Draft:Grace Shipping Company

• Comment: Interesting, but the sources are not enough to satisfy WP:NCORP. DoubleGrazing (talk) 13:52, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

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Grace Shipping (The Grace Line) was a key part of the parent company, W. R. Grace, for a large part of the corporation's history. The Grace Line began service in 1882, with regular steamship service beginning in 1893. In 1929, the success of Grace Shipping was instrumental for its parent company to enter a joint venture with Pan Am Airlines to create Pan American-Grace Airways (Panagra).

In December of 1969, Grace Line was sold to Prudential Lines for $44.5 million, with the merged company renamed Prudential Grace Line.

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  Grace Shipping was a key part of W.R. Grace and Company.
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  A Bolivian stamp commemorating the postal service created by Panagra (1945).

19th Century

• The Grace Line began service in 1882, with ports of call between Peru and New York City. The main source of shipping revenue was the from the exporting of guano from the Chincha Islands of Peru to fertilizer manufacturers in the United States.
• Regular steamship service was established in 1893, with a subsidiary called the New York & Pacific Steamship Co. The first ship to test the route was the SS Mount Tabor. Steamships can utilize the shorter route of the Staits of Magellan, whereas a sail ship would need to go past the Cape Horn.

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  Drawing of Chincha Islands, Peru. 1865
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  Strait of Magellan
• 
  Cape Horn vs. Strait of Magellan

Beginning of the 20th Century

The New York & Pacific Steamships, where built outside the United States. These ships sailed under the British flag because foreign built ships before 1914 were banned from the US registry based upon a federal law that had been enacted in 1789. However, US-flag service began in 1912 with the Atlantic and Pacific Steamship Company. In 1913, the company acquired the SS Santa Cruz for service from the West Coast of the U.S. to the Pacific coast of South America. The ship had been acquired from the shipbuilder William Cramp & Sons of Philadelphia.

The Grace Lines started with five ships for service from New York City to as far as Chile. There ships were the:

• SS Santa Ana
• SS Santa Luisa,
• SS Santa Elina
• SS Santa Teresa
• SS Santa Leonora

Due in part to the enactment by Congress of the Panama Canal Act of 1912 which prohibited railroads companies from owning ships passing through the Panama Canal, Grace Shipping was able to acquire a controlling interest in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in 1916. Also in 1916, two new ships were the SS Santa Paula and SS Santa Rosa. The Santa Paula would later be converted in the USS Santa Paula for the U.S. Navy in World War l. The names Santa Paula and Santa Rosa would later become the names of several ships in the history of the Grace Line.

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  SS Santa Paula, c. 1916
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  SS Santa Paula later became the USS Santa Paula, c. 1919

1920s

In 1921, Pacific Mail Steamship Company received five 535 ft. President class ships from the United States Shipping Board for transpacific operations.

Grace Line Advertisement (1928)

These ships were the:

• President Cleveland (ex Golden State)
• President Lincoln (ex Hoosier State)
• President Pierce (ex Hawkeye State)
• President Taft (ex Buckeye State)
• President Wilson (ex Empire State)

In 1923, the US Shipping Board decided to place the five ships up for bid and Dollar Shipping Company won the bid. With no large ships for the transpacific operations, Grace sold the Pacific Mail, its registered name, and goodwill to Dollar in 1926. Now without a transpacific service, Grace did not need the six intercoastal freighters (the above mentioned five and the SS Santa Paula) and sold them to the American Hawaiian Line. This sale included the SS Santa Paula, which was renamed the SS Montanan.

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  The shipping lines of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company on a world map. (1921)
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  Pacific Mail poster with December calendar.

Entrance of Parent Company into the Airline Industry

With the experience of Grace Shipping in South America, the parent company of W.R. Grace and Company was, in 1928, able to enter into a joint venture with Pan American Airways for the creation of Panagra (Pan American-Grace Airways) in South America. The financial stability and experience of the two companies in South America appeared to be a key reason for the Postmaster General to allow US mail service to be handled by this air cargo service.

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  Panagra DC-6
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  Panagra Flight (circa 1930s-1940s)

1930s

S.S. Santa Paula, 1932

In order to comply with existing U.S. Mail contracts, the Grace Line acquired four Santa Rosa class ships from the Federal Shipbuilding Company of Kearney, New Jersey. The ships were designed by William Francis Gibbs of the naval architecture company Gibbs & Cox. The four ships were the SS Santa Paula, Santa Elena, Santa Rosa, and Santa Lucia. As of 1932, the new S.S. Santa Rosa the most economical steamer at sea in terms of specific fuel consumption.

S.S. Santa Rosa, 1932

The 1932 Santa Paula was a replacement for the 1916 Santa Paula. The 1932 ships would be put into service in World War Il under the command of the U.S. War Shipping Administration (WSA). Only two ships would survive, the Santa Paula and the Santa Rosa.

In 1934, Grace Line and the Panama Pacific Line announced a collaborative service for fast passenger service between New York and West Coast of the U.S., by means of the Panama Canal. The first ship to launch service from the Grace Line was the Santa Lucia.

In 1936, Grace Line would acquire the Red D Line (the Atlantic and Caribbean Steam Navigation Company).

In 1938 the Colombian Line merged with Grace Line bringing an end to the Colombian Line. During World War II, Grace Lines operated transport for the U.S. War Shipping Administration, including the SS Sea Marlin.

1930s-1940s

S.S. Santa Clara after becoming the USS Susan B. Anthony

The Santa Lucia after becoming the USS Leedtown.

With World War II, the Grace Line ships were placed in the U.S. Navy.

The ships were:

Name	Year constructed	Year entering service	Type
Santa Barbara	1943	1943	C2 cargo ship
Santa Cecilia	1942	1943	C2 cargo ship
Santa Cruz	1941	1943	C1B vessel
Santa Isabel	1939	1939	C2 freight
Santa Rosa	1932	1942	Passenger and cargo ship
Santa Clara	1930	1941	Turbo-electric ocean liner
Santa Elena	1933	1942	Passenger and cargo ship
Santa Paula	1932	1942	Passenger and cargo ship
Santa Monica	1932	1943	C2 cargo ship
Santa Maria	1942	1943	C2 cargo ship
Santa Lucia (Became the USS Leedstown)	1933	1942	Amphibious assault ship

1940s-1950s

SS Santa Barbara Dining Room, circa 1946.

After World War ll, the Grace line operated 23 ships totaling 188,000 gross tons, and an additional 14 more on bareboat charters. However, immediately after the end of the war, private ships were under requisition of the U.S. Government. In collaboration with the United States Maritime Commission, the Grace Line built a new fleet of vessels for post-war shipping services. On November 4, 1945, the president of the Grace Line, R. Ranney Adams, announced the post-war shipping services:

Our new combination passenger and cargo liners will be fast and efficient vessels with accommodations for 52 first-class passengers. Each stateroom will have a private bath. All cabins and public spaces will be air conditioned, first applications of the Latin-American trades.

The 1958 versions of the Santa Rosa and Santa Paula

In 1956, Gibbs & Cox was again the designer and had designed the replacements for the Santa Rosa and Santa Paula, the new Santa Rosa (1958) and Santa Paula (1958). Newport News Shipping Company built the ships. The ships had the following features:

• Aluminum paneling for fire protection
• Gyrofin stabilizers were fitted to improve stability.
• Each Room had its own bathroom.
• Extended automatic conveyors for palletized cargo in the holds (cargo compartments)

The ships were designed for twelve-day voyages, with ports of call in Aruba, The Bahamas, Curaçao, Jamaica, and Venezuela.

The key textile designer for the interiors was Dorothy Liebes, who had previously worked with Gibbs & Cox and interior designers Smyth, Urquhart & Marckwald on the SS United States (1951). A profile in Handweaver & Craftsman magazine had explained the interior design of the ships for these types of routes as follows:

Handwoven fabrics, along with the work of contemporary artists, sculptors, ceramists, and craftsmen in metal, enamel and glass help to create a fresh, cool, relaxing modern atmosphere, a new-ship look in keeping with holiday travel in tropical waters.

The Santa Paula was launched on 9 January 1958 by Patricia Nixon, the wife of then Vice President Richard Nixon.

1960s

SS Santa Eliana later became the SS Mayagüez. c. 1975

In 1960, the Grace Line sought to begin containerizing its South American cargo operations by converting the conventional freighters Santa Eliana and Santa Leonor into fully cellular container ships. However, the effort was opposed to by the longshoremen in New York and Venezuela, and the ships were repeatedly laid up idle. The ships were ultimately sold to the domestic container line Sea-Land Service in 1964. Sea-Land immediately modified the two ships to carry its 35-foot containers. The Santa Eliana was temporarily named the Sea and the Santa Leonor became the Land. The ships were employed on the U.S. coastwise and Puerto Rican trades.

The L and M ships

L ships

The Grace Line replaced the aging freighters and added six newly built freighters called the "L" ships.

M ships

In 1963, Grace made a second attempt to containerize its South American trade when it ordered what was referred to as the "M" ships, which were:

• Santa Magdalena
• Santa Maria
• Santa Mariana
• Santa Mercedes

The ships were combination passenger-cargo ships with partial cellular holds. Each ship could carry first class 125 passengers.

However, they were no real gain as mixing conventional breakbulk cargo (shipping goods loaded individually) and containers in the same ship was less efficient in terms of the operating economies than full containerization (intermodal freight transport) was capable of. The Santa Magdalena, the first of the class, was delivered to Grace Line on February 4, 1965.

• 
  An example of breakbulk cargo
• 
  Example of shipping containerization

M ship design

The ships were designed by George G. Sharpe Company, naval architects and engineers. As an engineering company, operations analysis (operations research) of the trade route was made to determine:

• The characteristics of the cargo moving on the route.
• Establish the feasibility of mechanical handling of cargo in units.

This operations analysis included:

• A detailed study of the cargo commodities transported on the route.
• Analyses of weight, dimensions, net cubic volume, gross cubic volume, port of origin, and port of destination.
• A classification of the cargo concerning its susceptibility to unitization.

In conjunction with trade forecasts prepared by Grace economists, trends in cargo carryings were managed by means of:

• Having trends analyzed
• Having trends projected into the future.

Sale of the shipping company

In December of 1969, Grace Line was sold to Prudential Lines for $44.5 million, with the merged company renamed Prudential Grace Line. Spyros S. Skouras was elected president. A Pacific and Atlantic Division were created. The divisions were managed as follows:

• Arthur C. Novacek, the last president of the Grace Line, headed the Atlantic Division.
• Edmund J. Camuti, the former traffic vice president for the Prudential Line, headed the Pacific Division.

1970s

The Prudential Grace Line was taken over by Delta Steamship Lines of New Orleans, Louisiana in 1978, allowing Delta to carry on shipping services to Latin America from both the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. However, the purchase saw the extinguishing of the name Grace in ocean shipping.

The following events took place for the Santa Paula (1958) in the 1970s:

• In 1972, the ship was sold to a Greek cruise company, Oceanic Sun Line, which has planned to convert her into the Mediterranean cruise ship SS Stella Polaris. However, the plan was not successful.
• In 1976, the ship was purchased by Marriott Group and four Kuwaiti companies.
• In 1978, the ship was later converted into a floating hotel in Kuwait, the Kuwait Marriott Hotel. Twenty years after it first set sail, it was set to become a floating hotel.

In 1979, the 1932 Santa Rosa, at that point the SS Athenai, was used in the film Raise the Titanic (1980) to portray the sunken Titanic brought back to the surface of the sea.

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  The Athinai (ex Santa Rosa) was used in the filming of Raise the Titanic. Image c. 1986
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  The Santa Rosa in 1932

1980s

The Santa Mercedes after it became the USTS Patriot State. c. 1990.

The Santa Paula (1958) in its converted form as the Kuwait Marriot floating hotel officially opened in 1980. In 1989, The hotel later became the Ramada al Salaam Hotel.

Of the M-class ships, the ships continued sailing as Delta Line ships until 1983. The Santa Mercedes was later converted into a training ship called the TS Patriot State for the Massachusetts Maritime Academy after its acquisition in 1984 by the Massachusetts Maritime Administration. The Santa Magdalena, the first of the M ships to have been delivered in 1965, was scrapped in 1988.

1990s-2010s

The Santa Paula (1958) as the Ramada al Salaam floating hotel was destroyed during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the exception of its spare machinery. The spares were later used in the sister ship of the former Santa Rosa (1958). In 1991, the same Santa Rosa was converted into a more modern cruise ship, at the cost of $70 million. The ship would later become the SS Emerald in 1996. The ship was later scrapped in 2012.

Almost a century before, the company had acquired the SS Santa Cruz in 1913 for service from the West Coast of the U.S. to the Pacific coast of South America.

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  The SS Emerald (ex Santa Rosa) c. 2008