the future.[111]

30 km north-east of Lagos Proforce Ltd. produces armoured vehicles.[112] Proforce sold an unknown number of armoured vehicles to Belarus in March 2022.[113] This is the first time that vehicles manufactured in Nigeria have been supplied to a European country.

Jet Motor Company in Epe, Lagos State, is producing Nigeria's first electric-powered delivery trucks in partnership with GIG Logistics.[114]

In Idah, Kogi State, Electric Motor Vehicle Company manufactures electrically powered vehicles. The company is owned by Prince Mustapha Mona Audu,[115] a Glasgow-educated computer specialist and son of a former governor. In May 2022, Audu unveiled the four-seater Adoja,[116] which he claims is the most environmentally friendly vehicle in Nigeria.[117]

Foreign manufacturers

The Stallion Group assembles 45,000 Volkswagen models in Lagos per annum.[107]

Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria (PAN) operates in Kaduna. In April 2022, Peugeot left the conglomerate and Aliko Dangote bought its shares.[118] The company name was changed to DPAN. DPAN will assemble mainly the Chinese brands Chery and Higer using pre-produced parts.[119] A new production line, Greenfield, will increase the output to 120 cars per day.[107][120]

Toolmaking industry

[edit]

In Oshogbo, there is a modest toolmaking industry. Products are e.g. CNC turning machines and industrial drilling machines, but also stud bolts and flanges.[121] Target market is the oil industry in the Niger delta.

Electronics

[edit]

The most successful manufacturer of laptops in Nigeria is, by their own admission, the indigenous Zinox Technologies in Lagos.[122]

Steel production

[edit]

According to its website, Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited produces 1.3 million tonnes of steel per year.[123] This would be equivalent to one-sixth of the UK's steel production in 2021.[124] Steel plants in Katsina, Jos and Osogbo no longer appear to be active.[125]

Services

[edit]

Nigeria ranks 27th worldwide and first in Africa in services output.[126]

Financial district in Lagos

Finance sector

[edit]
Main article: Banking in Nigeria

Nigeria is the largest financial market in Africa. As of November 2018, 21 commercial banks were licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). Nigeria has a relatively well-developed banking sector by regional standards, with regionally high level of banking penetration (44.2% vs. regional average of 17.8% for West Africa) and robust use of advanced financial instruments in the local economy. The country is also well connected to international financial markets and following the 2016–17 oil crisis, the country has seen an increasing influx of foreign capital over the past 12–18 months – capital importation in Nigeria jumped to US$6.3 billion in Q1–18 (594% yoy growth) vs. $12.3 billion for full year 2017 and $5.1 billion in 2016). However, the country is weighed down by high lending rates, which limits access to credit for smaller firms, particularly in the non-oil economy.[127] In 2024, the country's National Assembly denied that it had proposed to strip the central bank of the power to set interest rates.[128]

Nigeria leads the fintech sector, accounting for 28% of all fintech companies on the continent.[129] As of January 2024, Africa has over 1,263 active fintech companies. [130]

Telecommunication

[edit]
Main article: Telecommunications in Nigeria

The Nigerian Communications Commissions (NCC) said on January 14, 2022, the telecommunications sector contributed 12.45per cent to Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The commission through its chief executive officer (CEO), Prof Umar Garba Danbatta, during his convocation lecture, titled, "Empowering the Nigeria Youth Through Information and Communications Technology (ICT)" held at Fountain University, Osogbo, made this known. Prof Garba disclosed that the ICT sector has been consistently contributing above 10% of Nigeria's GDP for over 10 years. He noted, "Nigeria is Africa's largest ICT market with 82per cent of the continent's telecoms subscribers and 29per cent of internet usage."[131]

Nigeria ranks 11th in the world in the absolute number of internet users and 7th in the absolute number of mobile phones.[132][133]

Transport sector, forwarding, shipment

[edit]
Main article: Transport in Nigeria
Keke in Ikeja, Lagos

Due to Nigeria's location in the centre of Africa, transport plays a major role in the national service sector.

The Buhari administration made improvements to the infrastructure after 2015. Extensive road repairs and new construction have been carried out gradually as states in particular spend their share of increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the Second Niger Bridge at Onitsha, which is nearly completed in May 2022.[134]

Since 2009, Nigeria has been laying new railway tracks. These are operated by the state-owned Nigerian Railway Corporation. This has apparently generated a surplus since 2019, despite the covid epidemic.

Principal ports are at Lagos (Apapa and Tin Can Island), Port Harcourt (Onne), and Calabar. A deep seaport in Lekki, 50 km east of Lagos, is about to open in 2022.[135][136]

Five of Nigeria's airports (Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, Enugu and Abuja) currently fly to international destinations. The new national airline, "Nigeria Air", is scheduled to start operations in mid-2022.[citation needed]

Entertainment

[edit]

Movie industry, Television, Streaming

[edit]
Main article: Cinema of Nigeria

From Nollywood, films and soaps are broadcast to the whole of Africa. Nigeria is the second largest film nation in the world after India and ahead of the US.[137][138]

Music industry

[edit]
Main article: Music of Nigeria

Perhaps Nigeria's most famous musician is the inventor of Afrobeat Fela Anikulapo Kuti, who gave legendary concerts with his band "Africa 70" at the "Shrine" in Lagos. Other characteristic musical styles include Jùjú, Apala, Fuji and Sakara. In the field of pop music, Nigerian musicians living in Europe such as Sade Adu or Dr. Alban were very successful in the 1980s and 1990s. In Europe, Nneka is one of the best-known Nigerian pop musicians. One of the very few Nigerian artists living in Nigeria who has had commercial success in Europe is D'Banj. He even reached the European singles charts in summer 2012 with Oliver Twist. Wizkid reached number 1 in 2016 alongside Drake.

Social media

[edit]

Nigerians are passionate users of social media. In 2021 Nigerians spent 3 hours and 41 minutes on social media in average every day. This is much higher than the global average of 2 hours 22 minutes. The number of active social media users in Nigeria increased in 2021 by 22 percent, compared with a global average increase of 13 per cent. WhatsApp and Facebook are the most used social media platforms in Nigeria.[139]

Fashion

[edit]

The Lagos Leather Fair is the largest leather fair in West Africa. Nigeria is the sixth largest leather exporter in the world, with brands such as Prada, Gucci and Louis Vuitton sourcing their goods here. Fashion journalist Waridi Schrobsdorff even puts ‘Milan, Paris, Lagos’ on the same level on news channel N-tv.[140]

Tourism

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Tourism in Nigeria.[edit]
The temple of Yoruba goddess Oshun at Osun-Osogbo, an attraction for pilgrims and tourists alike
African bush elephants in Yankari National Park, Bauchi State
Multidisciplinary technologist Ade Olufeko inside Sungbo's Eredo in 2017
Students of the African Church on an excursion to the Olumo Rock
Mini waterfall at the grotto in Becheve Nature Reserve
Tourism in Nigeria centers largely on events, due to the country's ample amount of ethnic groups, but also includes rainforests, savannah, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.[141] Tourists spent US$2.6 billion in Nigeria in 2015. This dropped to US$1.5 billion in 2017.[142]

Data

[edit]

Electricity – production: 18.89 billion kWh (2009)

Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel: 61.69%
hydro: 38.31%
nuclear: 0%
other: <.1% (1998)

Electricity - consumption: 17.66 billion kWh (2009)

Electricity - exports: 40 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1998)

Oil - production: 2.35 million barrels per day (374×10^3 m3/d) (July 2006 est.)

Oil - consumption: 310,000 bbl/d (49,000 m3/d) (2003 est.)

Overseas remittances

[edit]

A major source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad.[143] In 2014, 17.5 million Nigerians lived in foreign countries, with the UK and the USA having more than 2 million Nigerians each.[143] From 2015, remittances overtook tax as a source of revenues.[144]

According to the International Organization for Migration, Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from US$2.3 billion in 2004 to $17.9 billion in 2007, representing 6.7% of GDP. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya, and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia.[145]

Labour force

[edit]

In 2015, Nigeria had a labour force of 74 million. In 2003, the unemployment rate was 10.8% overall; by 2015, unemployment stood at 6.4%.[146]

Since 1999, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC) a union umbrella organization, has called six general strikes to protest domestic fuel price increases. However, in March 2005 the government introduced legislation ending the NLC's monopoly over union organizing. In December 2005, the Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) was lobbying for an increase in the minimum wage for federal workers. The existing minimum wage, which was introduced six years earlier but has not been adjusted since, has been whittled away by inflation to only US$42.80 per month.[147]

According to the International Organization for Migration, the number of immigrants residing in Nigeria has more than doubled in recent decades – from 477,135 in 1991 to 971,450 in 2005. The majority of immigrants in Nigeria (74%) are from neighbouring Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and that this number has increased considerably over the last decade, from 63% in 2001 to 97% in 2005.[148]

The government has to pay a high interest rate on bonds in part because of the high fertility rate; there are many children and less savings.[149]

Human capital

[edit]
Further information: Education in Nigeria

As of 2019, Nigeria's HDI (Human Development Index) is ranked 161st at 0.539. The comparative value for Sub-Saharan Africa is 0.547, 0.926 for the US, and 0.737 for the world average.[38]

The value for the education index is 0.499, compared to the average in the US of 0.900. The expected years of schooling in Nigeria is 10.0 (16.3 in the US), while the mean years of schooling for adults over 25 years is 6.7 years (13.4 years in the US).[38] Additionally, Nigeria is also facing a relatively high inequality, worsening the problem regarding the formation of human capital.[150][151][152]

Child labour

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Child labour in Nigeria.[edit]
Child labour in Nigeria

Child labour in Nigeria is the employment of children under the age of 18 in a manner that restricts or prevents them from basic education and development. Child labour is pervasive in every state of the country.[153] In 2006, the number of child workers was estimated at 15 million.[154][155] Poverty is a major factor that drives child labour in Nigeria. In poor families, child labour is a major source of income for the family.[154]

About 6 million of Nigeria's children do not go to school at all. In the current conditions, these children do not have the time, energy or resources to go to school. Domestic servants were the least visible form of child labour, and often sexually harassed. Amongst informal economy and public places, street vending employed 64%. Midst informal enterprises in semipublic places, children were often observed as mechanics and bus conductors.[156]

Government policy

[edit]

Inflation

[edit]
Inflation and gdp growth in Nigeria, 2015 - 2021, Source: National Bureau of Statistics

In 2016, the black-market exchange rate of the Naira was about 60% above the official rate. The central bank releases about $200 million each week at the official exchange rate. However, some companies cite that budgets now include a 30% "premium" to be paid to central bank officials to get dollars.[157]

Nigeria's inflation rate rose to 15.63 per cent in December 2021 compared to 15.40 per cent in November, the National Bureau of Statistics announced on January 17, 2022. The statistics office said the prices of goods and services, measured by the Consumer Price Index, increased by 15.63 per cent in December 2021 when compared to December 2020. According to the NBS, this rise in the food index was caused by increases in prices of bread and cereals, food products, meat, fish, potatoes, yam and other tubers, soft drinks and fruits.[158]

In 2024 President Bola Tinubu sought to increase the 2024 budget by $13.7 billion to $77.3 billion. The proposed additional funds were $7.1 billion for infrastructure projects and $6.7 billion for recurrent expenditure.[159]

Foreign economic relations

[edit]

Nigeria's foreign economic relations revolve around its role in supplying the world economy with oil and natural gas, even as the country seeks to diversify its exports, harmonize tariffs in line with a potential customs union sought by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and encourage inflows of foreign portfolio and direct investment. In October 2005, Nigeria implemented the ECOWAS common external tariff, which reduced the number of tariff bands.[160]

Prior to this revision, tariffs constituted Nigeria's second largest source of revenue after oil exports. In 2005 Nigeria achieved a major breakthrough when it reached an agreement with the Paris Club to eliminate its bilateral debt through a combination of write-downs and buybacks.[161] Nigeria joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in July 1971 and the World Trade Organization in January 1995.

If the global transition to renewable energy is completed and international demand for Nigeria's petroleum resources ceases, Nigeria will be significantly weakened. It is ranked 149 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition (GeGaLo).[162]

External trade

[edit]
Nigeria's exports in 2006

In 2017, Nigeria imported about US$34.2 billion of goods.[163] In 2017 the leading sources of imports were China (28%), the Belgium-Luxembourg (8.9%), the Netherlands (8.3%), South Korea (6.4%), the United States (6.0%) and the India (4.6%).[164] Principal imports were manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, and food and live animals.

In 2017, Nigeria exported about US$46.68 billion worth of goods.[165] In 2017, the leading destinations for exports were India (18%), the United States (14%), Spain (9.7%), France (6.0%) and the Netherlands (4.9%).[164] In 2017 oil accounted for 83% of merchandise exports.[165] Natural rubber and cocoa are the country's major agricultural exports.[19]

In 2005, Nigeria posted a US$26 billion trade surplus, corresponding to almost 20% of gross domestic product. In 2005, Nigeria achieved a positive current account balance of US$9.6 billion. The Nigerian currency is the naira (NGN). As of June 2006, the exchange rate was about US$1=NGN128.4. As of June 2019, it stands at US$1 =NGN357. In recent years, Nigeria has expanded its trade relations with other developing countries such as India. Nigeria is the largest African crude oil supplier to India – it annually exports 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d) to India valued at US$10 billion annually.[166]

India is the largest purchaser of Nigeria's oil which fulfills 20% to 25% of India's domestic oil demand. Indian oil companies are also involved in oil drilling operations in Nigeria and have plans to set up refineries there.[167]

The trade volume between Nigeria and the United Kingdom rose by 35% from USD6.3 billion in 2010 to USD8.5 billion in 2011.[168]

In Q1 2024, Nigeria's exports were dominated by petroleum products, including crude oil and liquefied natural gas. Major export destinations included China, India, and the Netherlands.[169]

This period saw a notable increase in energy exports, reinforcing Nigeria's role as a key player in the global energy market. The Apapa Port in Lagos handled the bulk of these exports, showcasing the port's significance in the country's trade infrastructure.

External debt

[edit]

In 2012, Nigeria's external debt was an estimated $5.9 billion and N5.6 trillion domestic, putting total debt at $44 billion.[170]

In April 2006, Nigeria became the first African country to fully pay off its debt owed to the Paris Club.[171] This was structured as a debt write off of approximately $18 billion and a cash payment of approximately $12 billion.

Foreign investment

[edit]

In 2012, Nigeria received a net inflow of US$85.73 billion foreign direct investment (FDI), much of which came from Nigerians in the diaspora. Most FDI is directed toward the energy and banking sectors. Any public designed to encourage inflow of foreign capital is capable of generating employment opportunities within the domestic economy. The Nigerian Enterprises Promotion (NEP) Decree of 1972 (revised in 1977) was intended to reduce foreign investment in the Nigerian economy.

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Nigeria was valued at $97.75 billion on 15 February 2008 by the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

Swiss Banks to return Abacha Stolen Funds

[edit]

The Swiss foreign ministry says it has done all it can to ensure that funds stolen by the late Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha were used properly in his homeland. The authorities were responding to allegations that $200 million (SFr240 million) of $700 million handed back by the Swiss Banks to Nigeria had been misappropriated.[172]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 Appropriation Act - Budget Office of the Federation - Federal Republic of Nigeria". Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  2. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". World Bank. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Population, total". World Bank. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  6. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  7. ^ a b c "International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database April 2021: Nigeria; Gross domestic product, constant prices; Percent change". imf.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  8. ^ "Nigeria's GDP Grew By 1.87% YoY in Real Terms in Q1 2020". Proshareng. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  9. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2020". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  10. ^ "The World Bank in Nigeria". Businessamlive. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Poverty and Inequality Index". National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  12. ^ "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Labour Force and Unemployment Report". National Bureau of Statistics. Third Quarter 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  14. ^ "Labour Force Statistics, 2010". Nigerian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Nigeria's unemployment rate rises to 23.1% – NBS". Premium Times. 19 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  16. ^ a b "Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report Q2 2015". National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d "Nigeria". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  18. ^ a b "Foreign Trade Statistics". National Bureau of Statistics. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  20. ^ "DEBT - EXTERNAL". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  21. ^ a b "IMF Central Government Debt". IMF.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Nigeria's budget deficit now 1% after rebasing". News 24. 27 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  23. ^ a b "Approved 2023 Budget of Fiscal Consolidation and Transition". Budget Office of the Federation. Retrieved 4 June 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: June 2023". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  26. ^ a b Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's, and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  27. ^ Duntoye, Sunday Joseph (8 October 2020). "With Lived Poverty on the Rise, Nigerians Rate Government Performance as Poor". Africa Portal. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  28. ^ Healthcare, Expatriate (9 December 2017). "How Much Does It Cost to Live in Nigeria? - Expatriate Healthcare". Expatriate Group. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  29. ^ "Nigeria Economy". nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Economic Growth and Trade | Nigeria | U.S. Agency for International Development". www.usaid.gov. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Manufacturing Sector Report, 2015: Manufacturing in Africa" (PDF). KPMG. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  32. ^ "Low oil price and currency controls hit Nigeria hard". Financial Times. April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  33. ^ "Nigeria at a glance | FAO in Nigeria | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". fao.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Resolving Nigeria's Debt Through a Discounted Buyback". Center For Global Development. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  35. ^ "The Economic Development of Nigeria from 1914 to 2014". CASADE. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  36. ^ "FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future". Business Insider. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  37. ^ "Africa's new Number One". The Economist. 12 April 2014. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  38. ^ a b c "2020 Human Development Report" (PDF). UNDP. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  39. ^ "Why innovation must be the new development strategy". Christensen Institute. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  40. ^ ""Nigeria's challenge – universal primary education" | YourCommonwealth". yourcommonwealth.org. May 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  41. ^ "The economic context of Nigeria - Economic and Political Overview - Nordea Trade Portal". www.nordeatrade.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  42. ^ "Report corruption in Nigeria". Transparency.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  43. ^ "Finding Lasting Solution to Nigeria's Power Problem". THISDAYLIVE. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  44. ^ "Economic Growth and Trade | Nigeria". U.S. Agency for International Development. 16 February 2023. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  45. ^ The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 4.
  46. ^ Udi, Aghogho (26 August 2024). "Nigeria's GDP grows by 3.19% in Q2, 2024 – NBS". Nairametrics. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  47. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  48. ^ "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  49. ^ "GDP per capita (current US$) - Nigeria | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  50. ^ "Your daily Naira exchange rate". abokifx.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  51. ^ "Daily Parallel Market Exchange Rate". nairametrics.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  52. ^ "Dollar to Naira Exchange Rates Today". tradenaira.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  53. ^ "XE: Convert USD/NGN. United States Dollar to Nigeria Naira". xe.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  54. ^ "Nigeria GDP 1960-2020". macrotrends.net. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  55. ^ "factfish Gross domestic product per capita, constant 2005 US $ for Nigeria". factfish.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  56. ^ "News 2012". Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  57. ^ Bodedandyin #africa • 2 Years Ago (12 January 2018). "Africa Economy and Crypto-Currency; How Crypto-Currency Can Help To Boost Africa Economy". Steemit. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ "Nigeria's 2012 t0 2014 Revenue and expenditure framework". Nigeria Business News |Nigeria Financial News | Nigeria Economy News | Business News in Nigeria | Nigeria Stock Market News. 2 October 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  59. ^ Adegboyega, Ayodeji (23 July 2024). "Again, CBN raises interest rate". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  60. ^ Olomola Ade S. (2007) "Strategies for Managing the Opportunities and Challenges of the Current Agricultural Commodity Booms in SSA" in Seminar Papers on Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Publication of the AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya
  61. ^ Iloani, Francis Arinze (15 August 2019). "Nigeria spent N40trn on food imports in 21yrs – Data". Daily Trust. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  62. ^ "BusinessDay News". Businessday NG. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  63. ^ "Nigeria Vegetables primary production, 1961-2021 - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  64. ^ "Countries ranked by Agriculture, value added (current US$) - Africa". www.indexmundi.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  65. ^ a b "Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria". Reviving the Cocoa Industry in Nigeria. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  66. ^ a b c d e "Nigeria Vegetables primary production, 1961-2021 - knoema.com". Knoema. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  67. ^ a b Extquest (1 June 2019). "Cereals production in Nigeria: Problems, constraints and opportunities for betterment". Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  68. ^ "Focus on Nigeria | World Grain". www.world-grain.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  69. ^ "FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA" (PDF). www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com. Flanders Investment and Trade Office. 30 October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  70. ^ "Nigeria: ECONOMY". data.mongabay.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  71. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture". www.fao.org. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  72. ^ a b Ezeudu, Obiora B.; Agunwamba, Jonah C.; Ezeasor, Ikenna C.; Madu, Christian N. (March 2019). "Sustainable Production and Consumption of Paper and Paper Products in Nigeria: A Review". Resources. 8 (1): 53. doi:10.3390/resources8010053. ISSN 2079-9276.
  73. ^ Onwuamaeze, Dike (15 February 2022). "Nigeria: Paper Industry - a Sector in Death Throes". This Day. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  74. ^ "Nigeria misses out on $351bn market as paper mills remain moribund". Businessday.ng. 7 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  75. ^ https://agronigeria.ng/lagos-targets-100000-metric-tons-of-rice-paddy/
  76. ^ https://guardian.ng/features/lagos-requires-n50b-to-produce-100000mt-of-paddy-rice/
  77. ^ a b "First Multi-billion Naira Coconut Oil Refinery in Africa Inaugurated in A'Ibom – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  78. ^ "Nigeria to Increase Beef Consumption to 1.3 Million Tonnes By 2050 - Adesina". 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2017 – via AllAfrica.
  79. ^ a b dairyreporter.com (21 June 2021). "Arla builds dairy farm in Nigeria to support local milk production". dairyreporter.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Massive New Factories As Investors Scramble For Nigeria's Market, 29 June 2022, archived from the original on 30 June 2022, retrieved 30 June 2022
  81. ^ "Fan Milk Danone model dairy farm ready for commissioning". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 20 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  82. ^ a b "Nigeria: The Lagos Free Zone - complete with port - aims to transform industrial growth". The Africa Report.com. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  83. ^ "72% of Nigeria's $621m bread industry dominated by small-scale bakers". Businessday NG. 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  84. ^ Ajansı, Newclick Dijital Reklam. "Bread and bakery market overview in Nigeria". magazinebbm.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  85. ^ "NASCO FOODS - Food manufacturer in Jos, Nigeria". www.top-rated.online. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  86. ^ "Investment and Mining Opportunities" (PDF). Ministry of Solid Minerals Development. Retrieved 12 April 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  87. ^ "Qua Iboe, Brass crude up by $5, trades at $21 per barrel". TheCable Petrobarometer. 23 April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  88. ^ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". eia.gov. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  89. ^ "Morocco closer to activating the gas pipeline with Nigeria". Atalayar. 27 April 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  90. ^ "Nigeria's president launches new gas pipeline project". www.aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  91. ^ "Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates". Construction Review Online. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  92. ^ Kasraoui, Safaa. "Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline Faces Construction Delays Amid Challenges". Morocco World News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  93. ^ "Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline - NNPCL Signs MOU With Ghana, Gambia, Guinea Bissau Oil Firms". Leadership. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  94. ^ Folkman, Ted (14 March 2022). "Case of the Day: Process & Industrial Developments v. Nigeria". Folkman LLC. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  95. ^ "Nigerian government mired in corruption tries to stop £8.15 billion gas contract compenstation – Court News UK". 2 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  96. ^ "Africa's richest man betting $21bn on oil and fertiliser". eBusiness Weekly. 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  97. ^ Abiodun, Eromosele (28 April 2022). "Nigeria's Path to Irreversible Industrial Revolution". THISDAYLIVE. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  98. ^ a b "Dangote's timely fertiliser plant pays off as prices soar". African Business. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  99. ^ Onyesi, Chika (6 October 2021). "'Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity'". Daily Post Nigeria. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  100. ^ "The Prospects of Nigeria's Pharma Industry". Lagos Business School. 27 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  101. ^ Goldstein Market Intelligence. "Nigeria Pharmaceutical Market Outlook: Market Segmentation By Type, & By Region With Forecast 2017-2030". Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  102. ^ Yahaya, Abdulwali (19 September 2019). "Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products". Nigerian Infopedia. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  103. ^ "About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited". Emzor. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  104. ^ Fidson. "Our Company – Fidson Healthcare PLC". Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  105. ^ "May and Baker Plc. – Supporting your Health for Life". Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  106. ^ "Welcome to swiss pharma nigeria limited". www.swiphanigeria.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  107. ^ a b c "A new car assembly plant begins operation in Nigeria". NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies (CAS). Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  108. ^ "5 Advantages Of Driving An Innoson Vehicle". Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing. 18 December 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  109. ^ Obafemee80 (20 May 2022). "Innoson Introduces IVM-branded Tricycles 'Keke Marwa' Into The Nigerian Market". AUTOJOSH. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  110. ^ "Innoson Sets Unit Price of its IVM Keke". Business Compiler. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  111. ^ "How this entrepreneur started a Nigerian car brand". How we made it in Africa. 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  112. ^ "Proforce Limited armored vehicles manufacturer Nigeria | Nigeria Defence and Security Industry | Africa defence industry company UK". www.armyrecognition.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  113. ^ Nigeria's Proforce to Supply Armored Vehicles to Belarus, 15 March 2022, archived from the original on 30 May 2022, retrieved 30 May 2022
  114. ^ Brand Spur (30 July 2021). "GIGL Partners JET Motor To Launch First Electric Vehicle For Deliveries In Nigeria". Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  115. ^ "A GLANCE AT PRINCE MUSTAPHA MONA AUDU (PMMA)". Emporium Reporters. 19 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  116. ^ admin (7 May 2022). "History Made as Prince Mustapha Mona Audu Unveils ADOJA - An". Global Times Nigeria News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  117. ^ Prince Mustapha Mona Audu inventor of Electric powered Engines in Nigeria..., 25 April 2022, archived from the original on 12 July 2022, retrieved 12 July 2022
  118. ^ "PAN Nigeria parts ways with Peugeot, settles for Higer, Chery". Vanguard News. 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  119. ^ Odunewu, Segun (18 February 2022). "We're ready to roll out Chery and Higer vehicles – PAN Nigeria". Blueprint Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  120. ^ AutoReportAfrica (7 February 2022). "Dangote Peugeot Begins Operations at New Green Field Ultima Assembly Plant in Kaduna". ..:: AUTO REPORT AFRICA ::.. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  121. ^ "CNC/Conventional Machine Manufacturing". Nigeria Machine Tools. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  122. ^ "Zinox Technologies". zinoxtechnologies.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  123. ^ "Products : Ajaokuta Steel Company: ...the Bedrock of Nigeria's Industrialization". www.ajaokutasteel.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  124. ^ "Steel Production by Country 2022". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  125. ^ "Nigeria to revive steel rolling mills – Official | Premium Times Nigeria". 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  126. ^ "Nigeria Tops South Africa as the Continent's Biggest Economy". bloomberg.com. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  127. ^ "Sustainability In The Nigerian Financial Sector – ESRM Africa". Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  128. ^ Aduloju, Bunmi (31 May 2024). "Senate panel: no plan to strop CBN of power to set interest rate". The Cable. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  129. ^ Bank, European Investment (7 November 2024). Finance in Africa: Unlocking investment in an era of digital transformation and climate transition. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5767-7.
  130. ^ Smith, Theresa (2 December 2024). "Banking in Africa: Unlocking investment". ESI-Africa.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  131. ^ "'Telecoms add 12.45% to Nigeria's GDP' - The Nation Newspaper". 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  132. ^ "Nigeria", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 15 May 2022, archived from the original on 9 January 2021, retrieved 26 May 2022
  133. ^ "Cell Phones by Country 2022". worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  134. ^ 2nd Niger Bridge Section Completed Ahead Of Schedule, Open To Traffic In July, 8 April 2022, archived from the original on 22 May 2022, retrieved 23 May 2022
  135. ^ "Lekki deep seaport to create 170,000 jobs – Minister - The Nation Newspaper". 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  136. ^ "FG says Lekki deep seaport to generate $201 billion revenue, to create 170,000 jobs". Nairametrics. 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  137. ^ Liston, Enjoli (10 April 2014). "Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight". The Guardian Newspaper. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  138. ^ Hazlewood, Phil (7 April 2014). "Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt". Sowetan Live. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  139. ^ "Uses and Abuses: How increased Social Media usage threatens Nigeria's democracy - Premium Times Nigeria". 6 December 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  140. ^ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Die Zukunft kommt aus Afrika". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  141. ^ Archibong, Maurice (18 March 2004). "Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped". The Sun Online. The Sun Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  142. ^ "Nigeria Tourism Statistics 1995-2022". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  143. ^ a b "Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy", Nigerian Tribune, 8 September 2014. Archived 17 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  144. ^ "Chart of the week: Tax v Remittances". SBM Intelligence. 13 May 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  145. ^ Cuevas-Mohr, Hugo (21 August 2019). "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and Market Development - IMTC". Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  146. ^ Onuba, Ifeanyi (15 May 2015). "Only 4.67 million Nigerians are unemployed —NBS". The Punch Newspaper. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  147. ^ "The struggle for a minimum wage in Nigeria". africasacountry.com. 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  148. ^ "Nigeria | OIM". iomdakar.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  149. ^ The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 5.
  150. ^ Elliott, Larry (21 January 2019). "World's 26 richest people own as much as poorest 50%, says Oxfam". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  151. ^ "World Poverty Clock". worldpoverty.io. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  152. ^ "Human capital development as key to solving Nigeria's economic challenges". Businessday NG. 22 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  153. ^ "Nigeria, still in the throes of child labour". Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  154. ^ a b "Information Sheet - Child Labour in Nigeria" (PDF). UNICEF. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  155. ^ "Modern Day Child Labour in Nigeria". CNN. 22 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  156. ^ "Child Labour – Nigeria, 2006" (PDF). UNICEF. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  157. ^ "Can you spare a dollar?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  158. ^ "Nigeria's annual inflation rate up after eight-month decline". 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  159. ^ TheCable (17 July 2024). "JUST IN: Tinubu asks n'assembly to increase 2024 budget by N6.2trn". TheCable. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  160. ^ "Nigeria implements ECOWAS common external tariff - Africa - Angola Press - ANGOP". angop.ao. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  161. ^ "Debt Relief Development: 2005 Debt Relief Agreement Nigeria". ECDPM. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  162. ^ Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019). "The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition". Energy Strategy Reviews. 26: 100406. Bibcode:2019EneSR..2600406O. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406. hdl:11250/2634876.
  163. ^ "OEC - Nigeria (NGA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners". oec.world. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  164. ^ a b "Nigeria". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  165. ^ a b "Nigeria facts and figures". opec.org. OPEC. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  166. ^ "India largest importer of Nigeria's crude oil in 2017 – NNPC". 23 May 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  167. ^ "India now Nigeria's biggest crude oil buyer". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  168. ^ Nigeria, UK Trade Hits U.S.$9 Billion in 2011, Africa: AllAfrica.com, 2012, archived from the original on 6 March 2014, retrieved 27 September 2012
  169. ^ "Nigeria's Q1 2024 Foreign Trade Report: A Comprehensive Overview". Naijaecho.com.ng. 9 June 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  170. ^ "Nigeria's Domestic, External Debts Now $44bn, Articles - THISDAY LIVE". Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  171. ^ "Nigeria settles Paris Club debt". 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  172. ^ swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting (5 December 2006). "Swiss respond to Abacha funds allegation". SWI swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Nigeria&oldid=1263293811"