Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) project is an initiative to unite scientists around the world to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth's deep interior (core, mantle, crust) into the surface environment (e.g. biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere) through naturally occurring processes. DECADE is an initiative within the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO).
Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply sourced volatiles, including carbon, are transferred from the Earth's interior to the surface environment.[1] An additional, though less well understood, pathway includes along faults and fractures within the Earth's crust,[2] often referred to as tectonic degassing. When the DCO was first formed in 2009 estimates of global carbon flux from volcanic regions ranged from 65 to 540 Mt/yr,[2] and constraints on global tectonic degassing were virtually unknown.[2] The order of magnitude uncertainty in current volcanic/tectonic carbon outgassing makes answering fundamental questions about the global carbon budget virtually impossible. In particular, one fundamental unknown is if carbon transferred to the Earth's interior via subduction is efficiently recycled back to the Earth's mantle lithosphere, crust and surface environment through volcanic and tectonic degassing, or if significant quantities of carbon are being subducted into the deep mantle.[3] Because significant quantities of mantle carbon are also released through mid-ocean ridge volcanism, if carbon inputs and outputs at subduction zone settings are in balance, then the net effect will be an imbalance in the global carbon budget, with carbon being preferentially removed from the Earth's deep interior and redistributed to more shallow reservoirs including the mantle lithosphere, crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. The implications of this may mean that carbon concentrations in the surface environment have increased over Earth's history, which has a significant impact on climate change.
Findings from the DECADE project will increase our understanding of how carbon cycles through deep Earth, and patterns in volcanic emissions data could potentially alert scientists to an impending eruption.[4]
Project goals
[edit]The main goal of the DECADE project is to refine estimates of global carbon outgassing using a multipronged approach. Specifically, the DECADE initiative unites scientists with expertise in geochemistry, petrology and volcanology to provide constraints on the global volcanic carbon flux by 1) establishing a database of volcanic and hydrothermal gas compositions and fluxes linked to EarthChem/PetDB and the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, 2) building a global monitoring network to measure the volcanic carbon flux of 20 active volcanoes continuously, 3) measure the carbon flux of remote volcanoes, for which no or only sparse data are currently available, 4) develop new field and analytical instrumentation for carbon measurements and flux monitoring, and 5) establish formal collaborations with volcano observatories around the world to support volcanic gas measurement and monitoring activities.[5]
History
[edit]The DECADE initiative was conceived in September 2011 by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior Commission on the Chemistry of Volcanic Gases during its 11th field workshop.[6] Here the charge of the initiative was broadly defined and the governance structure established. The DECADE receives financial support from Deep Carbon Observatory to meet the project goals, with support distributed to DECADE members based on project proposal submission and external review and/or consensus by the board of directors. All projects are significantly matched by funding sources from the individual investigators or other funding agencies. The initiative is led by a board of directors that has nine members including one chair and two co-vice chairs. Currently, the DECADE initiative has around 80 members from 13 countries.
Achievements
[edit] | This section needs to be updated. (January 2023) |
As of 2020[update], major achievements supported or partially supported by the DECADE initiative include:
- Modification of the IEDA EarthChem database to include volcanic gas composition and gas flux data.
- Instrumenting 9 volcanoes (Masaya Volcano, Turrialba Volcano, Poás Volcano, Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, Villarrica (instruments destroyed by eruption), Popocatépetl, Mount Merapi, Whakaari / White Island) with permanent multi-component gas analyzer system (Multi-GAS) stations for near continuous CO2 and SO2 measurements and near continuous SO2 flux measurements using miniDOAS.
- Quantification of volcanic gas emissions and compositions from remote regions such as the Aleutian, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea volcanic arcs.[7]
- First measurements of gas emissions from Mount Bromo and Anak Krakatau Volcanoes, Krakatoa Indonesia.[8][9]
- Establishing volcanic gas chemical changes as eruption precursors at Poás and Turrialba Volcanoes, Costa Rica.[10][11]
- Airborne sampling of volcanic plumes for carbon isotopes and analyses using Delta Ray Infrared Isotope Spectrometer.[12]
- Determination of diffuse CO2 degassing in the Azores.[13]
- Quantification of global CO2 emissions from volcanoes during eruptions, passive degassing and diffuse degassing [14][15]
Volcanoes
[edit]The following volcanoes are currently monitored by the DECADE initiative:
| Volcano | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Masaya Volcano | Nicaragua | |
| Popocatépetl | Mexico | |
| Galeras | Colombia | |
| Nevado del Ruiz | Colombia | |
| Villarrica Volcano | Chile | Equipment was destroyed by Villarrica's 2015 eruption. |
| Turrialba | Costa Rica | |
| Poás | Costa Rica | |
| Mount Merapi | Indonesia | |
| White Island | New Zealand |
Map of the DCO DECADE project volcano installations
[edit]
See also
[edit]- Decade Volcanoes – Set of sixteen volcanoes noted for their eruptive history and proximity to densely populated areas
- Ring of Fire – Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur
References
[edit]- ^ Dasgupta, R. (2013). "Ingassing, Storage, and Outgassing of Terrestrial Carbon through Geologic Time". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 75 (1): 183–220. Bibcode:2013RvMG...75..183D. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.7.
- ^ a b c "Deep carbon emissions from volcanoes, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: Carbon in Earth, 75, 323–355" (PDF).
- ^ Kelemen, Peter B; Manning, Craig E (2015). "Reevaluating carbon fluxes in subduction zones, what goes down, mostly comes up". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (30): E3997 – E4006. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E3997K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1507889112. PMC 4522802. PMID 26048906.
- ^ Sarah Kaplan (2016). "Watch Earth pulse with earthquakes and eruptions in this stunning visualization". Washington Post. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ^ "Fischer, T. P. (2013), DEep CArbon DEgassing: The Deep Carbon Observatory DECADE Initiative, Mineralogical Magazine, 77(5), 1089".
- ^ "11th Field Workshop on Volcanic Gases". Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
- ^ Allard, Patrick (2016). "Allard, P., M. Burton, G. M. Sawyer, and P. Bani (2016), Degassing dynamics of basaltic lava lake at a top-ranking volatile emitter: Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu arc, Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 448, 69–80". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 448: 69–80. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.448...69A. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.014.
- ^ Aiuppa, A. (2015). "First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia)" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 304: 206–213. Bibcode:2015JVGR..304..206A. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.008. hdl:10447/172898.
- ^ Bani, Philipson (2015). "First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 302: 237–241. Bibcode:2015JVGR..302..237B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008. S2CID 128596743.
- ^ de Moor, J.M. (2016). "Short-period volcanic gas precursors to phreatic eruptions: Insights from Poás Volcano, Costa Rica". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 442: 218–227. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.442..218D. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.056. hdl:10447/227127.
- ^ de Moor, J. Maarten; Aiuppa, A.; Avard, G.; Wehrmann, H.; Dunbar, N.; Muller, C.; Tamburello, G.; Giudice, G.; Liuzzo, M.; Moretti, R.; Conde, V. (2016). "Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa Rica): Degassing and eruptive processes inferred from high-frequency gas monitoring". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 121 (8): 5761–5775. Bibcode:2016JGRB..121.5761D. doi:10.1002/2016jb013150. ISSN 2169-9313. PMC 5054823. PMID 27774371.
- ^ Fischer, T. P., and T. M. Lopez (2016). "First airborne samples of a volcanic plume for d13C of CO2 determinations". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (7): 3272–3279. doi:10.1002/2016GL068499.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Andrade, César (2016). "Estimation of the CO2 flux from Furnas volcanic Lake (São Miguel, Azores)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 315: 51–64. Bibcode:2016JVGR..315...51A. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.005.
- ^ Fischer, Tobias P.; Arellano, Santiago; Carn, Simon; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Galle, Bo; Allard, Patrick; Lopez, Taryn; Shinohara, Hiroshi; Kelly, Peter; Werner, Cynthia; Cardellini, Carlo (2019). "The emissions of CO2 and other volatiles from the world's subaerial volcanoes". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18716. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918716F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54682-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6904619. PMID 31822683.
- ^ Werner, Cynthia; Fischer, Tobias P.; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Edmonds, Marie; Cardellini, Carlo; Carn, Simon; Chiodini, Giovanni; Cottrell, Elizabeth; Burton, Mike (2019), "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions", Deep Carbon, vol. 2019, Cambridge University Press, pp. 188–236, Bibcode:2019AGUFM.V24C..03W, doi:10.1017/9781108677950.008, ISBN 978-1-108-67795-0, S2CID 216584622