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Draft:Honor culture (Middle East)

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Honor culture in the Middle East refers to an underlying social system that shapes societal values in those societies.[1] Such honor cultures are defined by the relative importance attributed to social prestige and image, as well as the evaluation made by other individuals. Virtuous behavior, personality integrity, and good moral characteristics factor in this system.[2] Likewise, the values of collective pride, social commitment, and men and women's honor are also features of an honor culture.[3] This is contrasted with other societies where honor is perceived as an individual value and a personal matter, shaped by differing perspectives and commitments.[4]

Rough draft/notes

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Sources [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Honor culture in the Middle East refers to a social system in which individual and family honor is of paramount importance and governs various aspects of personal behavior, relationships, and societal interactions. In this context, honor is often linked to notions of family reputation, social status, and gender roles, influencing both private and public life. Honor culture in the Middle East is deeply influenced by historical, religious, and tribal factors. Many scholars trace its roots back to pre-Islamic Arabia, where the concept of honor (izz), was integral to tribal life. In these early societies, honor was tied to notions of bravery, loyalty, and the protection of one's family or tribe. The Arab Bedouin tribes, for instance, operated on principles of honor and shame, where individuals' actions reflected on the collective honor of their community. Over time, these values became woven into the broader social and religious fabric of the region, including Islamic teachings, which also emphasize personal dignity, reputation, and the preservation of family honor. In Islamic societies, honor is often associated with both individual and collective morality. While the Qur'an addresses issues related to honor and respect in familial and social relationships, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (Hadith) also reinforces the importance of protecting one’s honor and reputation, particularly in relation to modesty, chastity, and the sanctity of the family. In many Middle Eastern societies, gender plays a central role in the construction of honor. The concept of honor often differs for men and women, with female honor being more directly linked to the sexual purity and modesty of women. As a result, the behavior of women is often subject to strict social norms. Women are frequently expected to uphold the honor of their families by adhering to codes of modesty, which can include dress codes, social interactions, and sexual behavior. These expectations can place significant pressure on women, as their actions are seen as a direct reflection of their family’s reputation. Men, on the other hand, are typically tasked with defending the family's honor through their actions, whether through demonstrating bravery, securing resources, or protecting the women in their lives. In certain cases, honor killings, or the murder of a family member, often a woman, accused of dishonoring the family, occur as a means of restoring perceived lost honor. While such practices are condemned by many in the region and have been criminalized in several countries, they persist in some areas, especially in more traditional or rural settings. Honor also governs social interactions in the Middle East, including business, politics, and diplomacy. Maintaining face or reputation is a critical aspect of personal interactions, with individuals and families often going to great lengths to avoid public disgrace. Social relationships are frequently structured around honor codes, with people tending to associate with those who share similar status and values. A breach of honor, whether through perceived insult or loss of face, can result in long-lasting social and economic repercussions. In some cases, the importance of honor extends into the realm of blood feuds. Traditionally, if one family was wronged, the offended party might seek revenge to restore honor, creating cycles of violence that can persist for generations. These blood feuds are a reflection of a deeper, tribal-based understanding of justice, where personal or familial honor is prioritized over legal or institutional measures. Honor remains a central cultural value in many parts of the Middle East, yet, it is also undergoing changes due to modernization, globalization, and increasing state intervention. Urbanization, exposure to international media, and the rise of social media have created new platforms for both the reinforcement and contestation of traditional honor codes. In some urban centers, particularly among younger generations, there is a growing challenge to the rigid codes of honor, as people seek greater personal autonomy and challenge gender-based expectations. However, in rural areas and certain conservative communities, traditional concepts of honor continue to influence social norms. In these regions, honor-related practices, such as arranged marriages, strict gender segregation, and the emphasis on family reputation, still hold considerable sway. This divergence between urban and rural areas highlights the complexity and ongoing negotiation of honor in the Middle East. The legal implications of honor can be seen in various Middle Eastern countries, where the legal system has historically been influenced by honor-based principles. In some instances, legal frameworks have allowed for leniency or reduced sentences for individuals involved in honor-related crimes. For example, in countries like Jordan and Egypt, there have been cases where perpetrators of honor killings received lighter sentences due to the cultural context surrounding the crime. However, there has been growing pressure from both local and international actors to revise these legal practices and eliminate the use of honor as a mitigating factor in criminal cases. In recent decades, legal reforms aimed at curbing honor-related violence have been implemented in several countries such as in Jordan's 2011 law abolishing a legal loophole that allowed perpetrators of honor killings to receive reduced sentences. Similarly, Egypt has seen advocacy from women's rights organizations pushing for the criminalization of honor killings and the implementation of harsher penalties for such acts.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle East: A cultural psychology. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Üskül, A. K., Cross, S. E., Alözkan, C., Gerçek-Swing, B., Ataca, B., Günsoy, C., & Sunbay, Z. (2014). Emotional responses to honour situations in Turkey and the northern USA. Cognition and Emotion, 28(6), 1-19.
  3. ^ Öner-Özkan, B., & Gençöz, T. (2006). Gurur toplumu bakış açısıyla Türk toplumunun incelenmesi. Kriz Dergisi, 14(3), 19-25.
  4. ^ Dilmac, B., Aricak, O. T., & Cesur, S. (2014). A Validity and Reliability Study on the Development of the Values Scale in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(5), 1661-1671.
  5. ^ Dilmac, B., Aricak, O. T., & Cesur, S. (2014). A Validity and Reliability Study on the Development of the Values Scale in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(5), 1661-1671.
  6. ^ Abi-Raad, M. (2019). Western organizational theories: Middle Eastern style: How much do you know about the culture. The Journal of Organizational Management Studies, 2019, 1-16.
  7. ^ Merkin, R. (2023). Shame from a Middle Eastern Perspective. In Cultural Perspectives on Shame (pp. 157-172). Routledge.
  8. ^ Aslani, S., Ramirez‐Marin, J., Brett, J., Yao, J., Semnani‐Azad, Z., Zhang, Z. X., ... & Adair, W. (2016). Dignity, face, and honor cultures: A study of negotiation strategy and outcomes in three cultures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(8), 1178-1201.
  9. ^ Alqahtani, G. (2019). Violence Against Women in the Name of Honor: The Case of Jordan. American University.
  10. ^ Sekulow, J. (2016). Unholy Alliance: The Agenda Iran, Russia, and Jihadists Share for Conquering the World. Simon and Schuster.
  11. ^ Kulczycki, A. and Windle, S. (2011). Honor killings in the middle east and north africa. Violence Against Women, 17(11), 1442-1464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211434127
  12. ^ Pejković, K. S., & Nedeljković, M. D. CULTURE OF HONOR AND VIOLENCE: A FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL?. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, INDENTITIES AND DEMOCRATIC INTEGRATION, 293.
  13. ^ Gengler, J., Alkazemi, M., & Alsharekh, A. (2018). Who supports honor-based violence in the middle east? findings from a national survey of kuwait. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(11-12), NP6013-NP6039. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812067
  14. ^ Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. University of California Press.
  15. ^ Mernissi, F. (1991). Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Inquiry. Blackwell Publishers.
  16. ^ Al-Rasheed, M. (2013). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press.
  17. ^ Gregg, G. S. (2005). Honor and Islam: Shaping emotions, traits, and selves. In The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology. Oxford University Press. 90-133.
  18. ^ Abu-Rabia, A. (2011). Family honor killings: between custom and state law. The Open Psychology Journal, 4(1), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101104010034
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