Draft:Karachay-Circassian conflict (1922)
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| March to Nalchik | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Karachay-Balkars |
 Kabardians | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Jatday Bayramukov | Mikhail Tkachenko | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 600 cavalrymen | 300 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Moderate losses | Heavy losses, 82 taken prisoner | ||||||||
The Karachay-Circassian conflict (1922), also known as the last feat of the Karachai people, represents a significant episode in the interethnic conflict that emerged in the North Caucasus during the early 1920s.[1]Amid the Russian Civil War and the consolidation of Bolshevik power, tensions flared between the Kabardins and the Karachais residing in the region. This resulted in armed clashes and organized retaliatory expeditions that became historically significant for both sides.[2][3]
History
[edit]Causes of the Conflict
[edit]The aggression against Karachai was initiated by a Kabardin police regiment under the command of Mikhail Tkachenko and Nazir Kathanov, influenced by Kabardin leader B. Kalmykov.[4] In January 1922, Kalmykov, addressing his followers, claimed that the Karachais had allegedly occupied ancestral Kabardin lands and urged his men to "expel" the Karachais and confiscate their property. Such statements served as a pretext for the organized raid.[5]
The Attack on Karachai
[edit]In the January night of 1922, a Kabardin regiment of 600 cavalrymen invaded the Kumsky Karachai region, targeting the summer pastures in the Auar-Syrty area. The attackers destroyed 11 summer pastures, killed peaceful shepherds, and seized over 10,000 heads of cattle.[6] Survivors from the raided summer pastures managed to reach Kislovodsk and informed Aliy Khasanov, the chairman of the Karachai Revolutionary Committee.[7] He promptly contacted the command of the North Caucasus Military District, including Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny.[8]
Formation of the Defense Council of Karachai
[edit]Realizing that help from the center would not arrive quickly, the Karachais decided to organize their defense independently. A Supreme Defense Council of Karachai was established, and mobilization of militia was initiated.[9] It was decided to send a detachment to Kislovodsk for organizational purposes. Jatday Bayramukov was appointed as the commander, with Zekeriya Laipanov as his assistant and chief of staff.[10]
Organization and Armament of the Militia
[edit]The militia was divided into hundreds, dozens, and squads. Special attention was given to appointing commanders, including experienced fighters from the "Wild Division".[11] These units became the backbone of the Karachai defense, adequately prepared for the upcoming military actions.[12]
Counterattack of the Karachais
[edit]The militia advanced to assist the residents of Auar-Syrty. Despite the numerical superiority of the Kabardins, thanks to Jatday's competent command, the Karachais managed to repel the attack and force the enemy to retreat.[13] The main battle took place in the hills of Egiz Dupplura, where the Karachais surrounded and defeated the Kabardin regiment by employing surprise tactics on the enemy's rear.[14]
The Advance on Nalchik
[edit]After their victory at Auar-Syrty, the Karachais resolved to retrieve the stolen livestock and crossed into Kabardin territory.[15] Commander Jatday Bayramukov ordered his men to respect the peaceful inhabitants and refrain from violence against women, children, and the elderly. As they progressed, the Karachais left small garrisons in Kabardin villages to guard the reclaimed livestock.[16]
Conclusion of the Peace Talks
[edit]Shortly after, a delegation of Kabardin elders arrived in Nalchik to negotiate a cessation of hostilities. In the discussions, Jatday, being a member of the Soviet police and not intending to wage war against Soviet authority, stated[17]
We have not attacked anyone. We are only repelling the aggressors.
After receiving orders from Aliy Khasanov to return, the Karachais left Nalchik, taking with them the livestock that had been stolen from their summer pastures as compensation.[18]
Significance of the March
[edit]The March on Nalchik became an important chapter in the history of the Karachai people, demonstrating their determination to defend their homeland.[19] The words of Jatday about honor and self-sacrifice are remembered by the Karachai people as a testament to the importance of freedom and independence for their nation.[20]
References
[edit]- ^ "Указ Президента СССР от 27 декабря 1990 о посмертном награждении орденом Большого Красного знания Катанова Н.А." Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ^ Налоев, З. М. (1991). Адаб Баксанского культурного движения. Нальчик: Эльбрус. p. 440.
- ^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 23.06.1992 № 658". Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ^ Текуева, M.А. (March 1990). "Судья Назира Катанова". Кабардино-Балкарская правда. No. 182, 183.
- ^ Боров, A.H.; Х.М., Думанов; В.Х., Кажаров (1999). Современная государственность Кабардино-Балкарии: истоки, пути становления, проблемы. Нальчик: Издательский центр «Эль-Фа». p. 183.
- ^ Текуева, M.А. "Исламское движение в Кабарде и Балкарии во время Гражданской войны". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
- ^ Улигов, У.А. (1979). Социалистическая революция и Гражданская война в Кабарде и Балкарии и создание национальной государственности кабардинского и балкарского народов (1917-1937 гг.). Нальчик: Книжное издательство «Эльбрус». p. 353.
- ^ Гугов, Р.Х. (1975). Совместная борьба народов Терека за Советскую власть. Нальчик: Книжное издательство «Эльбрус». p. 495.
- ^ Опрышко, О.Л. (1996). На изломе времен. Нальчик: Эльбрус. p. 351.
- ^ Гутов, A.М. (2003). Слово и культура. Нальчик: Эльбрус. p. 160.
- ^ А.Та-Годи, A.A. (2006). Научное издание. Махачкала. p. 348.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Документы по истории борьбы за советскую власть и образования автономии Кабардино-Балкарии (1917-1922). Нальчик: Эльбрус. 1983. p. 799.
- ^ Миренко, Г.И. "Научное издание". Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ^ Дзуганов, T.A. (2004). Кабардино-Балкарское национальное представительство (1921-1938 гг.): Автореф. дис. на соискание ученой степени канд. ист. наук (Thesis). Нальчик. p. 21.
- ^ Мамсиров, Х.Б. (2019). "Новые документы о деятельности Н.А. Катханова в ВСНХ СССР". Кавказология. 3: 129–162. doi:10.31143/2542-212X-2019-3-129-162.
- ^ История Кабардино-Балкарской АССР в двух томах. Vol. 2. Москва: Наука. 1967. p. 439.
- ^ Книга памяти жертв политических репрессий. Кабардино-Балкария. 1920-1941. Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых. 2009. p. 552.
- ^ Калмыков, Б.Э. (1983). Статьи и речи. Нальчик: Эльбрус. p. 240.
- ^ Катханов, К. (2008). Назыр: Книга об отце. Нальчик: Эльбрус. p. 143.
- ^ Катханов, К. (1998). Назыр. Документальная повесть (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Москва. p. 204.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Military conflicts in Russia
- Conflicts in the North Caucasus
- 1922 in Russia
- History of the Karachai people
- History of the Kabardians
- Russian Civil War
- Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union
- Interethnic relations in the Caucasus
- Military history of the North Caucasus
- History of Kabardino-Balkaria
- Wars involving the Circassians