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List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches

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Left to right: Falcon 9 v1.0, v1.1, v1.2 "Full Thrust", Falcon 9 Block 5, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon Heavy Block 5.

As of 17 December 2024, rockets from the Falcon 9 family have been launched 425 times, with 422 full mission successes, three failures,[a] and one partial failure. Designed and operated by SpaceX, the Falcon 9 family includes the retired versions Falcon 9 v1.0, v1.1, and v1.2 "Full Thrust" (blocks 3 and 4), along with the active Block 5 evolution. Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift derivative of Falcon 9, combining a strengthened central core with two Falcon 9 first stages as side boosters.[1]

Falcon 9 at Dish Network's Littleton, Colorado office.

The Falcon design features reusable first-stage boosters, which land either on a ground pad near the launch site or on a drone ship at sea.[2] In December 2015, Falcon 9 became the first rocket to land propulsively after delivering a payload into orbit.[3] This reusability results in significantly reduced launch costs, as the cost of the first stage constitutes the majority of the cost of a new rocket.[4][5] Falcon family boosters have successfully landed 386 times in 398 attempts. A total of 44 boosters have flown multiple missions, with a record of 24 missions by a booster. SpaceX has also reflown fairing halves more than 300 times, with some being reflown for at least twenty times.[6]

Typical missions include launches of SpaceX's Starlink satellites (accounting for a majority of the Falcon manifest since January 2020), Dragon crew and cargo missions to the International Space Station, and launches of commercial and military satellites to LEO, polar, and geosynchronous orbits. The heaviest payload launched on Falcon is a batch of 23 Starlink V2-Mini satellites weighing 18,420 kg (40,610 lb) total, flown in November 2024,[7] landing on JRTI. The heaviest payload launched to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) was the 9,200 kg (20,300 lb) Jupiter-3 on 29 July 2023. Launches to higher-orbits have included DSCOVR to Sun–Earth Lagrange point L1, TESS to a lunar flyby, a Tesla Roadster demonstration payload to a heliocentric orbit extending past the orbit of Mars, DART and Hera to the asteroid Didymos, Euclid to Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2, Psyche to the asteroid 16 Psyche, and Europa Clipper to Europa (a moon of Jupiter).

Launch statistics

[edit]

Rockets from the Falcon 9 family have been launched 425 times over 15 years, resulting in 422 full successes (99.29%), two in-flight failures (SpaceX CRS-7 and Starlink Group 9–3), and one partial success (SpaceX CRS-1, which delivered its cargo to the International Space Station (ISS), but a secondary payload was stranded in a lower-than-planned orbit). Additionally, one rocket and its payload (AMOS-6) were destroyed before launch in preparation for an on-pad static fire test. The active version of the rocket, the Falcon 9 Block 5, has flown 357 times successfully and failed once, resulting in the 99.72% success rate.

In 2022, the Falcon 9 set a new record with 60 successful launches by the same launch vehicle type in a calendar year. This surpassed the previous record held by Soyuz-U, which had 47 launches (45 successful) in 1979.[8] In 2023, the Falcon family of rockets (including the Falcon Heavy) had 96 successful launches, surpassing the 63 launches (61 successful) of the R-7 rocket family in 1980.[b][9]

The Falcon 9 has evolved through several versions: v1.0 was launched five times from 2010 to 2013, v1.1 launched 15 times from 2013 to 2016, Full Thrust launched 36 times from 2015 to 2015. The most recent version, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018.[10] With each iteration, the Falcon 9 has become more powerful and capable of vertical landing. As vertical landings became more commonplace, SpaceX focused on streamlining the refurbishment process for boosters, making it faster and more cost-effective.[11]

The Falcon Heavy derivative is a heavy-lift launch vehicle composed of three Falcon 9 first-stage boosters. The central core is reinforced, while the side boosters feature aerodynamic nosecone instead of the usual interstage.[12]

Falcon 9 first-stage boosters landed successfully in 386 of 398 attempts (97%), with 361 out of 366 (98.6%) for the Falcon 9 Block 5 version. A total of 360 re-flights of first stage boosters have all successfully launched their second stages and, all but one, their payloads.

Rocket configurations

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25
50
75
100
125
150

Launch sites

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25
50
75
100
125
150
'10
'11
'12
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20
'21
'22
'23
'24

Launch outcomes

[edit]
25
50
75
100
125
150
'10
'11
'12
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20
'21
'22
'23
'24
'25
  •   Loss before launch
  •   Loss during flight
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success (commercial and government)
  •   Success (Starlink)
  •   Planned (commercial and government)
  •   Planned (Starlink)

Booster landings

[edit]
25
50
75
100
125
150
'10
'11
'12
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20
'21
'22
'23
'24
  •   Ground-pad failure
  •   Drone-ship failure
  •   Ocean test failure[c]
  •   Parachute test failure[d]
  •   Ground-pad success
  •   Drone-ship success
  •   Ocean test success[e]
  •   No attempt

Past launches

[edit]

2010 to 2019

[edit]
For launches prior to 2020, please refer to List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019).

From June 2010, to the end of 2019, Falcon 9 was launched 77 times, with 75 full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of the spacecraft. In addition, one rocket and its payload were destroyed on the launch pad during the fueling process before a static fire test was set to occur. Falcon Heavy was launched three times, all successful.

The first Falcon 9 version, Falcon 9 v1.0, was launched five times from June 2010, to March 2013, its successor Falcon 9 v1.1 15 times from September 2013, to January 2016, and the Falcon 9 Full Thrust (through Block 4) 36 times from December 2015, to June 2018. The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018,[13] and launched 21 times before the end of 2019.

2020 to 2022

[edit]
For launches between 2020 and 2022, please refer to List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022).

From January 2020, to the end of 2022, Falcon 9 was launched 117 times, all successful, and landed boosters successfully on 111 of 114 attempts. Falcon Heavy was launched once and was successful, including landing of the mission's two side boosters.

2023

[edit]

SpaceX shattered previous records in 2023, launching 96 Falcon family vehicles—91 Falcon 9 and five Falcon Heavy rockets. Surpassing both the company's own record of 61 and the global annual record of 64 launches, SpaceX came close to its ambitious goal of 100 Falcon launches.[14][15]

The company's payload delivery capacity also soared, with approximately 1,200 tonnes (2,600,000 lb) sent to orbit, equivalent to 2.19 times the mass of a fully fueled Falcon 9 rocket.[16]

2024

[edit]

As of 29 December, SpaceX has conducted 133 (131 Falcon 9 and two Falcon Heavy) launches in 2024, including the failed Starlink Group 9-3 mission. This shattered previous records made in 2023, surpassing both the company's own record and the global annual record of 98 launches (includes Starship launches).

The company had outlined ambitious launch targets for the year, with initial projections of approximately 144 launches, or an average of 12 per month, accounting for potential delays due to weather, technical issues, and scheduled maintenance.[222][223] However, subsequent statements from SpaceX leadership indicated a potential increase to 148 launches, an average of 13 launches per month.[224][225] Later in November 2024, due to launch or recovery failures leading to several mishap investigations and delays, SpaceX leadership lowered the year's launch projections to approximately 136 launches this year.[226]

SpaceX has demonstrated impressive launch rates in 2024, with a total payload mass to orbit exceeding 1,735 tonnes (3,825,000 lb)—equivalent to 3.160 times the mass of a fully fueled Falcon 9 or 1.221 times the mass of a fully fueled Falcon Heavy rocket.[227]

Future launches

[edit]

Future launches are listed chronologically when firm plans are in place. The order of the later launches is much less certain. Tentative launch dates and mission details are sourced from multiple locations.[433][449][450][451] Launches are expected to take place "no earlier than" (NET) the listed date. The number of Starlink satellites per launch indicated with an "~" is an expectation based on previous launches to the same orbit, as the exact number is rarely published more than three days in advance.

2024

[edit]
Date and time (UTC)[433] Version,
booster[f] 		Launch site Payload[g] Orbit Customer
30 December 2024
05:00 		F9 B5
B1078.16 		Kennedy, LC‑39A Starlink: Group 12-6 (21 satellites) LEO SpaceX
Launch of 21 Starlink v2 mini satellites, including 13 with direct-to-cell connectivity, to a 559 km (347 mi) orbit at an inclination of 43° to expand internet constellation.

2025

[edit]

The company had outlined ambitious launch targets for the year, with initial projections of more than 150 launches, or an average of 12-13 per month, accounting for potential delays due to weather, technical issues, and scheduled maintenance.[452] Later SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell stated they are expecting 175-180 launches in 2025, or an average of 14-15 per month, accounting for potential delays due to weather, technical issues, and scheduled maintenance.[453]

Date and time (UTC) Version,
booster[f] 		Launch site Payload[g] Orbit Customer
2 January 2025
05:00 		F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Thuraya 4-NGS GTO Thuraya
Planned replacement for Thuraya 2 and 3.[454][455]
January 2025 F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Starlink: Group 12-3 (~23 satellites) LEO SpaceX
Launch of ~23 Starlink v2 mini satellites, including ~13 with direct-to-cell connectivity, to a 559 km (347 mi) orbit at an inclination of 43° to expand internet constellation.
28 January 2025
04:00 		F9 B5 TBA (FL) Spainsat-NG I[456] GTO Hisdesat
Communications satellite built on the Eurostar-Neo platform, to be utilized by the Spanish government and its allies.[457] First of two launches for the Spainsat-NG program.
Mid-January 2025[458] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Hakuto-R Mission 2 Resilience[459][460] TLI ispace
Blue Ghost Mission 1[461][462] Firefly Aerospace
NASA (CLPS)
Both Hakuto-R and Blue Ghost Mission 1 will launch on the same mission. Resilience is the second lunar lander built by Japanese company ispace. Blue Ghost will carry 10 payloads for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services task order 19D mission along with other separately contracted payloads.[463]
January 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E Transporter-12 (smallsat rideshare) SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
27 February 2025[464] F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SPHEREx
PUNCH[465] 		SSO NASA
In February 2021, NASA announced a $99 million contract for its Astrophysics Division.[466]
February 2025 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-13 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
February 2025 F9 B5 TBD Bandwagon-3 (smallsat rideshare)[271][291] LEO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to 45 degree inclination 550–600 km altitude.
February 2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) CRS NG-22[246] LEO (ISS) Northrop Grumman (CRS)
Third of three launches Northrop Grumman acquired from SpaceX while a replacement rocket stage is developed for its Antares rocket. Unmanned Enhanced Cygnus cargo spacecraft.
February 2025[458] F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A[467] IM-2 Nova-C lunar lander
Lunar Trailblazer
Sherpa-ES 		TLI NASA (CLPS)
Intuitive Machines
Spaceflight, Inc.
Intuitive Machines is sending its second lander aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9, with a projected launch time frame in January 2025. In February 2024, Intuitive Machines completed its first lander mission via SpaceX, which also hosted payloads for other private companies seeking to make lunar landfall under NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. NASA's PRIME-1 is expected to be included.[468] The Sherpa-ES Go Beyond orbital transfer vehicle will deploy rideshare payloads to trans-lunar orbit, low-lunar orbit and beyond to GEO.[469][470][471] NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission will fly as a secondary payload on this mission.[472]
March 2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) CRS SpX-32 LEO (ISS) NASA (CRS)
Will carry cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS).[473]
March 2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Fram2 (Crew Dragon C207.4 Resilience) Polar LEO Chun Wang
First ever crewed mission launched into Polar Orbit and to fly over Earth's Poles.[474]
March 2025[475] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Crew-10 (Crew Dragon C213.1) LEO (ISS) NASA (CCP)
Long-duration mission. Will ferry four Expedition 72 / 73 crew members to the ISS.
April 2025 F9 B5 TBD TRACERS[476]Possible rideshare SSO NASA
Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) is a Small Explorers program mission. Expected to be part of a rideshare mission.[477]
April 2025 onwards F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E 12 launches for Rivada broadband constellation[478] LEO Rivada Space Networks
In March 2023, Rivada contracted SpaceX to launch 300 B2B broadband satellites over 12 Falcon 9 launches between April 2025 and June 2026.
May 2025 F9 B5 TBD Bandwagon-4 (smallsat rideshare)[271][291] LEO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to 45 degree inclination 550–600 km altitude.
June 2025[479] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Spainsat NG II[456] GTO Hisdesat
Communications satellite built on the Eurostar-Neo platform, to be utilized by the Spanish government and its allies.[457] Second of two launches for the Spainsat-NG program.
June 2025 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-14 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
July 2025[480] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Crew-11 LEO (ISS) NASA (CCP)
Long-duration mission. Will ferry four Expedition 73 / 74 crew members to the ISS.
Q2 2025[481] F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer A[482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
Q2 2025[483] F9 B5 TBD Reentry demonstration capsule Possible rideshare LEO The Exploration Company
1600 kg 2.5 metre diameter reduced scale test of a reentry capsule, the full-scale version Nyx (4 metre diameter 8000 kg) is planned to deliver payloads to the ISS and return them back to Earth.[484]
Q2 2025[485] F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Ax-4[114] LEO (ISS) Axiom Space
Contract for 3 additional missions was signed in June 2021.
1H 2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) WorldView Legion 5 & 6 (2 satellites)[486][487][488] SSO Maxar Technologies
Maxar Technologies built satellites.
H2 2025 onwards (3 flights)[489][490] F9 B5 TBD Project Kuiper constellation deployment LEO Kuiper Systems / Amazon
Announced Dec 1st, 2023. Three Falcon 9 launches beginning in the second half of 2025 in support of Amazon's Project Kuiper megaconstellation.
August 2025 F9 B5 TBD Haven-1[491] LEO Vast
Launch of a new commercial space station by Vast Space.
September 2025[492] F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP)[493] Sun–Earth L1 NASA
In September 2020, NASA selected SpaceX to launch the IMAP mission, which will help researchers better understand the boundary of the heliosphere, a magnetic barrier surrounding our solar system. The total launch cost is approximately US$109.4 million. The secondary payloads include the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1 (SWFO-L1) mission.[493]
September 2025 F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Vast-1[491] LEO Vast
First crewed mission to the Haven-1 space station.
September 2025[494] Falcon Heavy B5
B10?? (core) 		Kennedy, LC‑39A Griffin Mission 1[495] TLI Astrobotic
NASA (Artemis)
B1072.2 (side)
B1086.3 (side)
Astrobotic's Griffin lunar lander was originally expected to deliver NASA's VIPER rover to the lunar south pole prior to its cancellation. Booster recovery method is unconfirmed, but could possibly feature the first Falcon Heavy center core recovery attempt since STP-2.[496] Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions.[497][498][499] The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.[500] NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.[499]
October 2025[501] F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A IM-3 Nova-C lunar lander TLI NASA (CLPS)
Intuitive Machines
Third mission for Intuitive Machines, with multiple rideshare payloads.[502] This mission was selected by NASA under the CLPS program in November 2021.[503][504]
October 2025 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-15 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
November 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E Sentinel-6B[505] LEO NASA/NOAA/EUMETSAT/ESA
Identical to Sentinel-6A.[506]
Q4 2025[507] F9 B5 TBA (FL) CHORUS LEO MDA
Announced in October 2023, CHORUS will be a commercial Earth observation constellation owned and operated by MDA Ltd. Will utilize C and X-band SAR.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-153 LEO NRO
Seventh launch of SpaceX/Northrop Grumman-built satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-192 LEO NRO
Eighth launch of SpaceX/Northrop Grumman-built satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.
2025[508] F9 B5[509] TBA (FL)[510] USSF-36 TBA USSF
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2021.[511]
2025[508] F9 B5[509] TBA (FL) NROL-69 TBA USSF
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2021.[511]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) USSF-31[482] TBA USSF
Classified mission, part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer B Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[481][482]
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer C[482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer D[482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer E[482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer C[482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Globalstar-3 M104–120 (17 satellites)[512] LEO Globalstar
Globalstar's third-generation satellite constellation, launching to a 52 degree inclination orbit at an altitude of 1,410 km.[513]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) MTG-S1[514] GTO EUMETSAT
Geostationary weather satellite. Launch vehicle changed from Ariane 6 to Falcon 9.[514]
2025[515] F9 B5 TBA (FL) O3b mPOWER 9-11[516] MEO SES
In August 2020, SES expanded the O3b mPOWER contract with a fourth launch.[517][518] In October 2023 the mission was delayed to 2025 due to electrical issues discovered in the first four satellites of the constellation.[515]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Skynet 6A[519] GTO Airbus / UK Ministry of Defence
British military communications satellite ordered to bridge the gap between Skynet-5 and its successor.[520]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Nusantara Lima GTO? PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara
A hot backup system for SATRIA-1.[521][522][523]
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TL-F[437][438] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TR-A[437][438] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TR-E[437][438] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T2TL-A[437][438] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T2TL-C[437][438] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) NROL-77[437][438] Classified NRO
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025[524] F9 B5 TBA (FL) BlueBird Block 2 (4 satellites) LEO AST SpaceMobile
Cellphone-compatible broadband constellation. The next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites delivers 10x the bandwidth of BlueBird Block 1 satellites, allowing continuous cellular broadband service coverage. They will feature a ~2,400 sq ft (220 m2) communications array, the largest ever developed commercially.[525]
~2025[526] F9 B5 TBA (FL) BlueBird Block 2 (4 satellites) LEO AST SpaceMobile
Cellphone-compatible broadband constellation. The next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites delivers 10x the bandwidth of BlueBird Block 1 satellites, allowing continuous cellular broadband service coverage. They will feature a ~2,400 sq ft (220 m2) communications array, the largest ever developed commercially.[525]
2025–2026
(4 flights) 		F9 B5 TBA (FL) SpaceX CRS-33 to SpaceX CRS-35[281] LEO (ISS) NASA (CRS)
Six additional CRS-2 missions for Dragon 2 were announced in March 2022, resupplying the ISS until 2026.

2026 and beyond

[edit]
Date and time (UTC) Version,
booster[f] 		Launch site Payload[g] Orbit Customer
Q1 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-16 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
Q2 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-17 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
Q4 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-18 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
~2026 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-75[437][438] GSO USSF
~2026 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-70[437][438] GSO USSF
2026[527] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Arabsat 7A[120][528] GTO Arabsat
Announced in September 2022, Arabsat 7A will enter a geostationary orbit after its launch by a Falcon 9 rocket. The first stage will be expended in this mission.
2026[529] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Mission Robotic Vehicle (MRV) × 1[530]
Mission Extension Pod (MEP) × 3 		GTO Northrop Grumman
Developed from Northrop Grumman's 2,000 kg Mission Extension Vehicle architecture. One MEP (400 kg each) will be attached to Optus D3.[531]
2026[515] F9 B5 TBA (FL) O3b mPOWER 12 & 13 MEO SES
Two additional satellites were announced in October 2023 due to electrical issues discovered in the first four satellites of the constellation.[515]
2026[532] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Astrobotic Technology Lunar Lander[533] TLI Astrobotic Technology
Astrobotic's third upcoming lander mission to the Moon. Targeting a South Pole landing in 2026.
October 2026-[534][535][536] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A GPS IIIF-1[437][537] MEO USSF
First GPS Block IIIF launch.
2026 and later
(14 flights) 		F9 B5 TBD Telesat Lightspeed × 18 LEO Telesat
Announced in September 2023, Telesat has booked 14 launches of up to 18 satellites each.[538]
2026–2030 F9 B5 TBA (FL) 5 more launches (Crew-10 through Crew-14)[539] LEO (ISS) NASA (ISS)
In June 2022, NASA announced it purchased an additional 5 crewed flights from SpaceX in addition to the previous 9 missions on top of the $3.5 billion contract.[540]
Q1 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-19 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
May 2027[541] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope[542] Sun–Earth L2 NASA
Flagship-class infrared space telescope. One of two space telescopes donated by the NRO in 2012.
Q2 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-20 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
August 2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) COSI[543] LEO NASA
Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI).
Q4 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-21 (smallsat rideshare)[271] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
H2 2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) GEO-KOMPSAT-3[544] GTO KASA
Also known as Cheollian-3. A South Korean communication satellite with a mass of 3.7 tonnes, replacing GEO-Kompsat-1.
2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Al Yah 4[545] GTO Yahsat
Replacement for Al Yah 1.
2027 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E JPSS-4[546] SSO NOAA
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS).
2027[547] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Thaicom-10[548] GTO Thaicom
2027[549] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Power and Propulsion Element (PPE)
Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO)[550] 		TLI NASA (Artemis)
First two Gateway space station modules as part of the Artemis program, awarded in February 2021. The launch will cost NASA $331.8 million and will utilize Falcon Heavy's extended fairing.
5 July 2028[551] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Dragonfly NASA (New Frontiers Program)
Awarded in November 2024. The launch will cost NASA $256.6 million. First Falcon mission to carry an RTG.[552]
2028 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Al Yah 5[545] GTO Yahsat
Replacement for Al Yah 2.
2028[532][553] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A GLS-1 (Dragon XL) TLI NASA (Gateway Logistics Services)
In March 2020, NASA announced its first contract for the Gateway Logistics Services that guarantees at least two launches on a new variant of the Dragon spacecraft that will carry over 5 tonnes of cargo to the Lunar Gateway on 6–12 months long missions.[554][555]
2028 F9 B5 TBD GRACE-C1, C2[556] Polar LEO NASA / DLR
Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment-Continuity (GRACE-C).
2029[532] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A GLS-2 (Dragon XL)[557] TLI NASA (Gateway Logistics Services)
Second Dragon XL logistics module.[557]
TBD F9 B5 TBD CAS500-4[558] Likely Rideshare SSO Korea Aerospace Industries
A satellite to monitor Korean agriculture.

Notable launches

[edit]

First flights and contracts

[edit]
Main articles: Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit, COTS Demo Flight 1, Dragon C2+, and SpaceX CRS-1
Launch of Falcon 9 Flight 1 with a boilerplate Dragon
Dragon CRS-1 berthed to the International Space Station (ISS) on 14 October 2012, photographed from the Cupola.

On 4 June 2010, the first Falcon 9 launch successfully placed a test payload into the intended orbit.[559] The second launch of Falcon 9 was COTS Demo Flight 1, which placed an operational Dragon capsule in orbit on 8 December 2010.[560] The capsule re-entered the atmosphere after two orbits, allowing for testing the reentry procedures. The capsule was recovered off the coast of Mexico[561] and then placed on display at SpaceX headquarters.[562] The remaining objectives of the NASA COTS qualification program were combined into a single Dragon C2+ mission, on the condition that all milestones would be validated in space before berthing Dragon to the ISS.[563] The Dragon capsule was propelled to orbit in May 2012, and following successful tests in the next days it was grabbed with the station's robotic arm (Canadarm2) and docked to the ISS docking port for the first time on 25 May. After successfully completing all the return procedures, the recovered Dragon C2+ capsule was put on display at Kennedy Space Center.[564] Thus, Falcon 9 and Dragon became the first fully commercially developed launcher to deliver a payload to the International Space Station, paving the way for SpaceX and NASA to sign the first Commercial Resupply Services agreement for cargo deliveries.[565]

The first operational cargo resupply mission to ISS, the fourth flight of Falcon 9, was launched in October 2012. An engine suffered a loss of pressure at 76 seconds after liftoff, which caused an automatic shutdown of that engine, but the remaining eight first-stage engines continued to burn and the Dragon capsule reached orbit successfully and thus demonstrated the rocket's "engine out" capability in flight.[566] Due to ISS visiting vehicle safety rules, at NASA's request, the secondary payload Orbcomm-2 was released into a lower-than-intended orbit.[567] Despite this incident, Orbcomm said they gathered useful test data from the mission and later in 2014, launched more satellites via SpaceX.[568] The mission continued to rendezvous and berth the Dragon capsule with the ISS where the ISS crew unloaded its payload and reloaded the spacecraft with cargo for return to Earth.[569]

Following unsuccessful attempts at recovering the first stage with parachutes, SpaceX upgraded to a much larger first stage booster and with greater thrust, termed Falcon 9 v1.1, and performed a demonstration flight of this version in September 2013.[570] After the second stage separation and delivering CASSIOPE, a very small payload relative to the rocket's capability, SpaceX conducted a novel high-altitude, high-velocity flight test wherein the booster attempted to reenter the lower atmosphere in a controlled manner and decelerate to a simulated over-water landing.[571]

Loss of CRS-7 mission

[edit]
SpaceX CRS-7 disintegrating two minutes after liftoff, as seen from a NASA tracking camera.
Main article: SpaceX CRS-7

In June 2015, Falcon 9 Flight 19 carried a Dragon capsule on the seventh Commercial Resupply Services mission to the ISS. The second stage disintegrated due to an internal helium tank failure while the first stage was still burning normally. This was the first (and only as of May 2024) primary mission loss for any Falcon 9 rocket.[572] In addition to ISS consumables and experiments, this mission carried the first International Docking Adapter (IDA-1), whose loss delayed preparedness of the station's US Orbital Segment (USOS) for future crewed missions.[573]

Performance was nominal until T+140 seconds into launch when a cloud of white vapor appeared, followed by rapid loss of second-stage LOX tank pressure. The booster continued on its trajectory until complete vehicle breakup at T+150 seconds. The Dragon capsule was ejected from the disintegrating rocket and continued transmitting data until impact with the ocean. SpaceX officials stated that the capsule could have been recovered if the parachutes had deployed; however, the Dragon software did not include any provisions for parachute deployment in this situation.[574] Subsequent investigations traced the cause of the accident to the failure of a strut that secured a helium bottle inside the second-stage LOX tank. With the helium pressurization system integrity breached, excess helium quickly flooded the tank, eventually causing it to burst from overpressure.[575][576] NASA's independent accident investigation into the loss of SpaceX CRS-7 found that the failure of the strut which led to the breakup of the Falcon-9 represented a design error. Specifically, that industrial grade stainless steel had been used in a critical load path under cryogenic conditions and flight conditions, without additional part screening, and without regard to manufacturer recommendations.[577]

Full-thrust version and first booster landings

[edit]
Main articles: Falcon 9 flight 20 and SpaceX CRS-8
Falcon 9 Flight 20 historic first-stage landing at CCSFS Landing Zone 1, 22 December 2015

After pausing launches for months, SpaceX launched on 22 December 2015, the highly anticipated return-to-flight mission after the loss of CRS-7. This launch inaugurated a new Falcon 9 Full Thrust version of its flagship rocket featuring increased performance, notably thanks to subcooling of the propellants. After launching a constellation of 11 Orbcomm-OG2 second-generation satellites,[578] the first stage performed a controlled-descent and landing test for the eighth time, SpaceX attempted to land the booster on land for the first time. It managed to return the first stage successfully to the Landing Zone 1 at Cape Canaveral, marking the first successful recovery of a rocket first stage that launched a payload to orbit.[579] After recovery, the first stage booster performed further ground tests and then was put on permanent display outside SpaceX's headquarters in Hawthorne, California.[580]

On 8 April 2016, SpaceX delivered its commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station marking the return-to-flight of the Dragon capsule, after the loss of CRS-7. After separation, the first-stage booster slowed itself with a boostback maneuver, re-entered the atmosphere, executed an automated controlled descent and landed vertically onto the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You, marking the first successful landing of a rocket on a ship at sea.[581] This was the fourth attempt to land on a drone ship, as part of the company's experimental controlled-descent and landing tests.[582]

Loss of AMOS-6 on the launch pad

[edit]
Main article: AMOS-6

On 1 September 2016, the 29th Falcon 9 rocket exploded on the launchpad while propellant was being loaded for a routine pre-launch static fire test. The payload, Israeli satellite AMOS-6, partly commissioned by Facebook, was destroyed with the launcher.[583] On 2 January 2017, SpaceX released an official statement indicating that the cause of the failure was a buckled liner in several of the COPV tanks, causing perforations that allowed liquid and/or solid oxygen to accumulate underneath the COPVs carbon strands, which were subsequently ignited possibly due to friction of breaking strands.[584]

Zuma launch

[edit]
Main article: Zuma (satellite)

Zuma was a classified United States government satellite and was developed and built by Northrop Grumman at an estimated cost of US$3.5 billion.[585] Its launch, originally planned for mid-November 2017, was postponed to 8 January 2018 as fairing tests for another SpaceX customer were assessed. Following a successful Falcon 9 launch, the first-stage booster landed at LZ-1.[586] Unconfirmed reports suggested that the Zuma spacecraft was lost,[587] with claims that either the payload failed following orbital release, or that the customer-provided adapter failed to release the satellite from the upper stage, while other claims argued that Zuma was in orbit and operating covertly.[587] SpaceX's COO Gwynne Shotwell stated that their Falcon 9 "did everything correctly" and that "Information published that is contrary to this statement is categorically false".[587] A preliminary report indicated that the payload adapter, modified by Northrop Grumman after purchasing it from a subcontractor, failed to separate the satellite from the second stage under the zero gravity conditions.[588][585] Due to the classified nature of the mission, no further official information is expected.[587]

Falcon Heavy test flight

[edit]
Main article: Falcon Heavy test flight
Liftoff of Falcon Heavy on its maiden flight (left) and its two side-boosters landing at LZ-1 and LZ-2 a few minutes later (right)

The maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy occurred on 6 February 2018, making it the most powerful rocket since the Saturn V, with a theoretical payload capacity to low Earth orbit more than double the Delta IV Heavy.[589][590] Both side boosters landed nearly simultaneously after a ten-minute flight. The central core failed to land on a floating platform at sea.[591] The rocket carried a car and a mannequin to an eccentric heliocentric orbit that reaches further than aphelion of Mars.[592]

First crewed flights

[edit]
Main articles: Crew Dragon Demo-1 and Crew Dragon Demo-2

On 2 March 2019, SpaceX launched its first orbital flight of Dragon 2 (Crew Dragon). It was an uncrewed mission to the International Space Station. The Dragon contained a mannequin named Ripley, which was equipped with multiple sensors to gather data about how a human would feel during the flight. Along with the mannequin was 300 pounds of cargo of food and other supplies.[593] Also on board was Earth plush toy referred to as a "Super high tech zero-g indicator".[594] The toy became a hit with astronaut Anne McClain, who showed the plushy on the ISS each day[595] and also deciding to keep it on board to experience the crewed SpX-DM2.

The Dragon spent six days in space, including five days docked to the International Space Station. During the time, various systems were tested to make sure the vehicle was ready for US astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to fly in it in 2020. The Dragon undocked and performed a re-entry burn before splashing down on 8 March 2019, at 08:45 EST, 320 km (200 mi) off the coast of Florida.[596]

SpaceX held a successful launch of the first commercial orbital human space flight on 30 May 2020, crewed with NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken. Both astronauts focused on conducting tests on the Crew Dragon capsule. Crew Dragon successfully returned to Earth, splashing down in the Gulf of Mexico on 2 August 2020.[597]

[edit]

On July 12, 2024, SpaceX launched a group of Starlink satellites from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. While the booster performed nominally, including a successful droneship landing, the upper stage failed to relight for a second burn, with ice appearing to accumulate around the engine during the first burn due to a liquid oxygen leak that developed from vibrational fatigue which led to a crack in a pressure sensor line.[598] The satellites were deployed from the upper stage into the lower initial parking orbit with a perigee of 135 km, less than half the targeted perigee.[599] After separation, the satellites were commanded to burn their ion thrusters. SpaceX modified the satellite software so the thrusters would produce as much thrust as possible.[600] Despite this, all of the satellites re-entered the atmosphere following the launch.[601] This launch was the first Falcon 9 Block 5 or Falcon 9 Full Thrust failure thereby ending the Guinness World Record of 325 successful Falcon 9 launches since the pre-flight anomaly of AMOS-6.[341][342]

Reuse of the first stage

[edit]
Main articles: SpaceX reusable launch system development program and List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters

SpaceX has developed a program to reuse the first-stage booster, setting multiple booster reflight records:

  • B1021 became, on 30 March 2017, the first booster to be successfully recovered a second time, on Flight 32 launching the SES-10 satellite. After that, it was retired and put on display at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.[602]
  • B1046, the first Block 5 booster, became the first to launch three times, carrying Spaceflight SSO-A on 3 December 2018.
  • B1048 was the first booster to be recovered four times on 11 November 2019, and the first to perform a fifth flight on 18 March 2020, but the booster was lost during re-entry.
  • B1049 was the first booster to be recovered five times on 4 June 2020, six times on 18 August 2020, and seven times on 25 November 2020.
  • B1051 became the first booster to be recovered eight times on 20 January 2021, nine times on 14 March 2021, and ten times on 9 May 2021, achieving one of SpaceX's milestone goals for reuse. It then became the first booster to be recovered eleven times on 18 December 2021, and twelve times on 19 March 2022.[603][604][605][606]
  • B1060 became the first booster to be recovered 13 times on 17 June 2022.
  • B1058 became the first booster to be recovered 14 times on 11 September 2022, 15 times on 17 December 2022, 16 times on 10 July 2023, 17 times on 20 September 2023, 18 times on 4 November 2023, and 19 times on 23 December 2023. It landed safely after its 19th flight, but tipped over during the journey back to land and was destroyed.
  • B1062 became the first booster to be recovered twenty times on 13 April 2024, 21 times on 18 May 2024, and 22 times on 27 June 2024. It successfully flew and delivered its payload to orbit on its 23rd flight on 28 August 2024, but tipped over after catching fire during the landing and was destroyed.
  • B1067 became the first booster to be recovered 23 times on 11 November 2024 and flown and recovered 24 times on 4 December 2024.

Other reuse milestones

[edit]
  • B1080 holds the record for fastest turnaround at 14 days. It launched on 11 November and again on 25 November 2024.[26]
  • B1069 launched and returned a hosted box containing two FIFA 2022 World Cup Adidas Al Rihla soccer balls on 15 October 2022 for a sub-orbital flight, the first payload on a Falcon 9 booster.[607]
  • B1061 became the only booster on 30 December 2022 to launch from all SpaceX's different launch sites and land on all of SpaceX's different landing zones and drone ships (except rarely used LZ-2 that is located nearby LZ-1).
  • B1080 became the first booster to land onshore after launching a crewed mission (Ax-2) on 21 May 2023.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The AMOS-6 spacecraft was destroyed in a static fire test prior to its planned launch; the mission is counted as a failure but not as a launch.
  2. ^ There was also an on-pad explosion; sometimes it is counted as a launch, resulting in 64 launches.
  3. ^ Controlled descent; ocean touchdown control failed; no recovery
  4. ^ Passive reentry failed before parachute deployment
  5. ^ Controlled descent; soft vertical ocean touchdown; no recovery
  6. ^ a b c d e Falcon 9 first-stage boosters have a four-digit serial number. A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, B1021.1 and B1021.2 represent the first and second flights of booster B1021. Boosters without a decimal point were expended on their first flight. Additionally, missions where boosters are making their first flight are shown with a mint-colored   background.
  7. ^ a b c d e Dragon spacecraft have a three-digit serial number. A decimal point followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, C106.1 and C106.2 represent the first and second flights of Dragon C106.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Many Transporter and Bandwagon payloads are not public, or don't have a publicly revealed mass. SpaceX has not published a payload mass estimate for this mission.

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  575. ^ "NASA Independent Review Team SpaceX CRS-7 Accident Investigation Report" (PDF). NASA. 12 March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  576. ^ Foust, Jeff (15 September 2015). "SES Betting on SpaceX, Falcon 9 Upgrade as Debut Approaches". SpaceNews. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  577. ^ Coldewey, Devin; Wagstaff, Keith (22 December 2015). "SpaceX Makes History: Falcon 9 Launches, Lands Vertically". NBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  578. ^ Clark, Stephen (20 August 2016). "SpaceX puts historic flown rocket on permanent display". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  579. ^ Drake, Nadia (8 April 2016). "SpaceX Rocket Makes Spectacular Landing on Drone Ship". National Geographic (magazine). Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  580. ^ Jason Rhian (8 April 2015). "Triumph! SpaceX returns Dragon to service with CRS-8, nails landing on Drone Ship". Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  581. ^ Malik, Tariq (1 September 2016). "Launchpad Explosion Destroys SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket, Satellite in Florida". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  582. ^ "January 2 Anomaly Updates". SpaceX. 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020.
  583. ^ a b Pasztor, Andy. "Northrop Grumman may be to blame for botched satellite launch in January". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018 – via Market Watch.
  584. ^ "Zuma Mission press kit" (PDF). SpaceX. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  585. ^ a b c d Grush, Loren (9 January 2018). "Did SpaceX's secret Zuma mission actually fail?". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018. Rumors started circulating on Monday that the satellite malfunctioned when it reached orbit, and both the Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg have reported that Zuma actually fell back to Earth and burned up in the planet's atmosphere. [...] SpaceX said that the Falcon 9 rocket, which carried Zuma to orbit, performed as it was supposed to. [...] "For clarity: after review of all data to date, Falcon 9 did everything correctly on Sunday night", [Gwynne Shotwell] said. "If we or others find otherwise based on further review, we will report it immediately. Information published that is contrary to this statement is categorically false". She added that the company cannot comment further due to the classified nature of the mission. [...] Of course, Northrop Grumman won't comment on the launch.
  586. ^ "Probes Point to Northrop Grumman Errors in January Spy-Satellite Failure". Wall Street Journal. 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  587. ^ "SpaceX Falcon Heavy: How it stacks up with other massive rockets". CNN News. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  588. ^ "Falcon Heavy Rocket Makes History With Successful First Launch". National Geographic. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018.
  589. ^ Grush, Loren (6 February 2018). "The middle booster of SpaceX's Falcon Heavy rocket failed to land on its drone ship". The Verge. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  590. ^ Joe Pappalardo (5 February 2018). "Elon Musk's Space Tesla Isn't Going to Mars. It's Going Somewhere More Important". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  591. ^ Grush, Loren (7 March 2019). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon has proved itself in space – now it has to get back to Earth in one piece". The Verge. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  592. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (2 March 2019). "Super high tech zero-g indicator added just before launch! https://t.co/CRO26plaXq" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  593. ^ Weitering, Hanneke (6 March 2019). "Astronaut Anne McClain Is Having a Ball in Space with Her 'Celestial Buddy'". Space.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  594. ^ "Elon Musk's SpaceX capsule splashes down off Florida coast". ABC News. ABC. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  595. ^ "SpaceX Crew Dragon splashdown: See NASA astronauts return to Earth". CNET. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  596. ^ "- SpaceX – Launches". SpaceX. 11 July 2024.
  597. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (12 July 2024). "Upper stage restart to raise perigee resulted in an engine RUD for reasons currently unknown. Team is reviewing data tonight to understand root cause. Starlink satellites were deployed, but the perigee may be too low for them to raise orbit. Will know more in a few hours" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  598. ^ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (12 July 2024). "We're updating satellite software to run the ion thrusters at their equivalent of warp 9. Unlike a Star Trek episode, this will probably not work, but it's worth a shot. The satellite thrusters need to raise orbit faster than atmospheric drag pulls them down or they burn up" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  599. ^ SpaceX (25 July 2024). "Falcon 9 Returns to Flight". SpaceX – Updates. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  600. ^ Leahy, Bart (4 April 2017). "Twice-launched Falcon 9 first stage returned to Port Canaveral". Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  601. ^ "SpaceX's Falcon 9 booster flies for 9th time as Starlink constellation grows". NASASpaceFlight.com. 14 March 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  602. ^ Tayeb, Zahra. "SpaceX launches Falcon 9 rocket booster for a record-breaking 9th time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  603. ^ "SpaceX flies historic 10th mission of a Falcon 9 as Starlink constellation expands". NASASpaceFlight.com. 9 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  604. ^ "SpaceX sets new booster reuse record on Starlink mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  605. ^ "SpaceX launched Qatar World Cup match balls on Falcon 9 first stage". Space.com. 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
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