Draft:Teplator
Submission declined on 15 February 2025 by Asilvering (talk).
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Submission declined on 30 January 2025 by DoubleGrazing (talk). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: Declined by DoubleGrazing 16 days ago.
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Comment: These sources are not independent. asilvering (talk) 10:17, 15 February 2025 (UTC)
Comment: A lot of the Technology section remains unsourced. As a rule of thumb, all claims in an article need to be sourced. Rambley (talk) 10:49, 30 January 2025 (UTC)
Teplator | |
---|---|
Reactor concept | Heavy water reactor |
Reactor type | Channels in reactor vessel |
Status | Conceptual design |
Main parameters of the reactor core | |
Fuel (fissile material) | 235U |
Fuel state | Solid |
Neutron energy spectrum | Thermal |
Primary control method | Control rods, moderator height |
Primary moderator | Heavy water |
Neutron reflector | Graphite |
Primary coolant | Heavy water |
Geometric arrangement | Hexagonal with 126 fuel pins |
Reactor usage | |
Primary use | District heating and cooling |
Power (thermal) | 50–200 MWt |
Website | https://www.teplator.cz/ |
Teplator is a design for a small modular reactor (SMR) developed by a consortium of the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen and the Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics, and Cybernetics at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Teplator builds on decades of development in nuclear energy and relies on proven technologies of thermal nuclear reactors. Its design is most similar to that of the well-known Canadian CANDU reactor. The project aims to create a standardized small modular reactor that provides cost-effective, emission-free heat for district heating or cooling. Teplator is a channel-type heavy-water reactor that uses heavy water as both coolant and moderator. A key feature of the design is its ability to utilize already-used nuclear fuel from conventional reactors (BWR, PWR, and VVER) or slightly enriched fresh fuel.[1][2]
The design of the reactor and its systems includes, among other features, two storage tanks used for heat accumulation. This innovative construction ensures a continuous heat supply to consumers, even if demand fluctuates throughout the day. The thermal storage systems compensate for peak consumption while storing excess heat when demand exceeds production. These thermal storage units also serve as a passive safety feature for dissipating decay heat after reactor shutdown.[1][3]
Technology
[edit]Principle
[edit]The Teplator utilizes a three-loop system – the primary loop, the intermediate loop, and the district heating loop. Compared to large reactors, the Teplator is designed for significantly lower operating pressure and temperature in the primary loop, which brings certain benefits. The primary loop consists of a so-called calandria, which contains fuel channels with nuclear fuel, the main heat exchanger, a pressurizer, and two circulation pumps.[1]
The calandria surrounds the fuel channels and is filled with a heavy water moderator. The calandria channels are made of zirconium, into which the fuel is inserted. The operating pressure and temperature of the moderator are lower than the parameters of the coolant in the primary loop itself; the moderator and coolant are separated during operation.[1]
The intermediate loop separates the primary coolant from the district heating system. In the primary loop, the coolant flows through all the fuel channels and mixes in the upper mixing chamber. The main circulation piping leads to a separate main heat exchanger from the mixing chamber. The coolant passes through the primary side of the heat exchanger and then returns to the reactor's pressure channels via two circulation pumps and two circulation loops.[1]
A graphite reflector in axial and radial directions surrounds the entire reactor core.[4]
The intermediate loop in the Teplator design transfers heat from the primary loop to the district heating system. Light water is used as the working medium for heat transfer. The secondary loop includes two storage tanks in thermal reservoirs, which serve as an energy storage system. In addition to balancing demand peaks, the tanks also help remove and store decay heat from the primary loop after the reactor shutdown.[1]
The third loop, or the district heating loop, which distributes heat to the end users, is separated from the reactor by two heat exchangers, ensuring complete isolation from the active parts of the Teplator.[1]
Core design
[edit]The active zone of the Teplator consists of evenly distributed channels located within the calandria. Each fuel channel contains a fuel assembly, which, due to its design, can accommodate spent nuclear fuel from light water reactors. The initial design of the active zone considers the use of spent fuel from a VVER-440 reactor. In this case, the active zone consists of 55 fuel assemblies arranged in a hexagonal grid.[1]
Alternatively, fresh fuel with slight enrichment, lower than conventional VVER-440 light water reactors, can be used. Coolant, which is heavy water, flows around the fuel. The outlet temperature of the coolant from the reactor reaches up to 192°C, with an operating nominal pressure of up to 2 MPa.[1]
The heavy water in the calandria, serving as a moderator outside the pressure channels, is maintained at nearly atmospheric pressure and a temperature of up to 60°C. It eliminates the need for a strong and expensive reactor pressure vessel. The annual operation of the Teplator for a single campaign is designed for 10 months to match the heating season needs of the Czech Republic.[1][5]
Reactivity control
[edit]For reactivity control, the Teplator is equipped with two independent systems. Reactivity regulation during normal operation is achieved by adjusting the position of control rods. The Teplator has three absorption rods – shutdown, compensation, and control- each serving a specific function. The second system is based on pumping the moderator into or out of the calandria, which is characteristic of CANDU-type reactors. Each system is designed to safely shut down the reactor without activating the other system. The combination of both systems ensures reactor safety in all operational states.[1][2]
Heat exchangers
[edit]The Teplator operates exclusively with liquid phases of heat transfer media, whether between the primary and intermediate loop or between the intermediate and district heating loop. For this reason, steam generation is not expected in any heat exchanger, meaning it cannot be considered a steam generator like in most pressurized water reactors.[1][2]
Containment
[edit]The Teplator containment system includes a reinforced concrete structure in the form of hermetically sealed boxes around the reactor itself and a protective reinforced concrete structure of the reactor building. All critical systems and components are located within these spaces.[1][2]
Architecture
[edit]In 2023, the architectural concept of the Teplator, called Trilobit, won the Public Award and the National Center for Construction 4.0 Award in the Urban Planning Project of the Year 2023 competition. Trilobit was designed by Czech architect Ing. Arch. Michal Postránecký.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Advanced Reactor Information System | Aris :Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments (2022)". aris.iaea.org. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
- ^ a b c d Peltan, Tomáš. "Study of natural uranium fuel for a new reactor design TEPLATOR". EPJ Web of Conferences.
- ^ "Teplator EN HP - NUCLEAR DISTRICT HEATING SOLUTION". Teplator.cz. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
- ^ Vilímová, Eva; Peltan, Tomáš; Jiřičková, Jana (2022-10-01). "Possible Implementation of Ex-Core Measurement in TEPLATOR Graphite Reflector". Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science. 8 (4). doi:10.1115/1.4050990. ISSN 2332-8983.
- ^ Mašata, David (2020). TEPLATOR: Basic economic study for the construction and operation. Nuclear Society of Slovenia. ISBN 978-961-6207-49-2.
- ^ Nováková, Alena (2023-06-27). "Teplator project won the Public Award for Urban Project of the Year 2023 and the award of the National Centre for Construction 4.0 | CIIRC". Retrieved 2025-01-30.
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