Dutch–Mataram conflicts
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Dutch–Mataram conflicts or Dutch–Mataram wars was a military and political conflicts between Mataram Sultanate and Dutch East Indies Company. At first this conflict was based on trade competition and over time it began to reach rivalry for throne and politics in Mataram.
| Dutch–Mataram conflicts | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Mataram siege of Batavia, 1628. (1680s print)[1][2] | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Mataram SultanateAnti-Dutch rebels |
 Dutch East India Company (VOC)Pro-Dutch factions | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Sultan Agung Amangkurat II # Untung Surapati † Amangkurat III Tan Kee Wie † Panji Margono † Singseh (POW) Pakubuwana II  [a] Hamengkubuwana I [b] Mangkunegara I |
Jan Pieterszoon Coen # Pakubuwana I François Tack † Bartholomeus Visscher Hugo Verijsel Pakubuwana II[c] # Cakraningrat IV Pakubuwana III Nicolaas Haartingh Hamengkubuwana I[d] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| unknown | |||||||||
Background
[edit]The conflict began when the Dutch East India Company came and sent ambassadors to trade and build lodges and forts on the North Coast of Mataram but this was rejected by the Sultan Agung.[3]
However, during the Military campaign in Surabaya, Sultan Agung used the VOC to help him fight against Surabaya and its alliance. After completing the conquest of Surabaya, the sultan sent his ambassador to Batavia to make peace with certain conditions but was rejected by the VOC.[4]
Untung Suropati managed to escape from slavery and then joined the rebel forces. He became famous for his fighting skills and bravery against the Dutch East India Company. In 1686, the VOC sent Captain François Tack to capture Untung Suropati, who at that time was considered a major threat to the stability of the VOC power in Java.
When the Trunajaya rebellion occurred, the capital of Mataram, Plered, was destroyed because of the rebellion. Finally they moved the capital to Kartasura. Amangkurat II, son of Amangkurat I and grandson of Sultan Agung, persuaded his older half-brother, Prince Puger[f], to come with him in Kartasura, then Prince Puger refused and it happened conflict.[5] Prince Puger lost and surrendered to Jacob Couper, a VOC officer who helped Amangkurat II and finally Prince Puger recognized Amangkurat II's sovereignty as Sultan and ruler of Mataram.[6]
After the First and Second Javanese War of Succession, there was a riot in Batavia. The riot was known as Geger Pacinan which left 10,000 Chinese traders dead and expelled them from Batavia.
Towards the end of October 1740, the survivors of the massacre, led by Khe Pandjang,[g] attempted to escape to Banten, but blocked by 3,000 troops of Banten Sultanate.[10][11] The survivors then fled to the east going to Semarang.[7][12] Although Chinese Lieutenant, Kwee Yong Khoo, had warned of the possibility that an uprising was imminent, the military commander for Java, Bartholomeus Visscher, ignored the threat. Although the Chinese were a minority group on Java, they began to form alliances with the Javanese, who were the largest ethnic group on the island.[13]
After the Chinese–Javanese rebellion, Mataram experienced many losses such as losing important cities, namely Demak and Semarang, and also losing a lot of territory and high financial losses. The war of succession raged again due to the bad treatment of the Governor General, Gustaaf Willem baron van Imhoff, towards Prince Mangkubumi[h], which made the Prince rebel against Dutch.[14][15]
Course of conflicts
[edit]Siege of Batavia (1628-1629)
[edit]
In the first attack, Bahureksa's fleet carried 150 head of cattle, 5,900 sacks of sugar, 26,600 coconuts and 12,000 sacks of rice for transfer to the Dutch. However, the Dutch realized this and created a line of defense. After many ships beached, they finally invaded Batavia and they were assisted by a second army in October led by Mandurareja. However, all these attacks failed. And in the end, Bahureksa and Mandurareja were executed in Batavia by executioners sent by Sultan Agung in December 1628.[16]
The second attack was carried out in May 1629, the first army was led by Adipati Ukur and the second army was led by Adipati Juminah. This time, Mataram prepared rice supplies in Karawang and Cirebon. When the attack was carried out they succeeded in damming and polluting the Ciliwung River which caused Jan Pieterszoon Coen to die from the Cholera epidemic. However, the Dutch used spies to find out Mataram's supplies and destroyed them so that the Mataram troops lacked supplies and were defeated.[17]
Untung Surapati rebellion
[edit]Battle of Kartasura (1686)
[edit]
In 1686, VOC sent Captain Tack to Kartasura to convince Amangkurat II to deliver Surapati to him. When he arrived there, Tack said that he was a soldier from Amangkurat who attacked Untung Surapati's residence.
In fact, this attack was carried out secretly, because Amangkurat II had no intention of releasing Surapati. Surapati was considered a valuable ally. Tack and 74 other people were finally killed by Surapati's troops. The remaining VOC troops withdrew to the Dutch garrison or troops in Kartasura. Surapati then left Kartasura and went to Pasuruan.
Attack on Pasuruan
[edit]In 1690, Amangkurat II pretended to send troops to seize Pasuruan. Of course, the Dutch troops failed because the battle was only a play as an attempt to deceive VOC.
First Javanese War of Succession (1704-1708)
[edit].jpeg)
In 1703, Amangkurat II died and was succeeded temporarily by his son Amangkurat III. His uncle, Prince Puger[i], fled from Kartasura to Semarang to seek support from the VOC, and after receiving support and recognizing Prince Puger as Sultan, Puger went to war against his nephew. He launched a military campaign that overwhelmed Amangkurat III and left many places behind.[18]
Finally, after several battles, Amangkurat III was forced to surrender and negotiate with the VOC. He handed over the status of Sultan to Prince Puger and the VOC exiled him to Ceylon. And also the Dutch made a contract with Mataram and also had to admit that Cirebon was a Dutch proctetorate.[19][20]
Battle of Kartasura (1705)
[edit]In early 1705, Prince Puger's troops, assisted by mercenaries of Ambon, Banda, Makassar, Madura, and Malay attacked Kartasura. This was a major defeat for Amangkurat III and the troops sacked Kartasura, there Prince Puger entered the palace and became Sultan.[18]
In October 1706, Prince Puger's troops again attacked Amangkurat III, this time in Pasuruan. They succeeded in defeating the Amangkurat troops and also the leader of the troops, namely Untung Surapati died due to this battle[21]
Java War and Yellow War
(1741–1750)
[edit]This war began when the riots occurred in Batavia and the survivors went to Semarang. There they formed an alliance with the Javanese and also planned a rebellion against the Dutch.[22]
The conflict began during the action in Pati (1741) and the rebels attacked the posts and houses of Dutch soldiers in Rembang, Juwana, Demak, and Jepara. This made the VOC commander at that time mentally unstable and was replaced by a new commander.[23][24][25][26]
Then the rebels immediately attacked and surrounded Semarang and this put pressure on the Dutch and also caused many casualties on the Dutch side. In this situation, the Dutch were almost desperate but reinforcements came and attacked the rebels so that the rebels were in disarray and Pakubuwana II left the rebels and chose to defect to the Dutch.[27][26][24][28]
And in the end, Pakubuwana II was considered a traitor by the Chinese-Javanese rebels and they launched an attack on Kartasura. The attack was successful and caused the Dutch troops and also the Pakubuwana II family to withdraw from Kartasura as a result of this attack. However, this victory did not last long. In the end, the Dutch attacked rebel posts in Demak and Kudus and defeated the rebels.[29][30][31]
Sack in Pati (1741)
[edit]In 1741, a group of 37 rebels attacked the house of a Dutch corporal in Pati, killing the corporal and looting the house including weapons.[7]
Battle of Juwana (1741)
[edit]On May 23, 1741, 1,000 rebel troops attacked Juwana's post in Rembang. They succeeded in defeating the Dutch troops there and looted all the treasures at the post.[24]
Battle of Jepara (1741)
[edit]After almost all the territory owned by the VOC was captured, finally the VOC commanders and troops were unable to provide significant resistance and they were increasingly pushed back and in the end Jepara fell into the hands of the rebels.[26]
Siege of Semarang (1741)
[edit]Rebel forces launched an attack on the VOC's most important city, namely Semarang. There they sent many expeditions so that Semarang fell into the hands of the rebels and this succeeded in bringing the rebels close to the VOC fortress in Semarang.[28][24]
And reinforcements came from Cakraningrat IV and also VOC reinforcements to counter this attack. They were finally able to regain the Semarang area that was captured by the rebels while killing many rebels. This situation made Pakubuwana II panic and in the end he decided to turned his coat from the rebels to the VOC.[32][33]
Fall of Kartasura (1742)
[edit]Pakubuwana II abandoned the rebels and was considered a traitor to the rebels, ultimately continuing this rebellion. [34][35]
Khe Pandjang, the leader of the Chinese rebels, attacked Kartasura and this attack was the biggest victory for the rebels because they captured the capital of Mataram and the palace there.[29]
Pakubuwana II's troops numbering 2,000 men continued to defend the city from rebel hands. Meanwhile, Pakubuwana II and his family fled and crossed the Bengawan Solo River and in the end the city of Kartasura fell into the hands of the rebels. [30]
Battle of Salatiga (1742)
[edit]VOC troops and Pakubuwana II troops cleared areas or places that were considered rebel nests, they were finally trapped in Salatiga and attacked by rebels and ultimately they lost. All soldiers were captured and executed.[36]
Battle of Demak and Kudus (1742)
[edit]In the end, VOC power returned and they were finally able to repel and defeat the rebels. They attacked Demak and Kudus which eventually returned to the VOC and also ended the rebellion.[37]
In 1747, troops led by Prince Mangkubumi[l] attacked Surakarta with 13,000 troops. They managed to defeat the VOC and get Surakarta, at that time the VOC was in the worst situation.[14]
Third Javanese War of Succession (1749-1757)
[edit]This war was caused by the Dutch's bad treatment of Prince Mangkubumi and finally he rebelled and attacked the VOC. This movement was also supported by Prince Sambernyawa[m], his cousin who was a brilliant soldier.[14]
After the appointment of Raden Mas Suryadi as Pakubuwana III, a split occurred which caused the war for the throne to take place, military campaigns were launched in Surakarta and Demak.[14]
And this caused serious divisions in Mataram and in the end this war ended with the Treaty of Giyanti, namely the treaty to separate the Mataram region.[38]
Battle of Surakarta (1750)
[edit]Mangkubumi attacked Surakarta again in 1750, they attacked the VOC and also managed to capture several posts there causing many casualties on the VOC side.[15]
Battle of Grobogan (1750)
[edit]In 1750, Mangkubumi's troops attacked Grobogan. This time, casualties fell on the VOC and caused the VOC to lose humiliatingly.[15]
Battle of Demak (1750)
[edit]Sambernyawa's troops attacked the VOC again in Demak Finally, the VOC was defeated and caused more casualties on the VOC side.[15]
Battle of Bogowonto (1750)
[edit]Mangkubumi and Sambernyawa troops attacked the VOC on the Bogowonto River and the attack was successful which resulted in the VOC losing and many casualties[15]
Aftermath
[edit]
In the end, Mataram lost all the wars they fought against the VOC and all these wars caused many areas to fall into the hands of the VOC.[19][20]
And also this conflict caused Mataram to collapse and suffer major losses in the treaty they made with the VOC and this war showed the supremacy of the VOC's power in the archipelago.[38]
References
[edit]- ^ Montanus, A. "Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien", hal. 358
- ^ [1] Afbeelding - AMH (Berkas AMH)
- ^ Drs R., Soekmono (1981). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 3. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 61. ISBN 9794132918.
- ^ Drs R., Soekmono (1981). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 3. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 61. ISBN 9794132918.
- ^ Hasibuan,H 2020, p. 15.
- ^ Hasibuan,H 2020, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d Setiono 2008, p. 135.
- ^ Raffles 1830, p. 235.
- ^ Dharmowijono 2009, p. 301.
- ^ Setiono 2008, pp. 114–116, 119.
- ^ Ricklefs 1983, p. 270.
- ^ Ricklefs 1983, p. 27.
- ^ Setiono 2008, pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b c d Ricklefs 2008, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d e Ricklefs 2008, p. 128.
- ^ Romain, Betrand (2011). L'Histoire à parts etalase, Récits ďune rencontre Orient-Occident. Paris: Seuil. pp. 420–430. ISBN 9782021057393.
- ^ Romain, Betrand (2011). L'Histoire à parts etalase, Récits ďune rencontre Orient-Occident. Paris: Seuil. pp. 430–436. ISBN 9782021057393.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 110.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 111.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 112.
- ^ Hasibuan,H 2020, p. 18.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 114-137.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 137.
- ^ a b c d Ricklefs 1983, p. 272.
- ^ Hall 1981, p. 357.
- ^ a b c Setiono 2008, p. 147.
- ^ Raffles 1830, p. 218.
- ^ a b Setiono 2008, p. 146.
- ^ a b Setiono 2008, p. 152.
- ^ a b Setiono 2008, p. 153.
- ^ Undian 1830, p. 244.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 148.
- ^ Ricklefs 1983, p. 281.
- ^ Raffles 1830, p. 242.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 156.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 151.
- ^ Setiono 2008, p. 155.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2008, p. 129.
- ^ Until the end of 1741; during the Java War (1741–1743). Pakubuwono II decided to surrender and turn to help the Dutch after Pakubuwana II's siege of Semarang was defeated.
- ^ Until 1752; during the Third Javanese War of Succession. This was caused by a dispute with Prince Sambernyawa.
- ^ Since the beginning of 1741
- ^ Since 1752
- ^ including mercenaries from Japan, China, India, Africa, Maluku Islands, Sulawesi, and Java
- ^ (Pakubuwana I)
- ^ Some sources give his name as Khe Pandjang, Que Pandjang, Si Pandjang, or Sie Pan Djiang,[7][8][9] Setiono stated that his real name was Oie Panko. [7]
- ^ (Hamengkubuwana I)
- ^ (Pakubuwana I)
- ^ This battle was also part of Untung Surapati rebellion
- ^ This battle was not part of the Java War or the Yellow War. This battle was the background for the Third Javanese War of Succession
- ^ (Hamengkubuwana I)
- ^ (Mangkunegara I)
Sources
[edit]- Dharmowijono, W. W. (2009). Van koelies, klontongs en kapiteins: het beeld van de Chinezen in Indisch-Nederlands literair proza 1880–1950 [Of Coolies, Klontong, and Captains: The Image of the Chinese in Indonesian-Dutch Literature 1880–1950] (Doctorate in Humanities thesis) (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdaam. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- Ricklefs, M.C (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200. New York: Palgrave Macmilan. ISBN 978-0-230-54686-8.
- Setiono, Benny G. (2008). Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik. Jakarta: TransMedia Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-799-052-7.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1983). "The crisis of 1740-1 in Java:the Javanese, Chinese, Madurese, and Dutch, and the Fall of the Court of Kartasura" (PDF). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 139 (2/3): 268–290. doi:10.1163/2213479-90003445 (inactive 8 January 2025). JSTOR 27863505.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link) - Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1830). Sejarah Pulau Jawa. London: Black. ISBN 9786231646279.
- Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). A History of South-east Asia. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-38641-2.
- Hasibuan,H (2020). Arsitektur Peninggalan Mataram dari Kacamata Mahasiswa (PDF). Jakarta Pusat: Arsitektur UMJ Press. ISBN 978-602-5428-40-1.
- Pigeaud, Theodore 1Gauthier Thomas (1976). Islamic States in Java 1500-1700. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoof. ISBN 90-247-1876-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)