Da (Mongolic)

Da
Da
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
Mongolian consonants
Foreign consonants
	Mongolian script multigraphs;
	v; t; e;

Da is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.^[1]^{: 549–551}

Mongolian language

Letter^[2]^{: 13, 17, 23}^[3]^: 546^[4]^{: 212, 214}
d	Transliteration^{[note 1]}
ᠳ‍	Initial
‍ᠳ᠋‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠳ‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠳ	Final

C-V syllables^[6]^: 31
da, de	di	do, du	dö, dü	Transliteration
ᠳᠠ ^{[note 2]}	ᠳᠢ	ᠳᠣ᠋	ᠳᠥ᠋	Alone
ᠳᠠ ^{[note 2]}	ᠳᠢ	ᠳ᠋ᠣ᠋	ᠳ᠋ᠥ᠋	Alone
ᠳᠠ‍	ᠳᠢ‍	ᠳᠣ‍	ᠳᠥ‍	Initial
‍ᠳᠠ‍	‍ᠳᠢ‍	‍ᠳᠣ‍		Medial
‍ᠳᠠ	‍ᠳᠢ	‍ᠳᠣ		Final

Separated suffixes^{[note 3]}
‑d(...)	‑da, ‑de	‑du, ‑dü	Transliteration
	—	ᠳᠤ^⟨?⟩	Whole
	ᠳᠠ‍^⟨?⟩	ᠳᠤ‍^⟨?⟩	Initial

Transcribes Chakhar /d/;^[10]^[11] Khalkha /t/, and /tʰ/.^[12]^: 40–42 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter д.^[6]^[5]
Syllable-initially indistinguishable from t.^[2]^: 23^[13]^: 9^[10] When it must be distinguished from t medially, it can be written twice, and with both medial forms (as in ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ qudduγ 'well', compared with ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭ qutuγ 'holy').^[13]^: 59^[14] Alternatively, a dot is sometimes used to the right of the letter in 19th and 20th century manuscripts.^[2]^: 26
The belly-tooth-shaped form is used before consonants (syllable-final), the other before vowels.^[13]^: 58^[15]^: 5
Derived from Old Uyghur taw (𐾀; initial, belly-tooth-shaped medial, and final) and lamedh (𐽸; other medial form).^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[16]^{: 111, 113}^[17]^: 35
Positional variants of lamedh ⟨ᠳ᠋‍/‍ᠲ‍/‍ᠳ᠋⟩ can be used to clarify the spelling of d in words of foreign origin, as in ᠳ᠋ᠣᠻᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ dokhtor 'doctor' (доктор doktor), ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ded 'the following, the succeeding' (дэд ded), and ᠡᠳ᠋ ed 'goods, property' (distinguishing it from ᠣᠨ on 'year', and retained in derivatives such as ᠡᠳ᠋ᠯᠡᠯ^⟨?⟩ edlel 'possession' (эдлэл edlel); эд ed).^[2]^{: 23, 32, 55}^[6]^: 31^[17]^: 39, 41^[18]
Produced with D using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.^[19]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, d comes after t and before č.

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

^ Scholarly transliteration.^[5]
^ As in the second person singular/plural pronoun ᠲᠠ ta 'you',^[8]^: 760^[2]^: 85–86 or the intensifying ⟨ᠳᠠ⟩ da/de (даа/дээ daa/dee) particle used after the predicate.^[8]^: 211
^ Separated suffixes starting with the letter d include:  ᠳᠠᠬᠢ^⟨?⟩ ‑daki/‑deki (dative-locative or ordinal),  ᠳᠠᠭ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠡᠭ^⟨?⟩ ‑daγ/‑deg (regular action),  ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ^⟨?⟩ ‑daγan/‑degen (reflexive+dative-locative),  ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ^⟨?⟩ ‑duγar/‑düger (ordinal), and  ᠳᠤ^⟨?⟩ ‑du/‑dü or  ᠳᠤᠷ^⟨?⟩ ‑dur/‑dür (dative-locative).^[9]

References

^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
^ ^a ^b Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
^ ^a ^b "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ ^a ^b Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[7]
^ "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
^ ^a ^b "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
^ ^a ^b Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
^ Bawden, Charles (2013-10-28). Mongolian English Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15588-8.
^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[6] Scholarly transliteration.^[5]

[10] As in the second person singular/plural pronoun ᠲᠠ ta 'you',^[8]^: 760^[2]^: 85–86 or the intensifying ⟨ᠳᠠ⟩ da/de (даа/дээ daa/dee) particle used after the predicate.^[8]^: 211

[12] Separated suffixes starting with the letter d include:  ᠳᠠᠬᠢ^⟨?⟩ ‑daki/‑deki (dative-locative or ordinal),  ᠳᠠᠭ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠡᠭ^⟨?⟩ ‑daγ/‑deg (regular action),  ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ^⟨?⟩ ‑daγan/‑degen (reflexive+dative-locative),  ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ^⟨?⟩/ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ^⟨?⟩ ‑duγar/‑düger (ordinal), and  ᠳᠤ^⟨?⟩ ‑du/‑dü or  ᠳᠤᠷ^⟨?⟩ ‑dur/‑dür (dative-locative).^[9]

[1] "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Poppe1974-2] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Daniels1996-3] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[Sanders2015-4] Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.

[EKIMn2006-5] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-05.

[Skorodumova2000-7] Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.

[8] "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[Lessing1960-9] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[7]

[11] "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.

[CJVLang2013-13] "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[StudyMn2013-14] "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Svantesson2005-15] Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.

[Grønbech1993-16] Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.

[MnToli-17] "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Biligsaikhan2011-18] "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Clauson2005-19] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[Janhunen2006-20] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

[Bawden2013-21] Bawden, Charles (2013-10-28). Mongolian English Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15588-8.

[22] wilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

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