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Conrad O'Brien-ffrench

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Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, 2nd Marquis de Castelthomond
Conrad O'Brien-ffrench c. 1919
Nickname(s)Eagle (Regimental nickname 1921)[1]
Born(1893-11-19)19 November 1893
London, England[2]
Died23 October 1986(1986-10-23) (aged 92)
Loveland, Colorado, United States[3]
Allegiance United Kingdom
Years of service1912, 3rd batt. Royal Irish Regiment;[4] 1914–1919, served in World War I; 1922, captain 16th The Queen's Lancers; 1919–1920, assistant military attache at Stockholm; 1920–1921, at Helsingfors; 1922, A.D.C. to Gov. of United Provinces, India[2]
RankCaptain, 16/5 Lancers[2]
UnitRoyal Irish Regiment (Disbanded 1922. Not the current Regiment created 1992); 16th The Queen's Lancers[4]
Battles / warsMons, World War I[4]
AwardsThe 1914 Star, Clasp & Emb., 13 August 1914 (Mons Star);[4] The 1914 British War Medal (Squeak), 1914–1918;[4] The Allied Victory Medal (Wilfred);[4] Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem[2]
Other workSIS/MI6 Agent ST36 1919–1922. He rejoined in 1930 and became an operative (Agent Z3) for Claude Dansey's Z Organization until 1938.[1]

Conrad Fulke Thomond O'Brien-ffrench, 2nd Marquis de Castelthomond (19 November 1893[2] – 23 October 1986[3]) was a distinguished British Secret Intelligence officer, captain in the Tipperary Rangers of the Royal Irish Regiment and 16th The Queen's Lancers in World War I, and Mountie for the Royal North-West Mounted Police.[4] He was an accomplished artist, linguist, mountaineer, skier and author.[1]

Early life and education

[edit]
Upper Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati.

Conrad Fulke Thomond O'Brien-ffrench was born in London, England, the second son of Henry Albert De Vreque O'Brien-ffrench, 1st Marquis de Castelthomond, and his wife Winifred née Thursby, heiress and daughter of Major James Legh Thursby, of Ormerod House Lancashire.[5][6]

He and his elder brother Rollo (Rollo Adrien Vladimir Thursby Marie Altieri O'Brien-ffrench) spent their early childhood in Italy at Villa Torlonia (Frascati) in the Alban Hills, east of Rome, and then at Piazza dell'Indipendenza in Florence, where they received private tutoring in English, French and Italian.[7] Returning to England, Conrad joined Rollo at the Wick, a preparatory school at Hove in Sussex. After Rollo left the Wick, Conrad completed his preparatory schooling at St. Aubyns School in Rottingdean, and then attended Bradley Court Agricultural College in the Forest of Dean, where he developed his lifelong interest in horsemanship, fox hunting and other country pursuits, and became a junior member of the Ledbury Hunt. During these years his other siblings, Yvonne (Yvonne Castelthomond O'Brien-ffrench)[5] and Alexis (Alexis Evelyn Henry O'Brien-ffrench),[5] were born.

Royal North-West Mounted Police

[edit]
SS Empress of Britain at Liverpool, 1905.

When he was 16, Conrad's life took an abrupt turn when Rollo died in an accident playing football.[5] Conrad left school at this time to study farming in the Evesham Valley, and while there he met a Justice of the Peace from Buffalo Lake Ranch in Saskatchewan, who told him of life on the wild frontier and of the Royal North-West Mounted Police.[1] In April 1910, at age 17, he sailed on the Empress of Britain for Quebec and continued west to join the Royal North-West Mounted Police in Saskatchewan.[1]

After basic training O'Brien-ffrench was posted to Cypress Hills, a remote and untamed area. He was later posted to Willow Creek and then Battle Creek, but mid-1912 received word that his mother was dying from cancer.[1] He purchased his release and returned to Esher in Surrey to be by her side.[1] She died the following summer.[5]

During this time O'Brien-ffrench and friends took weekend trips to the Brooklands race track, where he was introduced to motor racing. Subsequently he purchased a 1909 Mercedes Simplex and developed a taste for fast cars.[7]

Military service

[edit]
Map showing the disposition of Allied and German forces at the battles of Mons and Charleroi on 22–23 August. Notice the small salient formed by a bend in the Canal near the town of Mons. This salient would be the scene of the heaviest fighting during the battle.

Battle of Mons

[edit]
Map showing the locations of the principal officers' camps.

Following his mother's death, O'Brien-ffrench travelled to his ancestral homeland in Ireland and joined The Tipperary Militia, a special reserve unit of the Royal Irish Regiment.[2] In August 1914 he was promoted to captain and engaged in the Battle of Mons with his regiment as part of the British Expeditionary Force.[8] On the first day of battle he was severely wounded, captured and taken prisoner.[4] He was held first at Torgau, a Bismarckian fortress, and then at Burg de Magdeburg POW camp.[9]

After numerous failed escape attempts, O'Brien-ffrench was transferred to what was considered an escape-proof camp at Augustabad.[7] Here he began an exchange of letters with his friend Cathleen Mann and, through the use of invisible ink, transmitted details of troop movements and other strategic information gathered from incoming prisoners.[10][11] One communication included information about a prototype German Bomber that he obtained from a captured British pilot.[1] Mann's job as secretary to Stewart Menzies of British counterintelligence allowed a speedy relay of information through Menzies to Field Marshal Douglas Haig.[12][13] Attempts were made to extract O'Brien-ffrench and the pilot to London, but these failed and O'Brien-ffrench remained in Augustabad.[1]

Conrad O'Brien-ffrench (profile view, centre) with Russian diplomat Leonid Krasin (in bowler hat) and twenty-five-member delegation, en route to London for talks with Prime Minister Lloyd George, 1920.[14][15]

MI6

[edit]

Following World War I, O'Brien-ffrench was summoned to Whitehall in December 1918 to meet then Colonel Stewart Menzies, who recruited him into MI6.[16] At the time, Menzies reported to Captain Mansfield Smith-Cumming, the first head of the British Secret Service, who was called "C", a designation that remains to the present day.[17] He was posted to the British Legation in Stockholm as assistant military attaché under the command of Major Dymoke Scale. While a POW, O'Brien-ffrench had learned fluent Russian, and was now tasked with gathering information from Russian refugees fleeing the aftermath of the 1917 revolution.[1]

In 1920, O'Brien-ffrench was assigned to escort Russian diplomat Leonid Krasin through countries hostile to the new Communist government to meet with Prime Minister Lloyd George in London for secret talks about the restoration of trade with the West.[14][15] Dispatches from Lord Acton, British Minister Plenipotentiary to the newly independent Finland, confirmed arrangements for a special train to meet the delegation and under heavy guard they travelled to Turku, Finland, then Sweden to reunite with Krasin's family, en route for England.[18] This event, the first face-to-face meeting between Russian Communist leadership and the outside world, led to the Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement of March 1921.[15][19]

Subsequently, the postwar depression and easing Soviet–British relations caused cutbacks to the Secret Service, and O'Brien-ffrench resigned from the service and returned to England.[7]

The Prince of Wales, 1919, during his Royal Tour of India (December 1921 to April 1922). O'Brien-ffrench served as an aide-de-camp to one of the British Governors on this tour.[20]

India

[edit]
Gandhi, 1920s
Hindus and Muslims, displaying flags of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, collecting clothes to be burnt as a part of the non-cooperation movement, 1922

Upon his return, O'Brien-ffrench was assigned as an aide-de-camp to one of the British Governors for the upcoming Royal tour of India.[20] Edward VIII, then the Prince of Wales, arrived in India on 21 December 1921, and stayed until April 1922.[21][22] During this time the Indian National Congress of Gandhi and Nehru was in full swing, and the royal tour was dogged by passive demonstrations and riots.[23] The heavy handed response of the British to this resistance played a part in the end of the British Raj.

In February 1922, Nehru witnessed a meeting requested by the Viceroy of India, Lord Reading (Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading), with the Prince to discuss the possible arrest of Gandhi.[7] On 1 February 1922, Gandhi had written a letter to the Viceroy informing him of the Bardoli district's decision to commence mass civil disobedience and non-payment of taxes, unless the Viceroy declared a policy of non-interference with non-violent activities.[24][25][26]

On 4 February 1922, upon learning that the sub-inspector of Chauri Chaura police station assaulted Congress volunteers at Mundera Bazar, an angry mob gathered at the station, demanding explanation from the official.[27] While the crowd marched on, shouting anti-government slogans, police fired warning shots agitating the crowd further.[27] In response the crowd began throwing stones at the police, who were then ordered to open fire, and killed three and wounding several others. The police retreated, some believe due to lack of ammunition, others attributing it to fear of the angry crowd. Chaos ensued and the heavily outnumbered police returned to the shelter of the thana (city hall). The crowd challenged the police to come out, and on being paid no heed, set the thana on fire, killing 22 officers, including the station officer, who were trapped inside.[27][28]

Gandhi did not support the violent actions, and consequently suspended the non-cooperation movement at its peak.[28] British officials hoped to suppress the civil disobedience by arresting Gandhi, and on 10 March 1922, Lord Reading ordered Gandhi's arrest.[27][29][30][31] The initial discussion that O'Brien-ffrench witnessed was now a reality: Gandhi had been arrested, tried and jailed, but the results were not as the British intended. O'Brien-ffrench experienced firsthand the transformative influence of one man as he peacefully expressed true character, and soon the control of the British Raj gave way to India's leadership.[7]

Mountaineering

[edit]

During O'Brien-ffrench's stay in India, he was introduced to mountaineering and the Himalayas.[7][32] One of his more dangerous climbs was near Srinagar in the Vale of Kashmir.[33] While climbing the Skoro La Pass, a mountain downpour created dangerous conditions, transforming the rocky cliff his party was ascending into an icy waterfall. A landslide, freezing conditions and dwindling light forced the team to rapidly forge an alternative route. O'Brien-ffrench led the team to safety, and ultimately to the summit.[34]

O'Brien-ffrench explored the Himalayas, Austrian Alps and other ranges, meeting Sir Francis Younghusband, Frank Smythe, Sir John Hunt and Sir Edmund Hillary.[32] In The May Mountaineer, O'Brien-ffrench describes skiing adventures among the peaks and glaciers of the Austrian Alps.[35] When living in Banff, he often rock-climbed and ski'd in the Lake and Fairhome ranges.[32] Elected to the Alpine Club in 1933, he became a lifelong member.[32] The following are some of his earlier climbs, documented upon his nomination to the Alpine Club in London, England.[36]

Expeditions

[edit]
Year Mountain Range Expeditions Notes Images
1921 Himalayas, India From Srinagar to Burzil Pass then over Burgi La to Scoro La and near Mango Gusor[37] Guide: H. Tantari Map of the Kashmir region showing the Pir Panjal range and the Vale of Kashmir
1928 Switzerland Glacier of Arolla (Pennine Alps, canton of Valais, Switzerland) to Mont Collon (11,932 ft /3,637 m, Pennine Alps)[38] Bas Glacier d'Arolla, im Hintergrund der Petit Mont Collon
Dent de Perroc (12,057 ft /3,675 m, Wallis, Switzerland)[39] Photograph from the Dent de Perroc (Valais CH) taken from Evolène at nightfall
Aiguilles Rouges (Switzerland) Les Aiguilles de Chamonix dans le massif du Mont-Blanc, vues depuis les environs du lac Blanc, massif des Aiguilles Rouges
Mt. Arolee (in winter) Guide: Camille Bonnisson
1930 Dolomites, Italy Latimer from Col. Canon
Rosengarten. Gr. Cront & Pie. Gront.
Langkofel (10,436 ft / 3,181 m, Dolomites, Italy)[40] The Sassolungo (Langkofel) from the Alpe di Siusi (Seiser Alm)
Piz Boè (10,341 ft / 3,152 m, Dolomites, Sella group, Italy)[41] Guide: P. Dawetz Monte Sella view from Val Gardena, at the outmost right side the Sellatürme.
Marmolada (10,964 ft / 3,342 m, Dolomites, Italy)[42] Marmolata seen from the Pordoijoch, South Tyrol
Corono di Putla
Mt. Telegrafo (Cima Telegrafo, 7,238 ft / 2,206 m, Italy)[43]
Pusanelle
1931 Haute-Savoie, France Aiguille de Tré-la-Tête (12,894 ft / 3,930 m), to Aiguille de Beranger
Col de la Seigne (glacier, Mont Blanc)
Col di Sanaorlis
Cirque de Gavarnie (central Pyrénées) The Cirque de Gavarnie with the Gavarnie Falls to the left.
McCauigon ind the Ridge from Pique de Rongeat to Cime de Pomerol With Mrs. ffrench
1932 Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Spain Monte Corona (1,985 ft / 605 m, Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Spain)[44] Volcano on Islas Canarias Monte Corona
Peaks from Col de Capronale towards Cap Bianco Mountains
Corsica, région of France Capo al Berdato (peak in Corsica, France)
Corsica, région of France Monte Cinto (8,877 ft / 2,706 m, Corsica, France)[45] Highest mountain on Corsica Monte Cinto seen from Refuge de l'Ercu, southeast, the summit is right to the center, Corsica.
Theme to Asco (Haute Asco, valley in the north) Mountains in the Asco valley in Haute-Corse
Capu di u Vitullu (4,366 ft / 1,331 m, tallest summit of Les Calenche)[46] With Arthur Richardson Z.
1933 Vorarlberg, Austria Hoher Riffler (10,393 ft / 3,168 m, Verwallgruppe, Tyrol, Austria) Highest peak of Verwallgruppe High Riffler from the north, Verwall, Austria
Pitz Burn
Fluchthorn (12,451 ft / 3,795 m, Pennine Alps, Valais Region, Switzerland)[47] 2nd highest mountain in Silvretta Range Fluchthorn, seen from west
Sisaptauo
Zimbra (8,678 ft / 2,645 m, Rätikon, Bludenz, Austria) Zimba summit, view from southeast
1933 Hohe Tauern Range, Austria Schwarz Kopfit Herras. Fritz Peterlitner
Hasn Kogel
Venediger Group (Hohe Tauern Range, Tyrol, Austria)[48] Climbed many peaks in this range Panorama of the Venediger group from the Alte Prager Hütte, a mountain hut

Art

[edit]

Returning to England and to civilian life, O'Brien-ffrench explored a career in the arts. Years earlier, a hunt secretary had commissioned him to paint a series of hunting scenes that were subsequently published in a book.[7] Encouraged by this, he studied art at the Slade School of Fine Art in London under Professor Henry Tonks (1926–1927), at the Byam Shaw School of Art under Ernest Jackson (1928–1929), and at Andre Lhote's Academy in Montparnasse, Paris (1930–1932). Student friends included Simon Elwes, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Guy Arnoux and Elena Mumm Thornton Wilson.[7][49] O'Brien-ffrench worked out of his studio in the Parc Monsouri district and gained an increasing reputation for his portraits.[33]

O'Brien-ffrench studied art in Paris with student-friend Simon Elwes (pictured here) a British war artist and society portrait painter whose patrons included kings, queens, statesmen, sportsmen, prominent social figures and members of Britain's Royal Family.

Upon completion of his studies, O'Brien-ffrench travelled to Jamaica with his father, painting and preparing for an exhibition at the Claridge Gallery in London.[33] The paintings and drawings in the exhibition included Jamaican scenes, as well as portraits of H.R.H. The Duchess of Pistoia, H.S.H. The Duchess d'Arenberg, Il Duca de La Tour Corio and Il Marchese di Castlethomond.[50]

Exhibitions and collections

[edit]

O'Brien-ffrench had exhibitions in galleries and museums in Europe, Jamaica, Canada and the United States, including the following:

  • The Claridge Gallery, "Conrad ffrench", London, England, 16–30 October 1930[50]
  • The Grand Salon, Group Exhibit, Paris, France, 1930's[33]
  • Art Collection of Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies[51]
  • Loveland Museum and Gallery, "Artistry in Living – The Life of Conrad O'Brien-ffrench", Loveland, Colorado, U.S. 1 August – 19 September 1987.[52][53]
  • Monivea Artisan Garden Gallery, Exhibit of Paintings by Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, Canada. ongoing exhibit[54]

Teaching

[edit]

O'Brien-ffrench taught art at the Banff School of Fine Arts, Banff, Alberta, from 1948;[1][55][56] from 1955 he was president of Rim Rock School of Fine Art, Loveland, Colorado;[1] and, from 1975, vice president of Water Wheel Gallery, Estes Park, Colorado.[1]

Marriage and family

[edit]

On 16 June 1931 O'Brien-ffrench married Maud Astrid, the youngest daughter of Colonel Bo Tarras-Wahlberg, of Stockholm, A.D.C. to King Gustav V of Sweden.[2] They were married in Paris, honeymooned in London and Austria, and then settled in Kitzbühel, Austria, where O'Brien-ffrench continued his work with the British Secret Service. The marriage produced a daughter, Christina Laetitia, and was dissolved in 1934. O'Brien-ffrench remarried on 1 May 1945, in London, England, to Rosalie Isabelle Baker, daughter of Ralph George Baker. They moved to Canada (see Fairholme Ranch) and had two sons, Rollo and John.

Return to Secret Service

[edit]
Conrad O'Brien-ffrench in 1935, Kitzbühel, Austria, where he served as Agent Z3 with the British Secret Service.[57] It was here, on the Kitzbühel ski slopes, in local bars and homes of friends, that O'Brien-ffrench and author Ian Fleming spent time together.[58][59][60][61]

O'Brien-ffrench had become a friend of Stewart Menzies, who later (in 1939) was named head of the British Secret Service. He persuaded O'Brien-ffrench to rejoin the Secret Service (now as Agent Z3), and provided him with the cover of businessman.[57] The newly formed Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) network "Z" was taking shape under a variety of business covers, and Conrad established Tyrolese Tours offering package tours to Austria and Southern Germany.[62] He based himself in Kitzbühel and proceeded to establish a spy network stretching from Austria deep into Southern Germany. While in Kitzbühel, Conrad met Peter Fleming and Ian Fleming, and they often crossed paths at homes of common friends, at bars, on the ski slopes or at the warm-water lake, the Schwarzsee. O'Brien-ffrench's style, athletic endeavours, personal adventures and experience in espionage may have provided Ian Fleming with some of his inspirations for James Bond.[58][59][60][61] He was also in attendance to Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson, who used Kitzbühel as their first home after the abdication crisis of 1936.[63]

Hitler announces the Anschluss in the Heldenplatz, Vienna, 15 March 1938.
Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Hitler in Vienna, March 1938

O'Brien-ffrench provided intelligence on Nazi occultism and the build up of German forces in preparation for World War II.[57] On Friday, 11 March 1938, he received a message from an Austrian living near the Austrian–German border, reporting that German forces were advancing from Bad Tölz and Rosenheim towards the Austrian border. The timeliness of this information is critical to political and military manoeuvres. Knowing this, O'Brien-ffrench used the most expedient method available to transmit the message, phoning the report directly to London, even though it exposed his cover. He was told that this was the first news received from Allied capitals reporting the advance. He continued to receive confirmations of the advance throughout the day. Through his local contacts he was able to warn residents, giving many in danger time to quickly pack and flee—saving lives.[57] The ease of travel quickly changed, and by the next morning Gestapo officials were ripping soles from passengers' shoes in search of money and incriminating documents. At 9 a.m., Saturday morning, 12 March, a large force of German troops entered Kitzbühel, with another at Mittenwald to occupy Innsbruck and the country west as far as the Arlberg Pass.

Himmler's Gestapo, in 1940, prepared for Nazi Germany's invasion of Britain in World War II by compiling a list of more than 2,300 names of the most-wanted Britons in The Black Book (Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.).[64] It includes the name of French, Marquis de Castelchomond (sic), O'Brien with the notation "brit. Agent, Kapitän."[65][66][67] The 112th entry continues with "vermutl. England, RSHA IV E4 Stapoleit München."[67] The Reich Main Security Office, RSHA, combined the SS Intelligence Service (the SD), Secret State Police (Gestapo), Criminal Police (Kripo) and Foreign Intelligence Service into an enormous organization, armed with the data and resources to commit mass murders.[68] The RSHA coding system reveals the last of the entry, with "IV E4" meaning "Counter-Intelligence in Scandinavia."[68] Conrad's cover as a spy was compromised after the Austrian Anschluss of 1938, and he retired from the intelligence services soon after.[69]

During the war O'Brien-ffrench also served as Imperial censor in Trinidad.[70]

Fairholme Ranch

[edit]

Conrad married Rosalie Isabelle Baker, daughter of Ralph George Baker, on 1 May 1945, in London, England. After World War II Conrad and his wife moved to British Columbia, and purchased waterfront property on Maple Bay, Vancouver Island.[71][72] Soon they moved again to "Fairholme Ranch," a property located five miles east of Banff, Alberta and within Banff National Park's boundaries.[73][74] Conrad designed and helped to build a large 14-room lodge and a cottage at Fairholme, where he and Rosie raised their sons, Rollo and John.[75][76] Conrad settled down to a new life of raising horses and teaching at The Banff School of Fine Arts.[71][77] Founded in 1933 by Alberta University as a school of theatrical arts, The Banff School of Fine Arts expanded its curriculum and in 1948 Conrad joined the faculty to teach visual arts.[78]

In 1958, HRH Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon took up residence at Fairholme Ranch during her Canadian visit of that year.[73][76][79][80][81] It provided splendid views of Princess Margaret Mountain named in honour of her visit.[82][83]

"On 28 July the Princess drove from the ranch house where she was staying, a few miles outside of Banff, to visit the Banff School of Fine Arts, where she saw students from many parts of the Commonwealth at work."[84]

The historic lodge was later carefully disassembled, moved and rebuilt just outside Stony Plain (near Edmonton, Alberta).[85]

Later years

[edit]

Conrad lived in West Vancouver[72][86] and eventually retired to his chalet in Loveland, Colorado.[87] He taught and exhibited art, living out his years painting and lecturing art, philosophy and theology.[7]

Biography

[edit]

O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1979). Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent. Skilton and Shaw (Fudge and Co. Ltd), London. ISBN 0-7050-0062-1.

Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent is in many collections, including:

Interviews

[edit]

O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (23 October 1979). "Interview of Conrad O'Brien-ffrench". BBC Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Dennis McCarthy. Nottingham, England.

O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (24 October 1979). "Interview of Conrad O'Brien-ffrench". London Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Bobby Vincent. London, England.

O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (26 June 1984). "Interview of Conrad O'Brien-ffrench". Cheyenne Today (Interview). Interviewed by Jack Savage. Cheyenne, Wyoming: KFBC.

See also

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stewart, Walter (1975), "James Bond of West Vancouver", Maclean's, no. February, pp. 60–65
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage (1939). Burke Publishing Co., Ltd., London, England.
  3. ^ a b Obituaries: Conrad O'Briend-ffrench (1986). Loveland Daily Reporter-Herald (28 October): 10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h The National Archives. "Medal card of Conrad Fulke Thomond O'Brien-ffrench". Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1976), Burke's Irish Family Records, London, UK: Burkes Peerage Ltd, p. 411.
  6. ^ Massue, Melville Henry; Marquis de Ruvigny (2005). The Nobilities of Europe. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 222. ISBN 1-4021-3111-9.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1979). Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent. Skilton and Shaw (Fudge and Co. Ltd), London. ISBN 0-7050-0062-1.
  8. ^ Falls, Capt Cyril (2009). History of the First Seven Battalions: The Royal Irish Rifles in the Great War. Naval and Military Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-1-84342-272-3.
  9. ^ The National Archives (1916). List of Officers Sent Back to Officers' Internment Camps. Kew, London, England: The National Archives. FO 380, Copy 111 b 16478.
  10. ^ Dewar, Peter Beauclerk (1992). Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain: Together with Members of the Titles. Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain Limited. p. 309. ISBN 0-9711966-0-5.
  11. ^ O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1979). Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent. Skilton and Shaw (Fudge and Co. Ltd), London. pp. 39, 45. ISBN 0-7050-0062-1.
  12. ^ The National Archives (1915). Extract from letter from Lieut. Ffrench, at Burg. Kew, London, England: The National Archives. FO 380.
  13. ^ Foreign Office (1915). Foreign Office Letter, May 13, 1915: Treatment of 39 British Officers in Germany. Kew, Britain: The National Archives. FO 380.
  14. ^ a b Andrew, Christopher M.; Oleg Gordievsky (1992). KGB: the inside story of its foreign operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. New York, New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. pp. 72. ISBN 0-06-016605-3.
  15. ^ a b c Eudin, Xenia Joukoff; Harold Henry Fisher (1957). Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-1927: a documentary survey. California: Stanford. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0-8047-0478-3.
  16. ^ Espionage Info. "MI6 (British Secret Intelligence Service), K. Lee Lerner and Judson Knight in Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security". Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  17. ^ Federation of American Scientists. "Secret Intelligence Service MI6". Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  18. ^ O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1979). Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent. Skilton and Shaw (Fudge and Co. Ltd), London. pp. 58–65, photos. ISBN 0-7050-0062-1.
  19. ^ Budiansky, Stephen (2000). Battle of wits: the complete story of codebreaking in World War II. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group. pp. 56. ISBN 978-0-684-85932-3.
  20. ^ a b Maine, Basil (1937). Edward VIII—Duke of Windsor. London: Hutchinson. p. 266. 1-2057-304.
  21. ^ The Archives (1959–1992). Guide to the records in the National Archives of India, Part 3. New Delhi: The Archives. p. 70. OCLC 504269858.
  22. ^ Mountbatten, Earl, Louis (1979). Mountbatten : Eighty Years in Pictures. New York: Viking Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-670-49137-3.
  23. ^ Levi, Primo (2006). Gandhi. DK CHILDREN. pp. 71–75. ISBN 978-0-7566-2111-7.
  24. ^ Nanda, Bal Ram (1972). Gandhi: a Pictorial Biography. New Delhi: New Delhi Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. pp. 38. ISBN 9788123001982. 540771.
  25. ^ Imām, Hassan (1999). Indian National Movement. Anmol Publications. pp. 93, 134–135. ISBN 81-261-0199-7.
  26. ^ Strangman, Sir Thomas (1931). Indian Courts and Characters. London: Heinemann. pp. 134–135. ASIN B001OMJ6EE.
  27. ^ a b c d Fischer, Louis (1982). Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World. New York: Mentor. pp. 70–72. ISBN 978-0-451-62742-1.
  28. ^ a b chaurichaura.com. "Chauri Chaura History". Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  29. ^ Ghose, Sankar (1991). Mahatma Gandhi. South Asia Books. pp. 148–149. ISBN 81-7023-205-8.
  30. ^ gandhihistory.com. "Gandhi History". Archived from the original on 3 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
  31. ^ Attenborough, Richard (2008). The Words of Gandhi. Newmarket; 2 edition. pp. 80. ISBN 978-1-55704-807-3.
  32. ^ a b c d Sondheimer, Ernst (1989). The Alpine Journal, 1988/89: Volume 93, Number 337. The Ernest Press, London. pp. 307–309. ISBN 0-09-173659-5.
  33. ^ a b c d Artistic CV, 1947, p. 1
  34. ^ O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1979). Delicate Mission, Autobiography of a Secret Agent. Skilton and Shaw (Fudge and Co. Ltd), London. pp. 68–81. ISBN 0-7050-0062-1.
  35. ^ O'Brien-ffrench, Conrad (1978). The May Mountaineer. The Alpine Club. pp. 8–13. acl 22275.
  36. ^ Tattersall, E. Somerville (1933). The Alpine Club Membership Documentation, 1933. The Alpine Club, 23 Savile Row, London. pp. 1–2.
  37. ^ gutenberg.org. "The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir, by Sir James McCrone Douie". Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  38. ^ Summitpost.org. "Mont Collon". Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  39. ^ Summitpost.org. "Dent de Perroc". Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  40. ^ Summitpost.org. "Sassolungo - Langkofel". Retrieved 14 December 2009.
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