Draft:Genetic history of West Eurasians
![]() | An editor has marked this as a promising draft and requests that, should it go unedited for six months, G13 deletion be postponed, either by making a dummy/minor edit to the page, or by improving and submitting it for review. Last edited by Citation bot (talk | contribs) 3 months ago. (Update) | ![]() |
![]() | This is a draft article. It is a work in progress open to editing by anyone. Please ensure core content policies are met before publishing it as a live Wikipedia article. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL Last edited by Citation bot (talk | contribs) 3 months ago. (Update)
Finished drafting? or |
This article explains the genetic makeup and population history of Europeans, Middle Easterners, Iranian peoples of South-Central Asia and closely related populations (i.e. North Africans, and, partly, Central Asians, South Asians, and populations of the Horn of Africa), often collectively referred to as "West-Eurasians" in population genomics.
Overview
[edit]Emergence of the West-Eurasian lineage
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Human_geographical_dispersion_model_%28Eurasia%29.jpg/220px-Human_geographical_dispersion_model_%28Eurasia%29.jpg)
The most significant recent dispersal of modern humans from Africa gave rise to an undifferentiated "non-African" lineage by some 70–50 kya (70-50,000 years ago). By about 50–40 kya a West-Eurasian lineage ancestral to modern Europeans, Middle Easterners, South-Central Asians, Northern Africans, and, in part, South Asians, other Central Asians, and populations of the Horn of Africa, had emerged, as had a separate East-Eurasian lineage.[2][3][4][5] Both East and West Eurasians acquired Neanderthal admixture in Europe and Asia.[6] West-Eurasians display deep substructure, specifically there is a "Basal Eurasian" lineage maximized among Middle Easterners, a Caucasus/Iranian lineage maximized among West Asians and South Asians with significant contributions to modern Europeans, and an Mesolithic European/Ancient North Eurasian lineage maximized among modern Uralic-speaking world and representing the West-Eurasian ancestry component among Indigenous peoples of the Americas. It is generally suggested that "Basal Eurasians" represent the first split from East-Eurasians, with Mesolithic Europeans diverging slightly later, although other explanations for this substructure without the need of an earlier split also exists.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Procrustes-transformed_PCA_plot_of_genetic_variation_of_worldwide_populations.png/220px-Procrustes-transformed_PCA_plot_of_genetic_variation_of_worldwide_populations.png)
During the Last Glacial Maximum, heightened selection pressure and founder effects would result in this West Eurasian meta-population lineage emerging, which would give rise to various closely related but already differentiated subpopulations, such as Western Hunter-Gatherers, Caucasus hunter-gatherers, Natufians, Ancient North Eurasian, Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, and in significant amounts Ancient North Africans (Taforalt) as well as post- AASI ancient South Asians.[9]
Basal Eurasians
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BasalEurasianMbuti_DG.jpg/220px-BasalEurasianMbuti_DG.jpg)
Generally, the modern populations inhabiting West Eurasia may not be entirely descended from the West-Eurasian lineage that split from East-Eurasians around 50-40 kya, as they also display ancestry from "Basal Eurasians", a hypothetical lineage which is usually suggested to have diverged slightly before the main ancestry of West-Eurasians diverged from East Eurasians, hence their name, though this is disputed.
The time of divergence between Basal Eurasians, West Eurasians, and East Eurasians is not fully agreed upon, as many sources suggest Basal Eurasians are basal to both West-Eurasians and East-Eurasians, while a few suggest East-Eurasians are basal to Basal Eurasians and other populations of West Eurasia (Mesolithic European Hunter-Gatherers, Ancient North Eurasians).
Basal Eurasians either split from East-Eurasians before Mesolithic European Hunter-Gatherers did, or did not undergo archaic admixture when compared to the West-Eurasian branch which gave rise to Early European modern humans. Several ancient populations in Western Eurasia are suggested to have derived significant amounts of ancestry from Basal Eurasians, most notably groups such as Natufians, Mesolithic Iranians, Neolithic Iranians, and Early European Farmers.[10]
An estimation for Holocene-era Near Easterners (e.g., Mesolithic Caucasian Hunter Gatherers, Mesolithic Iranians, Neolithic Iranians, Natufians) suggests that they formed from up to 50% Basal Eurasian ancestry, with the remainder being closer to Ancient North Eurasians.[11]
Early European Farmers (EEFs), who had some Western European Hunter-Gatherer-related ancestry and originated in the Near East, also derive approximately 44% of their ancestry from this hypothetical Basal Eurasian lineage.[12]
One study suggests Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers generally had no Basal Eurasian ancestry.[13]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Human_migration_out_of_Africa.png/220px-Human_migration_out_of_Africa.png)
However, research professor Leslea Hlusko suggested that Mesolithic European Hunter-Gatherers and Ancient North Eurasians were descended from Basal Eurasians themselves[14][15], which would effectively make the Basal-Eurasian and West-Eurasian lineages part of a single lineage basal to East-Eurasians.
The existence of the Basal-Eurasians and own population lineage is questioned by more recent genetic and archaeogenetic data, supporting a repeated population hub expansion, in which West-Eurasians expanded after East-Eurasians, and received less archaic admixture, with the least archaic admixture among Middle Eastern populations. The most basal lineage could be associated with the "Zlatý Kůň" sample, which may form a deep sister clade to early West-Eurasian, however had a distinct position in a worldwide genomic comparison, and did not contribute to any modern humans. They concluded that the ancestors of all non-African populations lived somewhere in southwestern Eurasia, persisted as a single population for at least 15 thousand years after the putative "OoA bottleneck", than split between West-and East-Eurasian populations, marking the beginning of a broader expansion) and later diffused from this “population Hub” ultimately colonizing all of Eurasia and further, with varying degrees of archaic admixture.[16]
We used an approach that integrates genetic with archaeological evidence to model the peopling of Eurasia by Homo sapiens after the Out of Africa (OoA); we infer the presence of an OoA population Hub from which multiple waves of expansion (chronologically, genetically, and technologically distinct) emanated to populate the new continent. We explain the East/West Eurasian population split as a longer permanence of the latter in the OoA Hub, and provide an explanation for the mixed East–West ancestry reported for paleolithic Siberians and, to a minor extent, GoyetQ116-1 in Belgium. We propose a parsimonious placement of Oase1 as an individual related to Bacho Kiro who experienced additional Neanderthal introgression and confirm Zlatý Kůň genetically as the most basal OoA human lineage sequenced to date, also in comparison to Oceanians and putatively link it with non-Mousterian material cultures documented in Europe 48–43 ka.
— Vallini et al. 2022
Hypothetical Basal-Eurasian ancestry peaks among Eastern Arabs (Qataris) and Iranian populations, and is also found in significant amounts among Ancient Iberomarusian samples and modern Northern Africans, in accordance with the Arabian branch of West-Eurasian diversity, which expanded into Northern and Northeastern Africa between 30-15 thousand years ago.[17]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PCA_model_of_Proper_West-Eurasians%2C_Basal-Eurasians%2C_and_Africans.png/220px-PCA_model_of_Proper_West-Eurasians%2C_Basal-Eurasians%2C_and_Africans.png)
Distinct ancestral components in Western Eurasia
[edit]There is no single date in which the ancestors of modern Europeans and Middle Easterners diverged, as they are descended from a variety of West Eurasian-related autosomal DNA components which can be found both in Europe and the Middle East. As such, the genetic distinction between the Middle East and Europe is nebulous. Some Middle Eastern populations share ancestry with European populations that they do not share with other Middle Eastern populations. Such is the case with Levantine populations, who have some ancestry shifted towards Europe rather than the Middle East, and with the Early European Farmers of Neolithic Anatolia (who would go on to contribute significant amounts of ancestry to present-day Europeans), who were genetically distinct from the Zagros farmers of Iran.
The significant genetic differences between ancient Iranians, Neolithic Anatolian farmers and European hunter-gatherers suggests that these populations split before the Neolithic. Assuming a mutation rate of 5 x 10^-10 per site per year, the inferred mean split time for Neolithic Anatolian farmers and European hunter-gatherers ranged from 33-39 kya, and for the Neolithic Iranians 46-77 kya.[18]
One study shows that Ancient Western Iran was inhabited by a population genetically most similar to hunter-gatherers from the Caucasus, but distinct from the Neolithic Anatolian people who later brought agriculture into Europe.[19]
A study of an early Neolithic pastoralist from Zagros, Iran suggests that the Neolithic Central Zagros people were somewhat genetically isolated from other populations of the Fertile Crescent, an isolation which may have begun early on, judging by the lack of affinity to neighboring regions, with Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers having more affinity towards Western Hunter-Gatherers and Neolithic Anatolian Farmers. The results of the study suggest the possibility of gene flow between Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers, Western Hunter-Gatherers, and Neolithic Anatolian Farmers to the exclusion of the Neolithic Iranians. An alternative, but not mutually exclusive, explanation for this pattern is that these Neolithic Iranians might have received genetic input from a source equally distant from all other European populations, and are thus basal to them.[20]
There is high genetic continuity between Early European Farmers and Anatolian hunter-gatherers (~80-90%),[21] suggesting that agriculture was adopted in situ by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by demic diffusion into the region. The existence of this ancient population has been inferred[22] through the genetic analysis of the remains of a male individual from the site of Pınarbaşı (37 ° 29'N, 33 ° 02'E), in central Anatolia, which has been dated at 13,642-13,073 cal BCE. At the autosomal level[23], in the Principal component analysis (PCA) the analyzed AHG individual turns out to be intermediate between Natufian farmers and Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG). An adequate two-way admixture model was found, in which the AHG individual derived around half of his ancestry from a Neolithic Levantine-related gene pool (48.0 ± 4.5%; estimate ± 1 SE) and the rest from the Western hunter-gatherer-related one. While these results do not suggest that the AHG gene pool originated as a mixture of Neolithic Levantines and Western hunter-gatherers, both of which lived millennia later than Anatolian hunter-gatherers, it still robustly supports that AHG is genetically intermediate between WHG and Neolithic Levantines. This cannot be explained without gene flow between the ancestral gene pools of those three groups. This supports a late Pleistocene presence of both Near-Eastern and European hunter-gatherer-related ancestries in central Anatolia. Notably, this genetic link with the Levant pre-dates the advent of farming in this region by at least five millenia.[24]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg/220px-Ancient_West-Eurasian_PCA.jpg)
Jones et al. 2015 found that the ancestors of the EEF had split off from WHG around 43,000 BC, and from Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers (CHGs) around 23,000 BC.[26]
Lazaridis et al. (2014) suggested that the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) split from Western Hunter-Gatherers around 24,000 BP.[27]
Lazaridis et al. (2015) found that WHGs were a mix of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) and the Upper Paleolithic people (Cro-Magnon) of the Grotte du Bichon in Switzerland. EHGs in turn derived 75% of their ancestry from ANEs. Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHGs) were found to be a mix of EHGs and WHGs.[a]
One study identified a hypothetical Levantine ancestral component that diverged from other Middle Easterners ∼23,700–15,500 years ago, and diverged from Europeans ∼15,900–9,100 years ago.[29] The study suggests Levantine populations today fall into two main groups: one sharing more genetic characteristics with modern-day Europeans and Central Asians, and the other with closer genetic affinities to other Middle Easterners and Africans.
The populations of the Arab world are characterized by four principal West-Eurasian autosomal DNA components: the Arabian, Levantine, Coptic[30] and Maghrebi components. In the Persian Gulf, the Arabian component is the main autosomal DNA component, which is most closely associated with local Arabic-speaking populations.[20]
- The Arabian component is also found at significant frequencies in parts of the Levant and Northeast Africa.[31][32] It represents ∼50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (∼25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event.[31] A separate study by Iosif Lazarides and colleagues published in the same year, correlated this component with Epipaleolithic Natufians from the Levant. This study produced genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners between ~12,000 and 1,400 BCE, including Natufian hunter–gatherers, and suggested an earlier spread of Natufian ancestry to populations of the Levant and the Eastern Mediterranean. Natufians were found to be of exclusive West-Eurasian origin, most closely related to modern Arabs, followed by Berber peoples.[33] A 2018 re-analysis of Natufian samples, including 279 modern populations as a reference, found that the Natufians were largely of local West-Eurasian origin, but harbored 6.8% Eastern African-related ancestry, specifically an Omotic component, which peaks among the Aari people. It is suggested that this Omotic component may have been introduced into the Levant along with the specific Y-haplogroup sublineage E-M215, also known as "E1b1b", to Western Eurasia.[34]
- The Levantine component is the main autosomal element in the Near East and Caucasus. It peaks among Druze populations in the Levant. The Levantine component diverged from the Arabian component about 15,500-23,700 ypb.[31] It is present in Levantines at 42–68%, and at lower frequencies in Europe and Central Asia.
- The Coptic component peaks among Egyptian Copts in Sudan.[citation needed]
- The Maghrebi component is the main autosomal element in the Maghreb. It peaks among the non-Arabized Berber populations in the region. Divergence between Maghrebi peoples and Near Eastern/Europeans likely precedes the Holocene (>12,000 ya).[32] The modern Northern African (Berber) populations have been described as a mosaic of Northern African (Maghrebi), Middle Eastern, European, and Sub-Saharan African-related ancestries. [35]
The Ancient North African Taforalt individuals were found to have harbored ~65% West-Eurasian-like ancestry and also shows affinity to the hypothetical "Basal Eurasian" lineage. However they were shown to be genetically closer to Holocene-era Iranians and Levantine populations, which already harbored increased archaic (Neanderthal) admixture.[36][37]
According to Jones et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015), autosomal tests indicate that the Yamnaya people are a mix of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers and a population of Caucasus Hunter Gatherers who probably arrived from the Caucasus[38][39] or Iran.[40] Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA.[41][39] This admixture is referred to in archaeogenetics as Western Steppe Herder (WSH) ancestry.
Modern Europeans are descended from a mix of Western Hunter-Gatherers, Early European Farmers, and Western Steppe Herders.
Genetic history of Berbers
[edit]Genetic history of Egyptians
[edit]Genetic history of Iranians
[edit]Genetic history of Turks
[edit]Genetic history of Arabs
[edit]Genetic history of Europeans
[edit]Relationship to other populations
[edit]Central Asians
[edit]South Asians
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Genetic_distances_Eurasian_West_Asian_East_Asian.png/220px-Genetic_distances_Eurasian_West_Asian_East_Asian.png)
Genetically, South Asians are a composite of West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian components. The first people in South Asia were an East-Eurasian population, dubbed "Ancient Ancestral South Indian". Then several waves of West-Eurasian but also some other East-Eurasian populations entered the subcontinent, mixing with them to form modern-day South Asians.[43] Earliest West-Eurasian ancestry is proposed to have perhaps arrived already during the Paleolithic, about ~40,000 BC and may be linked to expanding Aurignacian groups of the Levant. Genetic data shows that the main West-Eurasian wave, happened during the Neolithic period,[44] or already during the Holocene.[45][46][47][48][49][50][33][51][52] According to an international research team led by palaeogeneticists of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU), one of the most important ancestry components of South Asians is derived from a population related to Neolithic farmers from the eastern Fertile Crescent and Iran. They concluded "that the Iranian genomes represent the main ancestors of modern-day South Asians".[53]
Mongolic peoples
[edit]North Africans
[edit]Horn of Africa
[edit]Horn Africans are a mix of a population indigenous to Ethiopia, dubbed "Ethiopic" ancestry, and ancient West Eurasian ancestry from a back-migration to Africa, dubbed "Ethio-Somali" ancestry.
Native Americans
[edit]A genome sequencing of the arm bone of a 24,000 year-old youth from the Mal'ta site suggests that Native Americans derive nearly a third of their ancestry from West-Eurasians, rather than being entirely descended from East-Eurasians as previously thought.[54]
According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' people (Ancient North Eurasian). This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago.[55] Estimates for Ancient North Eurasian ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages,[56] such as 42% for those belonging to the Andean region in South America.[56] The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of East Asian origin.[57]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Wong, Emily H. M.; Khrunin, Andrey; Nichols, Larissa; Pushkarev, Dmitry; Khokhrin, Denis; Verbenko, Dmitry; Evgrafov, Oleg; Knowles, James; Novembre, John; Limborska, Svetlana; Valouev, Anton (2016-12-13). "Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations". Genome Research. 27 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1101/gr.202945.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 5204334. PMID 27965293.
- ^ Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Sikora M, Malaspinas AS, Manica A, Moltke I, et al. (November 2014). "Paleogenomics. Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years". Science. 346 (6213): 1113–1118. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1113S. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0114. PMID 25378462. S2CID 206632421.
- ^ Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (March 2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. 26 (6): 827–833. Bibcode:2016CBio...26..827P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. hdl:2440/114930. PMID 26853362. S2CID 140098861.
- ^ Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, et al. (March 2019). "Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 3530. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.3530V. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1. PMC 6401177. PMID 30837540.
- ^ Haber M, Jones AL, Connell BA, Arciero E, Yang H, Thomas MG, et al. (August 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup and Its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
- ^ Villanea FA, Schraiber JG (January 2019). "Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 39–44. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0735-8. PMC 6309227. PMID 30478305.
- ^ Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005.
- ^ Wang, Chaolong; Zöllner, Sebastian; Rosenberg, Noah A. (2012-08-23). "A Quantitative Comparison of the Similarity between Genes and Geography in Worldwide Human Populations". PLOS Genetics. 8 (8): e1002886. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002886. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3426559. PMID 22927824.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ^ Van de Loosdrecht, Marieke (4 May 2018). "Supplementary Materials for Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.
- ^ Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo; Yu, He; Stoessel, Alexander; Spyrou, Maria A.; Deviese, Thibaut; Mattonai, Marco; Ribechini, Erika; Higham, Thomas; Velemínský, Petr; Brůžek, Jaroslav; Krause, Johannes (2021). "A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (6): 820–825. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5..820P. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 8175239. PMID 33828249.
- ^ 6.12 The Ancient North Eurasians, 11 February 2022, retrieved 2022-10-03
- ^ 6.2 The Basal Eurasians, 11 February 2022, retrieved 2022-10-03
- ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (7 April 2022). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa". Genome Biology and Evolution. 14 (4). doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. PMC 9021735. PMID 35445261.
- ^ Ferreira, Joana C.; Alshamali, Farida; Montinaro, Francesco; Cavadas, Bruno; Torroni, Antonio; Pereira, Luisa; Raveane, Alessandro; Fernandes, Veronica (2021-09-01). "Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations". Genome Biology and Evolution. 13 (9): evab194. doi:10.1093/gbe/evab194. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 8435661. PMID 34480555.
- ^ Broushaki; et al. (14 July 2016). "Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent". Science. 353 (6298): 499–503. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..499B. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7943. PMC 5113750. PMID 27417496.
- ^ Gallego-Llorente, M.; Connell, S.; Jones, E. R.; Merrett, D. C.; Jeon, Y.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Gamba, C.; Meiklejohn, C.; Beyer, R.; Jeon, S.; Cho, Y. S.; Hofreiter, M.; Bhak, J.; Manica, A. (2016-08-09). "The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros, Iran". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 31326. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631326G. doi:10.1038/srep31326. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4977546. PMID 27502179.
- ^ a b Haber M, Gauguier D, Youhanna S, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Botigué LR, et al. (14 October 2016). "Genome-wide diversity in the levant reveals recent structuring by culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
- ^ Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (2019-03-19). "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1218. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1218F. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6425003. PMID 30890703.
- ^ Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (2019-03-19). "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1218. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1218F. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6425003. PMID 30890703.
- ^ Krause, Johannes; Jeong, Choongwon; Haak, Wolfgang; Posth, Cosimo; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Fairbairn, Andrew; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Julia Gresky (2019-03-19). "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1218. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1218F. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6425003. PMID 30890703.
- ^ Feldman, Michal; Fernández-Domínguez, Eva; Reynolds, Luke; Baird, Douglas; Pearson, Jessica; et al. (19 March 2019). "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1218. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1218F. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6425003. PMID 30890703. S2CID 83464300.
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- ^ Feldman, Michal; Fernández-Domínguez, Eva; Reynolds, Luke; Baird, Douglas; Pearson, Jessica; Hershkovitz, Israel; May, Hila; Goring-Morris, Nigel; Benz, Marion; Gresky, Julia; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Fairbairn, Andrew; Mustafaoğlu, Gökhan; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Posth, Cosimo (2019-03-19). "Late Pleistocene human genome suggests a local origin for the first farmers of central Anatolia". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1218. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1218F. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09209-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6425003. PMID 30890703.
- ^ Jones et al. 2015, p. 5. "Given their geographic origin, it seems likely that CHG and EF are the descendants of early colonists from Africa who stopped south of the Caucasus, in an area stretching south to the Levant and possibly east towards Central and South Asia. WHG, on the other hand, are likely the descendants of a wave that expanded further into Europe."
- ^ Lazaridis 2014. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLazaridis2014 (help)
- ^ Lazaridis 2016.
- ^ Haber M, Gauguier D, Youhanna S, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Botigué LR, et al. (28 February 2013). "Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
- ^ Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
- ^ a b c Haber M, Gauguier D, Youhanna S, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Botigué LR, et al. (14 October 2016). "Genome-wide diversity in the levant reveals recent structuring by culture". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316. PMC 3585000. PMID 23468648.
- ^ a b Henn BM, Botigué LR, Gravel S, Wang W, Brisbin A, Byrnes JK, et al. (January 2012). "Genomic ancestry of North Africans supports back-to-Africa migrations". PLOS Genetics. 8 (1): e1002397. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397. PMC 3257290. PMID 22253600.
- ^ a b Lazaridis I, Nadel D, Rollefson G, Merrett DC, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ^ Shriner D (2018). "Re-analysis of Whole Genome Sequence Data From 279 Ancient Eurasians Reveals Substantial Ancestral Heterogeneity". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 268. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00268. PMC 6062619. PMID 30079081.
- ^ Arauna LR, Comas D (2017-09-15). "Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs". eLS: 1–7. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485. ISBN 9780470016176.
- ^ van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
- ^ van de Loosdrecht et al. 2018.
- ^ Jones et al. 2015.
- ^ a b "Europe's fourth ancestral 'tribe' uncovered". BBC. 16 November 2015.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2016. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFLazaridisNadelRollefsonMerrett2016 (help)
- ^ Mathieson, et al. 2015.
- ^ Li, Hui; Cho, Kelly; Kidd, J.; Kidd, K. (2009). "Genetic landscape of Eurasia and "admixture" in Uyghurs". American Journal of Human Genetics. 85 (6): 934–937. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.024. PMC 2790568. PMID 20004770. S2CID 37591388.
- ^ Yelmen B, Mondal M, Marnetto D, Pathak AK, Montinaro F, Gallego Romero I, et al. (August 2019). "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (8): 1628–1642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037. PMC 6657728. PMID 30952160.
- ^ Narasimhan VM, Anthony D, Mallory J, Reich D (2018). The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia. bioRxiv 10.1101/292581. doi:10.1101/292581. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0. S2CID 89658279.
- ^ Shinde V, Narasimhan VM, Rohland N, Mallick S, Mah M, Lipson M, et al. (October 2019). "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers". Cell. 179 (3): 729–735.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048. PMC 6800651. PMID 31495572.
- ^ Petraglia MD, Allchin B (2007-05-22). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
- ^ Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, et al. (September 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
- ^ Yelmen B, Mondal M, Marnetto D, Pathak AK, Montinaro F, Gallego Romero I, et al. (August 2019). "Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (8): 1628–1642. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037. PMC 6657728. PMID 30952160.
The two main components (i.e., autochthonous South Asian and West Eurasian) of Indian genetic variation form one of the deepest splits among non-African groups, which took place when South Asian populations separated from East Asian and Andamanese populations, shortly after having separated from West Eurasian populations (Mondal et al. 2016; Narasimhan et al. 2018).
- ^ Cole AM, Cox S, Jeong C, Petousi N, Aryal DR, Droma Y, et al. (January 2017). "Genetic structure in the Sherpa and neighboring Nepalese populations". BMC Genomics. 18 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3469-5. PMC 5248489. PMID 28103797.
- ^ Das R, Upadhyai P (June 2019). "Investigating the West Eurasian ancestry of Pakistani Hazaras". Journal of Genetics. 98 (2): 43. doi:10.1007/s12041-019-1093-2. PMID 31204712. S2CID 145022010.
- ^ Chaubey G, Singh M, Crivellaro F, Tamang R, Nandan A, Singh K, et al. (December 2014). "Unravelling the distinct strains of Tharu ancestry". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (12): 1404–1412. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.36. PMC 4231405. PMID 24667789.
- ^ Arciero E, Kraaijenbrink T, Haber M, Mezzavilla M, Ayub Q, Wang W, et al. (August 2018). "Demographic History and Genetic Adaptation in the Himalayan Region Inferred from Genome-Wide SNP Genotypes of 49 Populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (8): 1916–1933. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy094. PMC 6063301. PMID 29796643.
- ^ Broushaki F, Thomas MG, Link V, López S, van Dorp L, Kirsanow K, et al. (July 2016). "Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent". Science. 353 (6298): 499–503. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..499B. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7943. PMC 5113750. PMID 27417496.; Lay summary in: "Prehistoric genomes from the world's first farmers in the Zagros mountains reveal different Neolithic ancestry for Europeans and South Asians". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
The research team found that the Iranian genomes represent the main ancestors of modern-day South Asians. ...the Zagros people of the Neolithic eastern Fertile Crescent that are ancestral to most modern South Asians...
- ^ ""Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins". Science. 2013-11-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- ^ Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018.
- ^ a b Wong et al. 2017.
- ^ Raghavan et al. 2013.
Sources
[edit]- Jones, Eppie R.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Connell, Sarah; Siska, Veronika; Eriksson, Anders; et al. (16 November 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8912. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969. S2CID 12407446.
- Lazaridis, Iosif (September 17, 2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518). Nature Research: 409–413. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. hdl:11336/30563. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.