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Crab leech

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Crab leech
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Clade: Sedentaria
Class: Clitellata
Subclass: Hirudinea
Order: Rhynchobdellida
Family: Piscicolidae
Genus: Myzobdella
Species:
M. lugubris
Binomial name
Myzobdella lugubris
Leidy, 1851
Synonyms[1]
List
  • Cystobranchus virginicus
  • Icthyobdella rapax
  • Illinobdella alba
  • Illinobdella elongata
  • Illinobdella richardsoni
  • Illinobdella moorei
  • Myzobdella funduli
  • Myzobdella moorei

Myzobdella lugubris, the crab leech, is a species of jawless leech widespread in North America, especially in central and Eastern Canada.[2][3][4][5][6][7] It is an ectoparasite of fish and crustaceans, and is responsible for several dangerous conditions in fish, including lesions infected by bacteria and fungi and possibly viral hemorrhagic septicemia.[4][8][9] It lays its egg capsules on crabs and possible other arthropods, which then disperse the eggs.[4][10][11]

Myzobdella lugubris is the type species for the genus Myzobdella, described by Joseph Leidy in 1851.[6][10]

Hosts & lifecycle

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Myzobdella lugubris lives in brackish and fresh water and cannot tolerate high salinity waters- in this case, above 26 PSU- for very long.[4][1] However, the species tolerates a wide range of temperatures, from 3 to 28 °C (37 to 82 °F), at minimum.[4] Unusually among oligochaetes, each egg cocoon contains only one embryo.[8][9]

Relationship with aquatic arthropods

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The relationship between Myzobdella lugubris and aquatic arthropods is not fully understood. They are known to be commensal with crustaceans, and may also parasatize various aquatic arthropods, but there has been no conclusive record of M. lugubris actually feeding on an arthropod.[9][11][12] It has been suggested that, in the absence of relevant crustacea, M. lugubris lays its cocoons on rocks and stones, but, once again, this has not been conclusively proven.[11][13]

What is known for certain is that crustaceans act as vehicles for cocoon deposition and dispersion.[12][1] The leeches lay their egg cocoons on the carapace of the crustaceans, sometimes in great numbers: one study found an average of 118 cocoons on 18 crabs.[11] Another related species, Myzobdella platensis, may be a true parasite of the blue crab.[12] Other animals affected by M. lugubris include shrimp, oysters, crayfish and prawns.[4][11][1][14][15]

Relationship with fish

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Besides laying its eggs on and being commensal with crustaceans, Myzobdella lugubris is a semi-permanent parasite on over forty fish species, and, in one instance, a turtle, displaying little host preference.[4][16][8][11][7] It spends most of its life on brackish teleosts, using crustaceans only to deposit its egg cocoons.[1] It usually attaches to the fins and skin of host fishes, in the anterior and dorsal regions, although it has also been reported from the mouths of fish, sometimes in great numbers.[4][17]

A Myzobdella lugubris infestation holds many dangers for fish, besides actively sucking their blood. Generally, the wounds it leaves on the host fish allow bacteria and fungi to enter, superficially infecting the wound.[18] In the mouth, circular mucosal depressions are left at the site of attatchement.[18] The severe lesions it causes on the undersides of the heads of catfish often become infected with fungus, of the genus Saprolegnia and other related filamentous fungi.[16] Several bacteria have been reported from the leech's viscera, the most notable being Flavobacterium psychrophilum, a bacteroid responsible for Bacterial cold water disease.[9]

Invasiveness

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Myzobdella lugubris is an invasive species in many parts outside its native range, having been introduced to Western North American Waters, Hawaii, and even in the Adriatic Sea. In Hawaii, it has been reported on 40% of fishes in streams.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Sawyer, Roy; Lawler, Adrian; Overstreet, Robin (1975). "Marine Leeches of the Eastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico with a Key to the Species". Journal of Natural History. 9 (6). Taylor Francis: 633–667. Bibcode:1975JNatH...9..633S. doi:10.1080/00222937500770531.
  2. ^ "Myzobdella lugubris". NatureServe Explorer (online encyclopedia of life). 7.1. NatureServe. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Crab leech" at the Encyclopedia of Life
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Myzobdella lugubris". Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Marine Invasion Lab. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
  5. ^ "Crab Leech (Myzobdella lugubris)". Maryland Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
  6. ^ a b "Myzobdella lugubris". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
  7. ^ a b Williams, Julianne I. (2007). Monograph of the North American freshwater fish leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and molecular phylogeny of the family Piscicolidae (PhD thesis). Williamsburg: College of William & Mary. doi:10.25773/V5-2FH1-EX38. S2CID 230221208.
  8. ^ a b c Saglam, Naim; Saunders, Ralph; Lang, Shirley A.; Shain, Daniel H. (2018-03-01). "Phylogeny and cocoon production in the parasitic leech Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851 (Hirudinidae, Piscicolidae)". Acta Parasitologica. 63 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1515/ap-2018-0002. ISSN 1896-1851. PMID 29351062. S2CID 36373268.
  9. ^ a b c d Bauer, Justin (2021-05-21). "A call for research on Myzobdella lugubris". Imperial Bioscience Review. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
  10. ^ a b Leidy, Joseph (26 August 1851). "Helminthological Contributions no. 3" (PDF). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 5: 239–254 (243). JSTOR 4058853.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Daniels, Bruce A.; Sawyer, Roy T. (May 1975). "The Biology of the Leech Myzobdella lugubris Infesting Blue Crabs and Catfish". The Biological Bulletin. 148 (2): 193–198. doi:10.2307/1540542. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1540542. PMID 1156600.
  12. ^ a b c Zara, Fernando José; Diogo Reigada, Alvaro Luiz; Domingues Passero, Luiz Felipe; Toyama, Marcos Hikari (Feb 2009). "Myzobdella platensis (Hirundinida: Piscicolidae) is True Parasite of Blue Crabs (Crustacea: Portunidae)". Journal of Parasitology. 95 (1): 124–128. doi:10.1645/GE-1616.1. ISSN 0022-3395. PMID 18601577. S2CID 23393406.
  13. ^ C. Dale Becker; Dennis D. Dauble (1979). "Records of piscivorus leeches (Hirudinea) from the central Columbia River, Washington State". Fishery Bulletin. Vol. 76, no. 4. National Marine Fisheries Service. pp. 926–931.
  14. ^ M.C. Meyer; A.A. Barden Jr. (Fall 1955). "Leeches Symbiotic on Arthropoda, Especially Decapod Crustacea". The Wasmann Journal of Biology. 13 (2): 297–312.
  15. ^ Marlin E. Tagatz; Ann Bowman Hall (1971). Annotated Bibliography on the Fishing Industry and Biology of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus. National Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA technical report NMFS SSRF.
  16. ^ a b Hoffman, Glenn L. (2019-06-07). Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-3505-9.
  17. ^ J.E. Flotemersch; D.J. Klemm; and W.E. Moser (Fall 2012). "Occurrence of Three Leech Species (Annelida: Hirudinida) on Fishes in the Kentucky River". Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. 73 (2): 77. doi:10.3101/1098-7096-73.2.77.
  18. ^ a b Branco, Ciara E.; Boyce, Robert Chad; Gauthier, David T. (March 2021). "Feeding duration of Myzobdella lugubris leech on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)". Journal of Fish Diseases. 44 (3): 355–358. Bibcode:2021JFDis..44..355B. doi:10.1111/jfd.13306. ISSN 0140-7775. PMID 33222206. S2CID 227133939.
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