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Draft:Conquest of Kabul and Zabulistan

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Conquest of Kabul and Zabulistan
Part of Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars
Date864-870 AD
Location
Afghanistan
Result Saffarid victory
• Fall of Zunbils
Territorial
changes		 Kabul and Zabulistan annexed by Saffarid
Belligerents

Abbasid Caliphate

 Kingdom of Zabulistan
Hindu Shahi
Commanders and leaders
Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar Lakan The Lak †
Piruz (POW)
Samanta (POW)

Conquest of Kabul and Zabulistan[1] was the major military conquest between the Saffarid dynasty led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar and other side by last Zunbil of Zabulistan and Hindu Shahi. This conquest marked the end of Zunbils and shifting of Hindu Shahi's capital to Waihand.


Saffarid Conquest

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Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar (861–879 AD) , founder of the Saffarid dynasty, who subdued the entire Zunbil territory from his base in Sistan and ended the rule of Zunbil in 870 AD.[2][3]

Ya'qub attracted the attention of an Abbasid caliph by first battling Kharijites in his homeland of Sistan.[4] In 864 AD, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar with his follower led an expedition against the Zunbil which is identity as "Lakan The Lak", the battle was fought in Kandahar and in the battle, they were able to killed the Zunbil "Lakan The Lak" and after the battle, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar took his son "Kbk" or "piruz" to Bust and imprisoned him while the rest of the family said to have professed islam.[5][6][7][8]

The Zunbils were still ruling in Zabulistan till 867 AD.[9] The imprisoned son of Zunbil escaped from Bust in 868-869 and fled to Al-Rukhkhaj where he captured a large body of troops , Yaqub marched to Kabul via Balkh and before attacking Kabul. In the conflict of 870 AD, Yaqub captured and deposed Hindu Shahi "Samanta" and pursued the Zunbil "kbr" or "Piruz" To the fort Nai laman where he was captured, Thus the capital of Zunbils was lost and Hindu Shahi kings were expelled from Kabul and city remained under the Saffarid dynasty.[10][11] The full annexation of the region took more years and finally in 870 AD, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar waged the war against the Zunbils of Zabulistan defeated them and ended their rule.[12][13][14][15]

Ya'qub claimed the inheritance of the kings of Persia and sought "to revive their glory," and thus in 867 he sent a poem written by himself to the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. The poem said: "With me is the Derafsh Kaviani, through which I hope to rule the nations.""[16]

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar wiped out the last of the Zunbil before he went on to seize the Kabul in 870 AD.[17]

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar after ending Zunbils proceeds towards the Kabul ruler who was defeated and taken as prisoners by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar. The temples were plundered and many idols were fell into his hands and sent them to caliph al-Mu'tamid, who sent them to Mecca.[18][19] In the response, The Hindu Shahis then transferred their capital to Waihand on the right bank of Indus.[20]

References

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  1. ^ Ancient Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar. 1964. p. 127.
  2. ^ Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford. BRILL. 2021-02-01. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-04-46066-9.
  3. ^ "15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" | Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog". 2016-09-05. Archived from the original on 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Iranica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Chayes, Sarah (2016-05-05). The Punishment Of Virtue: Walking The Frontline Of The War On Terror With A Woman Who Made It Her Home. Granta Publications. ISBN 978-1-84627-628-6.
  6. ^ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (2021-12-15). Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game. University Press of Kansas. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7006-3263-3.
  7. ^ Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78570-304-1.
  8. ^ Friedmann, Yohanan; Israeli, Raphael; Johns, Anthony Hearle (1984). Islam in Asia: South Asia. Magnes Press, Jerusalem University. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-86531-635-5.
  9. ^ Ray, Hem Chandra (1973). The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 70.
  10. ^ Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, R. N. (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
  11. ^ Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78570-304-1.
  12. ^ Chayes, Sarah (2016-05-05). The Punishment Of Virtue: Walking The Frontline Of The War On Terror With A Woman Who Made It Her Home. Granta Publications. ISBN 978-1-84627-628-6.
  13. ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016-05-30). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-939-9.
  14. ^ Maldahiyar, Aabhas (2024-02-19). Babur: The Chessboard King. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-93-5708-877-0.
  15. ^ Wink, André (2021-10-25). Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 124. ISBN 978-90-04-48300-2.
  16. ^ A. Shapur Shahbazi. "FLAGS i. Of Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  17. ^ Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Oxbow Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-78570-306-5.
  18. ^ Jalali, Ali Ahmad (2021-12-15). Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game. University Press of Kansas. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7006-3263-3.
  19. ^ William Bayne Fisher (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780521200936.
  20. ^ Roy, Kaushik (2015-10-06). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32127-9.

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