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The 2010 census found that the most commonly spoken [[mother tongue]]s were [[Tetum language|Tetum Prasa]] (mother tongue for 36.6% of the population), [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]] (12.5%), [[Makasai]] (9.7%), [[Tetum language|Tetum Terik]] (6.0%), [[Baikenu]] (5.9%), [[Kemak language|Kemak]] (5.9%), [[Bunak language|Bunak]] (5.3%), [[Tokodede]] (3.7%), and [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (3.6%). Other indigenous languages largely accounted for the remaining 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively by just under 600 people.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District |title=Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas |url=http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf |work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010 |publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance |page=205}}</ref>
The 2010 census found that the most commonly spoken [[mother tongue]]s were [[Tetum language|Tetum Prasa]] (mother tongue for 36.6% of the population), [[Mambai language (Timor)|Mambai]] (12.5%), [[Makasai]] (9.7%), [[Tetum language|Tetum Terik]] (6.0%), [[Baikenu]] (5.9%), [[Kemak language|Kemak]] (5.9%), [[Bunak language|Bunak]] (5.3%), [[Tokodede]] (3.7%), and [[Fataluku language|Fataluku]] (3.6%). Other indigenous languages largely accounted for the remaining 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively by just under 600 people.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District |title=Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas |url=http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf |work=Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010 |publisher=Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance |page=205}}</ref>
They have a big problem in language system

Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |first=Max L. |title=A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&pg=PA119 |date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-086920-4 |page=119}}</ref> During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing [[Javanese culture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jarnagin |first=Laura |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511-2011 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&pg=PA106 |date=1 April 2012 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4345-50-7 |page=106}}</ref> Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to [[Lusophone]] nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of [[Brazil]], Portugal, and the [[Latin Union]].<ref>[http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465]</ref>
Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |first=Max L. |title=A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&pg=PA119 |date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-086920-4 |page=119}}</ref> During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing [[Javanese culture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jarnagin |first=Laura |title=Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511-2011 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4A_RzBG4DjIC&pg=PA106 |date=1 April 2012 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4345-50-7 |page=106}}</ref> Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to [[Lusophone]] nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of [[Brazil]], Portugal, and the [[Latin Union]].<ref>[http://languagemagazine.com/?page_id=3465]</ref>


Revision as of 08:05, 5 June 2014

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
  • República Democrática de Timor-Leste (Portuguese)
  • Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste (Tetum)
Motto: "Unidade, Acção, Progresso" (Portuguese)
"Unity, Action, Progress"
Anthem: [Pátria] Error: {{native name}}: text has italic markup (help) (Portuguese)
"Fatherland"
Location of East Timor
Location of East Timor
Capital
and largest city
Dili
Official languages
Working languages
Demonym(s)East Timorese
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic[2]
• President
Taur Matan Ruak
Xanana Gusmão
Vicente da Silva Guterres
LegislatureNational Parliament
Independence 
from Portugal and Indonesia
1702
• Declared
November 28, 1975
• Restoredb
May 20, 2002
Area
• Total
14,874 km2 (5,743 sq mi) (159th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2013 estimate
1,172,390[3] (159th)
• Density
76.2/km2 (197.4/sq mi) (132nd)
GDP (PPP)2012 estimate
• Total
$4.244 billion[4]
• Per capita
$3,620[4]
GDP (nominal)2012 estimate
• Total
$1.293 billion[4]
• Per capita
$1,103[4]
HDI (2013)Increase 0.576[5]
medium (134th)
CurrencyUnited States dollar (USD)
Time zoneUTC+9
Drives onleft
Calling code+670
ISO 3166 codeTL
Internet TLD.tl d
  1. Fifteen further "national languages" are recognised by the Constitution.
  2. Defined as a restoration by the Constitution.
  3. Centavo coins also used.
  4. .tp is being phased out.

East Timor /ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔːr/ ⓘ or Timor-Leste /tiˈmɔːr ˈlɛʃteɪ/, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste,[6] is a country in Southeast Asia.[7] It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The country's size is about 15,410 km2 (5,400 sq mi).[8]

East Timor was colonised by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonisation of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory, and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. After independence, East Timor became a member of the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. It is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.

East Timor has a lower-middle-income economy.[9] About 37.4% of the country's population lives below the international poverty line – which means living on less than U.S. $1.25 per day[10] – and about 50% of the population is illiterate.[11] It continues to suffer the aftereffects of a decades-long struggle for independence against Indonesian occupation, which severely damaged the country's infrastructure and killed at least a hundred thousand people. The country is placed 134th on the Human Development Index (HDI). Nonetheless, East Timor is expected to have the sixth-largest percentage growth in GDP in the world for 2013.[12]

Etymology

"Timor" derives from timur, the word for "east" in Indonesian and Malay, which became Timor in Portuguese and entered English as Portuguese Timor. Leste is the Portuguese word for "east", resulting in "Timor-Leste" (East-East). In Tetum the name is Timór Lorosa'e, from Lorosa'e (lit "rising sun") the word for "east" in that language.

The official names under the Constitution are República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Repúblika Demokrátika Timor-Leste in Tetum.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) official short form in English and all other languages is Timor-Leste (codes: TLS & TL), which has been adopted by the United Nations,[13] the European Union,[14] and the national standards organisations of France (AFNOR), the United States (ANSI),[15] United Kingdom (BSI), Germany (DIN), and Sweden (SIS).

History

Main article: History of East Timor

It is believed that descendants from at least three waves of migration still live in East Timor. The first were related to the principal Australoid indigenous groups of New Guinea and Australia, and arrived before 40,000 years ago. Around 3000 BC, Austronesians migrated to Timor, and are thought to be associated with the development of agriculture on the island.[citation needed] Thirdly, proto-Malays arrived from south China and north Indochina.[16] Before colonialism Timor was included in Chinese and Indian trading networks, being in the 14th century an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey, and wax. It was the relative abundance of sandalwood in Timor that attracted European explorers to the island in the early 16th century.[17] During that time, European explorers reported that the island had a number of small chiefdoms or princedoms.[citation needed]

Portuguese Timor Arms (1935–1975)[18]

The Portuguese established outposts in Timor and Maluku. Effective European occupation of a small part of the territory began in 1769, when the city of Dili was founded and the colony of Portuguese Timor declared.[19] A definitive border between the Dutch colonised western half of the island and the Portuguese colonised eastern half of the island was established by the Permanent Court of Arbitration of 1914,[20] and it remains the international boundary between the successor states East Timor and Indonesia. For the Portuguese, East Timor remained little more than a neglected trading post until the late nineteenth century, with minimal investment in infrastructure, health, and education. Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports becoming significant in the mid-nineteenth century. As was often the case, Portuguese rule was generally neglectful but exploitative where it existed. [21]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a faltering home economy prompted the Portuguese to extract greater wealth from its colonies, which was met with East Timorese resistance.[22] During World War II, the Japanese occupied Dili, and the mountainous interior became the scene of a guerrilla campaign, known as the Battle of Timor. Waged by Allied forces and East Timorese volunteers against the Japanese, the struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 East Timorese.[23] Following the end of the war, Portuguese control was reinstated.

September 1999 demonstration for independence from Indonesia

The decolonisation process instigated by the 1974 Portuguese revolution saw Portugal effectively abandon the colony of East Timor. A civil war between supporters of East Timorese political parties, the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) and the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT), broke out in 1975 as the UDT attempted a coup that Fretilin resisted with the help of local Portuguese military.[24] Independence was unilaterally declared by Fretilin on November 28, 1975. The Indonesian government was fearful of an independent communist state within the Indonesian archipelago, and at the height of the Cold War, Western governments were supportive of Indonesia's position. The Indonesian military launched a full-scale invasion of East Timor in December 1975. Indonesia declared East Timor its 27th province on July 17, 1976 (Timor Timur).[25] The UN Security Council opposed the invasion and the territory's nominal status in the UN remained as "non-self-governing territory under Portuguese administration".

José Ramos-Horta, 1996 Nobel Peace Prize winner, second President of East Timor

Indonesia's occupation of East Timor was marked by violence and brutality. A detailed statistical report prepared for the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor cited a minimum bound of 102,800 conflict-related deaths in the period 1974–1999, namely, approximately 18,600 killings and 84,200 "excess" deaths from hunger and illness.[26] The East Timorese guerrilla force, Falintil, fought a campaign against the Indonesian forces from 1975 to 1999. The 1991 Dili Massacre was a turning point for the independence cause internationally, and an East Timor solidarity movement grew in Portugal, Australia, and the United States.

Following the resignation of Indonesian President Suharto, a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal allowed for a UN-supervised popular referendum in August 1999. The resulting clear vote for independence was met with a punitive campaign of violence by East Timorese pro-integration militia with the support of elements of the Indonesian military. With Indonesian permission, an Australian-led international peacekeeping force was deployed until order was restored. The administration of East Timor was taken over by the UN through the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) in October 1999.[27] The INTERFET deployment ended in February 2000 with the transfer of military command to the UN.[28] By May 2002, over 205,000 refugees had returned,[29] and East Timorese independence was formalised on 20 May 2002 with Xanana Gusmão sworn in as the country's first President. East Timor became a member of the UN on 27 September 2002.

The following year, Gusmão declined another presidential term and in the build-up to the April 2007 presidential elections there were renewed outbreaks of violence. José Ramos-Horta was elected President in the May 2007 election.[30] Ramos-Horta was critically injured in an attempted assassination in February 2008. Prime Minister Gusmão also faced gunfire separately but escaped unharmed. Australian reinforcements were immediately sent to help keep order.[31]

In 2006, the United Nations sent in security forces to restore order when unrest and factional fighting forced 15 percent of the population (155,000 people) to flee their homes. In March 2011, the UN handed-off operational control of the police force to the East Timor authorities.[32] The United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission on December 31, 2012.[33]

Government

Main article: Politics of East Timor
Government Palace in Dili.

The head of state of East Timor is the President of East Timor, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although his executive powers are somewhat limited, the president does have veto power over government's legislation. Following elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Prime Minister of East Timor. As head of government, the prime minister presides over the cabinet.

The unicameral East Timorese parliament is the National Parliament or Parlamento Nacional, whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five. The East Timorese constitution was modeled on that of Portugal. The country is still in the process of building its administration and governmental institutions. Government departments include the Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (police), East Timor Ministry for State and Internal Administration, Civil Aviation Division of Timor-Leste, and Immigration Department of Timor-Leste.[citation needed]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Districts of East Timor, Subdistricts of East Timor, and Sucos of East Timor
Administrative divisions of East Timor

East Timor is divided into thirteen administrative districts, which, in turn, are subdivided into 65 subdistricts, 442 sucos (villages), and 2,225 aldeias (hamlets).[34]

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of East Timor and Timor Leste Defence Force

East Timor sought membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2007, and a formal application was submitted in March 2011.[35] Indonesia supports East Timor's bid to join ASEAN.

F-FDTL soldiers standing in formation

The Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) is the military body responsible for the defence of East Timor. The F-FDTL was established in February 2001 and comprised two small infantry battalions, a small naval component, and several supporting units.

The F-FDTL's primary role is to protect East Timor from external threats. It also has an internal security role, which overlaps with that of the National Police of East Timor (Policia Nacional de Timor Leste, PNTL). This overlap has led to tensions between the services, which have been exacerbated by poor morale and lack of discipline within the F-FDTL.

The F-FDTL's problems came to a head in 2006 when almost half the force was dismissed following protests over discrimination and poor conditions. The dismissal contributed to a general collapse of both the F-FDTL and PNTL in May and forced the government to request foreign peacekeepers to restore security. The F-FDTL is being rebuilt with foreign assistance and has drawn up a long-term force development plan.

Geography

Main article: Geography of East Timor
Map of Timor showing cities and main roads.

Located in Southeast Asia,[36] the island of Timor is part of the Maritime Southeast Asia, and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. The Timor Sea separates the island from Australia to the south, and the Indonesian Province of East Nusa Tenggara lies to East Timor's west.

Much of the country is mountainous, and its highest is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at 2,963 metres (9,721 ft). The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. It is characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. The capital, largest city, and main port is Dili, and the second-largest city is the eastern town of Baucau. East Timor lies between latitudes 8° and 10°S, and longitudes 124° and 128°E.

Mountains in Aileu

The easternmost area of East Timor consists of the Paitchau Range and the Lake Ira Lalaro area, which contains the county's first conservation area, the Nino Konis Santana National Park.[37] It contains the last remaining tropical dry forested area within the country. It hosts a number of unique plant and animal species and is sparsely populated.[38] The northern coast is characterised by a number of coral reef systems that have been determined to be at risk.[39]

Economy

Main article: Economy of East Timor
East Timor Export Treemap, 2010
A filial of the Portuguese bank Caixa Geral de Depósitos, in Dili
Commerce in Baucau

East Timor has a market economy that used to depend upon exports of a few commodities such as coffee, marble, oil, and sandalwood.[40] East Timor's economy grew by about 10% in 2011 and at a similar rate in 2012.[41]

Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming.[42] Nearly half the population lives in extreme poverty.[42]

The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund was established in 2005, and by 2011 it had reached a worth of US$8.7 billion.[43] East Timor is labelled by the International Monetary Fund as the "most oil-dependent economy in the world".[44] The Petroleum Fund pays for nearly all of the government's annual budget, which has increased from $70 million in 2004 to $1.3 billion in 2011, with a $1.8 billion proposal for 2012.[43]

The economy is dependent on government spending and, to a lesser extent, assistance from international donors.[45] Private sector development has lagged due to human capital shortages, infrastructure weakness, an incomplete legal system, and an inefficient regulatory environment.[45] After petroleum, the second largest export is coffee, which generates about $10 million a year.[45] Starbucks is a major purchaser of East Timorese coffee.[46]

Dili's Harbour

According to data gathered in the 2010 census, 87.7% of urban and 18.9% of rural households have electricity, for an overall average of 36.7%.[47]

The agriculture sector employs 80% of the active population.[48] In 2009, about 67,000 households grew coffee in East Timor, with a large proportion being poor.[48] Currently, the gross margins are about $120 per hectare, with returns per labor-day of about $3.70.[48] There are 11,000 household growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers.[48]

The country was ranked 169th overall and last in the East Asia and Pacific region by the Doing Business 2013 report by the World Bank. The country fared particularly poorly in the 'registering property', 'enforcing contracts' and 'resolving insolvency' categories, ranking last worldwide in all three.[49]

The Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to Oceanic Exploration Corporation to develop petroleum and natural gas deposits in the waters southeast of Timor. However, this was curtailed by the Indonesian invasion in 1976.[citation needed] The resources were divided between Indonesia and Australia with the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989.[50] East Timor inherited no permanent maritime boundaries when it attained independence.[citation needed] A provisional agreement (the Timor Sea Treaty, signed when East Timor became independent on 20 May 2002) defined a Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA) and awarded 90% of revenues from existing projects in that area to East Timor and 10% to Australia.[51] An agreement in 2005 between the governments of East Timor and Australia mandated that both countries put aside their dispute over maritime boundaries and that East Timor would receive 50% of the revenues from the resource exploitation in the area (estimated at A$26 billion, or about US$20 billion over the lifetime of the project)[52] from the Greater Sunrise development.[53] In 2013, East Timor launched a case at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague to pull out of a gas treaty that it had signed with Australia, accusing the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) of bugging the East Timorese cabinet room in Dili in 2004.[54]

There are no patent laws in East Timor.[55]

Demographics

An East Timorese in traditional dress
Historical populations
YearPop.±% p.a.
1980 555,350—    
1990 747,557+3.02%
2001 787,340+0.47%
2004 923,198+5.45%
2010 1,066,582+2.44%
Source: 2010 census[56]
Main article: Demographics of East Timor

The population of East Timor is about 1,143,667.[7] The population is especially concentrated in the area around Dili.[citation needed]

The word Maubere,[57] formerly used by the Portuguese to refer to native East Timorese and often employed as synonymous with the illiterate and uneducated, was adopted by FReTiLIn as a term of pride.[58] They consist of a number of distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are of mixed Malayo-Polynesian and Melanesian/Papuan descent.[citation needed] The largest Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups are the Tetum[59] (100,000), primarily in the north coast and around Dili; the Mambai (80,000), in the central mountains; the Tukudede (63,170), in the area around Maubara and Liquiçá; the Galoli (50,000), between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae; the Kemak (50,000) in north-central Timor island; and the Baikeno (20,000), in the area around Pante Macassar.[citation needed]

The main tribes of predominantly Papuan origin include the Bunak (50,000), in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku (30,000), at the eastern tip of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae, toward the eastern end of the island.[citation needed] As a result of interracial marriage which was common during the Portuguese era, there is a population of people of mixed East Timorese and Portuguese origin, known in Portuguese as mestiços. There is a small Chinese minority, most of whom are Hakka. Many Chinese left in the mid-1970s.[60]

Languages

Main article: Languages of East Timor
Major language groups in East Timor by suco

East Timor's two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. Tetum belongs to the Austronesian family of languages spoken throughout Southeast Asia.[61]

The 2010 census found that the most commonly spoken mother tongues were Tetum Prasa (mother tongue for 36.6% of the population), Mambai (12.5%), Makasai (9.7%), Tetum Terik (6.0%), Baikenu (5.9%), Kemak (5.9%), Bunak (5.3%), Tokodede (3.7%), and Fataluku (3.6%). Other indigenous languages largely accounted for the remaining 10.9%, while Portuguese was spoken natively by just under 600 people.[62] They have a big problem in language system Under Indonesian rule, the use of Portuguese was banned and only Indonesian was allowed to be used in government offices, schools and public business.[63] During the Indonesian occupation, Tetum and Portuguese were important unifying elements for the East Timorese people in opposing Javanese culture.[64] Portuguese was adopted as one of the two official languages upon independence in 2002 for this reason and as a link to Lusophone nations in other parts of the world. It is now being taught and promoted with the help of Brazil, Portugal, and the Latin Union.[65]

Indonesian and English are defined as working languages under the Constitution in the Final and Transitional Provisions, without setting a final date. Aside from Tetum, Ethnologue lists the following indigenous languages: Adabe, Baikeno, Bunak, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idaté, Kairui-Midiki, Kemak, Lakalei, Makasae, Makuv'a, Mambae, Nauete, Tukudede, and Waima'a.[66] It is estimated that English is understood by 31.4% of the population. 23.5% speak, read, and write Portuguese as of 2012, which is up significantly from less than 5% in the 2006 UN Development Report.[67][68]

East Timor is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth) and of the Latin Union.[69]

According to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are six endangered languages in East Timor: Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, and Waima'a.[70]

Education

Portuguese School of Díli.

East Timor's adult literacy rate in 2010 was 58.3 per cent, up from just 37.6% in 2001.[71] Illiteracy is higher among women.[72] Illiteracy was at 95 per cent at the end of Portuguese rule.[73] In 2006, 10% to 30% of primary-school age children did not attend school.[74]

The National University of East Timor is the country's main university. There are also four colleges.[75]

Since independence, both Indonesian and Tetum have lost ground as mediums of instruction, while Portuguese has increased: in 2001 only 8.4% of primary school and 6.8% of secondary school students attended a Portuguese-medium school; by 2005 this had increased to 81.6% for primary and 46.3% for secondary schools.[76] Indonesian formerly played a considerable role in education, being used by 73.7% of all secondary school students as a medium of instruction, but by 2005 it was used by most schools only in Baucau, Manatuto, as well as the capital district.[76]

Health

Life expectancy at birth was at 60.7 in 2007.[72] The fertility rate is at six births per woman.[72] Healthy life expectancy at birth was at 55 years in 2007.[72] Government expenditure on health was at US$150 (PPP) per person in 2006.[72] Many people in East Timor lack safe drinking water.[74] There were two hospitals and 14 village healthcare facilities in 1974. By 1994, there were 11 hospitals and 330 healthcare centres.[75]

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for East Timor is 370. This is compared with 928.6 in 2008 and 1016.3 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 60 and the neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births is 27.[77] The number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 8 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 44.[78]

By 2015, due to a Cuban–East Timorese training programme initiated in 2003, East Timor will have more doctors per capita than any other country in southeast Asia.[79]

According to the Global Hunger Index of 2013, East Timor has an GHI indicator value of 29.6 indicating that the nation has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation' earning the nation the distinction of being the hungriest country in the entire continent of Asia and the 4th hungriest nation in the world.[80]

In 2007, a bad harvest led to deaths in several parts of East Timor. By November, eleven subdistricts still needed food supplied by international aid.[81]

Religion

Main article: Religion in East Timor
Balide church, Dili

According to the 2010 census, 96.9% of the population profess Catholicism; 2.2% Protestantism or Evangelicalism; 0.3% are Muslim; and 0.5% practise some other or no religion.[82] In rural areas, Catholicism is practised along with local traditions.[83] The number of churches has grown from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994.[75]

The principles of freedom of religion and separation of state and church are enshrined in the section 45 comma 1 of the East Timorese constitution.[84] Upon independence, East Timor became, with the Philippines, one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, although nearby parts of eastern Indonesia such as West Timor and Flores also have Catholic majorities.

The Roman Catholic Church divides East Timor into three dioceses: the Diocese of Díli, the Diocese of Baucau, and the Diocese of Maliana.[85] Church membership grew considerably under Indonesian rule as Indonesia's Pancasila state ideology requires all citizens to believe in God and does not recognise traditional beliefs. The constitution acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" of East Timor.[84]

Culture

Main article: Culture of East Timor
Sacred house (lee teinu) in Lospalos

The culture of East Timor reflects numerous influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic and Indonesian, on Timor's indigenous Austronesian and Melanesian cultures. East Timorese culture is heavily influenced by Austronesian legends. For example, East Timorese creation myth has it that an aging crocodile transformed into the island of Timor as part of a debt repayment to a young boy who had helped the crocodile when it was sick.[86] As a result, the island is shaped like a crocodile and the boy's descendants are the native East Timorese who inhabit it. The phrase "leaving the crocodile" refers to the pained exile of East Timorese from their island.

Arts

There is also a strong tradition[clarification needed] of poetry in the country.[citation needed] Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, for example, is a distinguished poet.[citation needed]

Architecturally, Portuguese-style buildings can be found, along with the traditional totem houses of the eastern region. These are known as uma lulik ("sacred houses") in Tetum and lee teinu ("legged houses") in Fataluku.[citation needed] Craftsmanship and the weaving of traditional scarves (tais) is also widespread.[citation needed]

An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of East Timor since the early 20th century.[87] The NFSA is working with the East Timor government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.[88] In 2013 the first East Timorese feature film, Beatriz's War, was released.[89]

Cuisine

The cuisine of East Timor consists of regional popular foods such as pork, fish, basil, tamarind, legumes, corn, rice, root vegetables, and tropical fruit. East Timorese cuisine has influences from Southeast Asian foods and from Portuguese dishes from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the century-old Portuguese presence on the island.

Sports

Sports organisations joined by East Timor include the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), joined the Union Cycliste Internationale, the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), and East Timor's national football team joined FIFA. East Timorese athletes competed in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, East Timorese athletes participated in athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor won three medals in Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. East Timor competed in the first Lusophony Games and, in October 2008, the country earned its first international points in a FIFA soccer match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.[90] East Timor competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Octávio Amorim Neto; Marina Costa Lobo (2010). "Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries". Social Science Research Network. Retrieved February 26, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  14. ^ "European Union deploys Election Observation Mission to Timor Leste". Europa (web portal). Retrieved March 28, 2010.
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  17. ^ Leibo, Steven (2012), East and Southeast Asia 2012 (45 ed.), Lanham, MD: Stryker Post, pp. 161–165, ISBN 1-6104-8885-7
  18. ^ "Flags of the World". Fotw.net. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  19. ^ http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/carneiroSousa.rtf
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  21. ^ Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-86373-635-0.
  22. ^ Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-86373-635-0.
  23. ^ Archived 2006-01-03 at the Wayback Machine Access date: January 3, 2007.
  24. ^ Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. p. 301. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
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  26. ^ Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (February 9, 2006). "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999". A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG).[dead link‍]
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  37. ^ "Nino Konis Santana National Park declared as Timor-Leste's (formerly East Timor) first national park". Wildlife Extra.
  38. ^ Norwegian energy and Water Resources Directorate (NVE) (2004), Iralalaro Hydropower Project Environmental Assessment
  39. ^ "ReefGIS – Reefs At Risk – Global 1998". Reefgis.reefbase.org. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
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  41. ^ "Timor-Leste's Economy Remains Strong, Prospects for Private Sector Development Strengthened". Asian Development Bank.
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  43. ^ a b "Observers divided over oil fund investment". IRIN Asia.
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  55. ^ "Gazetteer – Patents". Billanderson.com.au. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
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  57. ^ "Maubere" article at the German Wikipedia.
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  59. ^ Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-300-10518-6.
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  62. ^ "Table 13: Population distribution by mother tongue, Urban Rural and District". Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas (PDF). Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 205. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  63. ^ Gross, Max L. (February 14, 2008). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. Government Printing Office. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-16-086920-4.
  64. ^ Jarnagin, Laura (April 1, 2012). Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511-2011. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 106. ISBN 978-981-4345-50-7.
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  68. ^ Template:PDFlink
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  70. ^ "Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO.
  71. ^ "National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15-24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
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  73. ^ Roslyn Appleby (August 30, 2010). ELT, Gender and International Development: Myths of Progress in a Neocolonial World. Multilingual Matters. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-84769-303-7.
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  75. ^ a b c Robinson, G. If you leave us here, we will die, Princeton University Press 2010, p. 72.
  76. ^ a b "Table 5.7 - Profile Of Students That Attended The 2004/05 Academic Year By Rural And Urban Areas And By District". Direcção Nacional de Estatística.
  77. ^ "Timor-Leste" (PDF). United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  78. ^ "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  79. ^ Hodal, Kate (June 25, 2012). "Cuban infusion remains the lifeblood of Timor-Leste's health service". London: guardian.co.uk.
  80. ^ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: 2013 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2013.
  81. ^ Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Timor-Leste.
  82. ^ "Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas" (PDF). Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste, 2010. Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 21.
  83. ^ Hajek, John; Tilman, Alexandre Vital (October 1, 2001). East Timor Phrasebook. Lonely Planet. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-74059-020-4.
  84. ^ a b "Constitution Of The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" (PDF). Governo de Timor-Leste.
  85. ^ "Pope Benedict XVI erects new diocese in East Timor". Catholic News Agency.
  86. ^ Wise, Amanda (2006), Exile and Return Among the East Timorese, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 211–218, ISBN 0-8122-3909-1
  87. ^ NFSA provides insight into Timor-Leste history on nfsa.gov.au
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  89. ^ "Fresh start for East Timor's film scene". Sydney Morning Hearld. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  90. ^ Madra, Ek (October 30, 2008). "World's worst football team happy to win first point". Reuters. Retrieved February 11, 2013.

Bibliography

  • Cashmore, Ellis (1988). Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. New York: Routledge. ASIN B000NPHGX6
  • Charny, Israel W. Encyclopedia of Genocide Volume I. Denver: Abc Clio.
  • Dunn, James (1996). East Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: ABC Books.
  • Hägerdal, Hans (2012), Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea; Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600–1800. Oapen.org
  • Leach, Michael, and Damien Kingsbury, eds. The Politics of Timor-Leste: Democratic Consolidation After Intervention (Cornell Southeast Asia Program, distributed by Cornell University Press; 2013) 292 pages;
  • Levinson, David. Ethnic Relations. Denver: Abc Clio.
  • Rudolph, Joseph R. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts. Westport: Greenwood P, 2003. 101–106.
  • Shelton, Dinah. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Thompson Gale.
  • Taylor, John G. (1999). East Timor: The Price of Freedom. Australia: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-85649-840-1.
  • East Timor: a bibliography, a bibliographic reference, Jean A. Berlie, launched by PM Xanana Gusmão, Indes Savantes editor, Paris, France, published in 2001. ISBN 978-2-84654-012-4, ISBN 978-2-84654-012-4.
  • East Timor, politics and elections (in Chinese)/ 东帝汶政治与选举 (2001–2006): 国家建设及前景展望, Jean A. Berlie, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies of Jinan University editor, Jinan, China, published in 2007.
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