Jump to content

Nauru

Edit links
Coordinates: 0°31′41″S 166°56′13″E / 0.52806°S 166.93694°E / -0.52806; 166.93694
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Climate of Nauru)
This article is about the island country. For the Tanzanian village, see Nauru, Tanzania.

Republic of Nauru
Repubrikin Naoero (Nauruan)[1]
Motto: "God's will first"
Anthem: Nauru Bwiema
"Nauru, our homeland"
Location of Nauru
CapitalNone (de jure)
Yaren (de facto)[a]
0°31′39″S 166°56′06″E / 0.52750°S 166.93500°E / -0.52750; 166.93500
Largest cityDenigomodu
Official languages
Demonym(s)Nauruan
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency under a non-partisan democracy[6]
• President
David Adeang
Marcus Stephen
LegislatureParliament
Independence
31 January 1968
Area
• Total
21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) (193rd)
• Water (%)
0.57
Population
• 2024 estimate
11,919[7][8] (227th)
• 2011 census
10,084[9]
• Density
480/km2 (1,243.2/sq mi) (25th)
GDP (PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
$132 million[10] (192nd)
• Per capita
$9,995[10] (94th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
$150 million[10]
• Per capita
$10,125[10]
HDI (2022)Increase 0.696[11]
medium (122nd)
CurrencyAustralian dollar (AUD)
Time zoneUTC+12[12]
Drives onLeft
Calling code+674
ISO 3166 codeNR
Internet TLD.nr

Nauru (/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo[13] or /ˈnaʊruː/ NOW-roo;[14] Nauruan: Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru (Nauruan: Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Micronesia, part of the Oceania region in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba of Kiribati about 300 km (190 mi) to the east.[15]

It lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast of the Solomon Islands,[16] east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With an area of only 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi), Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world, larger than only Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic and island nation, as well as the smallest member state of the Commonwealth of Nations by area. Its population of about 10,800 is the world's third-smallest (not including colonies or overseas territories). Nauru is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States.

Settled by Micronesians circa 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, and was bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968. At various points since 2001, it has accepted aid from the Australian Government in exchange for hosting the Nauru Regional Processing Centre, a controversial offshore Australian immigration detention facility. As a result of heavy dependence on Australia, some sources have identified Nauru as a client state of Australia.[17][18][19]

Nauru is a phosphate-rock island with rich deposits near the surface, which allowed easy strip mining operations for over a century. However, this has seriously harmed the country's environment, causing the island nation to suffer from what is often referred to as the "resource curse". The phosphate was exhausted in the 1990s, and the remaining reserves are not economically viable for extraction.[20] A trust established to manage the island's accumulated mining wealth, set up for the day the reserves would be exhausted, has diminished in value. To earn income, Nauru briefly became a tax haven and illegal money laundering centre.[21]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Nauru
Photo of a Nauruan warrior during the Nauruan Civil War around 1880

Nauru was first settled by Micronesians at least 3,000 years ago, and there is evidence of possible Polynesian influence.[22] Comparatively little is known of Nauruan prehistory,[23] although the island is believed to have had a long period of isolation, which accounts for the distinct language that developed among the inhabitants.[24] There were traditionally 12 clans or tribes on Nauru, which are represented in the twelve-pointed star on the country's flag.[25] Traditionally, Nauruans traced their descent matrilineally. Inhabitants practised aquaculture: they caught juvenile milkfish (known as Ibija in Nauruan), acclimatised them to freshwater, and raised them in Buada Lagoon, providing a reliable food source. The other locally grown components of their diet included coconuts and pandanus fruit.[26][27] The name "Nauru" may derive from the Nauruan word Anáoero, which means 'I go to the beach.'[28]

In 1798, the British sea captain John Fearn, on his trading ship Hunter (300 tons), became the first Westerner to report sighting Nauru, calling it "Pleasant Island", because of its attractive appearance.[29][30] From at least 1826, Nauruans had regular contact with Europeans on whaling and trading ships who called for provisions and fresh drinking water.[31] The last whaler to call during the Age of Sail visited in 1904.[32]

Around this time, deserters from European ships began to live on the island. The islanders traded food for alcoholic palm wine and firearms.[33] The firearms were used during the 10-year Nauruan Civil War that began in 1878.[34]

After an agreement with Great Britain, Germany annexed Nauru in 1888 and incorporated it into the Marshall Islands Protectorate for administrative purposes.[35][36] The arrival of the Germans ended the civil war, and kings were established as rulers of the island. King Auweyida was the most widely known. Christian missionaries from the Gilbert Islands arrived in 1888.[37][38] The German settlers called the island "Nawodo" or "Onawero".[39] The Germans ruled Nauru for almost three decades. Robert Rasch, a German trader who married a 15-year-old Nauruan girl, was the first administrator, appointed in 1890.[37]

Phosphate was discovered on Nauru in 1900 by the prospector Albert Fuller Ellis.[36][30] The Pacific Phosphate Company began to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany, exporting its first shipment in 1907.[29][40] In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Nauru was captured by Australian troops. In 1919, it was agreed by the Allied and Associated Powers that His Britannic Majesty should be the administering authority under a League of Nations mandate. The Nauru Island Agreement forged in 1919 between the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and extraction of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental British Phosphate Commission (BPC).[35][41] The terms of the League of Nations mandate were drawn up in 1920.[35][42]

The island experienced an influenza epidemic and ongoing colonial strife through the early 20th century, with a mortality rate of 18 per cent among native Nauruans.[43] In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees.[44] On 6 and 7 December 1940, the German auxiliary cruisers Komet and Orion sank five supply ships in the vicinity of Nauru. Komet then shelled Nauru's phosphate mining areas, oil storage depots, and the shiploading cantilever.[45][46][47]

U.S. Army Air Forces bombing the Japanese airstrip on Nauru, 1943.[48]

Japanese troops occupied Nauru on 25 August 1942.[46] The Japanese built 2 airfields which were bombed for the first time on 25 March 1943, preventing food supplies from being flown to Nauru.[49] The Japanese deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as labourers in the Chuuk Islands,[48] which was also occupied by Japan. As part of the Allied strategy of island hopping from the Pacific islands towards the main islands of Japan, Nauru was bypassed and left to "wither on the vine". Nauru was finally taken back from the Japanese on 13 September 1945, when commander Hisayaki Soeda surrendered the island to the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy.[50] The surrender was accepted by Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, who represented Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee, the commander of the First Australian Army, aboard the warship HMAS Diamantina.[51][52][53] Arrangements were made to repatriate from Chuuk the 745 Nauruans who survived Japanese captivity there.[54] They were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship Trienza in January 1946.[55]

In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees.[56][57] Under those arrangements, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand were a joint administering authority. The Nauru Island Agreement provided for the first administrator to be appointed by Australia for five years, leaving subsequent appointments to be decided by the three governments.[35][42] However, in practice, administrative power was exercised by Australia alone.[35][42]

The 1948 Nauru riots occurred when Chinese guano mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions. The Australian administration imposed a state of emergency with Native Police and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised. This force, using sub-machine guns and other firearms, opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen. Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death while in custody. The trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were "accidentally received."[58][59] The governments of the Soviet Union and China made official complaints against Australia at the United Nations over this incident.[60]

A satellite image of Nauru, 2002

In 1964, it was proposed to relocate the population of Nauru to Curtis Island off the coast of Queensland, Australia. By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain, and New Zealand, damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. Rehabilitating the island was seen as financially impossible. In 1962, Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies said that the three countries involved in the mining had an obligation to provide a solution for the Nauruan people, and proposed finding a new island for them. In 1963, the Australian Government proposed to acquire all the land on Curtis Island (which was considerably larger than Nauru) and then offer the Nauruans freehold title over the island and that the Nauruans would become Australian citizens.[61][62] The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be £10 million (A$649 million in 2022[63]), which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral, agricultural, and fishing industries.[64] However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to.[65] Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru.[66]

Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, it became independent on 31 January 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt.[67] In 1967, the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners, and in June 1970, control passed to the locally owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation (NPC).[40] Income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world.[68][69] In 1989, Nauru took legal action against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia's administration of the island, in particular, Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining. Certain Phosphate Lands: Nauru v. Australia led to an out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru.[56][70]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a state of emergency was declared in Nauru on 17 March 2020. The declaration to minimize the outbreak was signed by President Lionel Aingimea during a period of 30 days.[71]

Geography

[edit]
Main articles: Geography of Nauru and Geology of Nauru
Map of Nauru

Nauru is a 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi),[4] oval-shaped island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 55.95 km (34.77 mi) south of the Equator.[72] The island is surrounded by a fringing coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles.[5] The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport, although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island.[73] A fertile coastal strip 150 to 300 m (490 to 980 ft) wide lies inland from the beach.[5]

Coastal beach area of Nauru, with its distinctive natural coral pillars
Buada Lagoon

Coral cliffs surround Nauru's central plateau. The highest point of the plateau, called the Command Ridge, is 71 m (233 ft) above sea level.[74]

The only fertile areas on Nauru are on the narrow coastal belt, where coconut palms flourish. The land around Buada Lagoon supports bananas, pineapples, vegetables, pandanus trees, and indigenous hardwoods, such as the tamanu tree.[5]

Nauru was one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean, along with Banaba (Ocean Island), in Kiribati, and Makatea, in French Polynesia. The phosphate reserves on Nauru are now almost entirely depleted. Phosphate mining in the central plateau has left a barren terrain of jagged limestone pinnacles up to 15 m (49 ft) high. Mining has stripped and devastated about 80 per cent of Nauru's land area, leaving it uninhabitable[69] and has also affected the surrounding exclusive economic zone; 40% of marine life is estimated to have been killed by silt and phosphate runoff.[5][75]

The island has no rivers,[76] and there is no inflow or outflow from the Buada Lagoon; it is an endorheic basin.

Climate

[edit]

Nauru's climate is hot and very humid year-round because of its proximity to the equator and the ocean. Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February. Annual rainfall is highly variable and is influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, with several significant recorded droughts.[22][77] The temperature on Nauru ranges between 30 and 35 °C (86 and 95 °F) during the day and is quite stable at around 25 °C (77 °F) at night.[78]

Streams and rivers do not exist in Nauru. Water is gathered from roof catchment systems or brought to Nauru as ballast on ships returning for loads of phosphate.[79]

Ecology

[edit]
See also: Eastern Micronesia tropical moist forests, List of mammals of Nauru, and List of birds of Nauru
Aerial view of Nauru

Fauna is sparse on the island because of a lack of vegetation and the consequences of phosphate mining. Many indigenous birds have disappeared or become rare owing to the destruction of their habitat.[80] There are about 60 recorded vascular plant species native to the island, none of which are endemic. Coconut farming, mining, and introduced species have seriously disturbed the native vegetation.[22]

There are no native land mammals, but there are native insects, land crabs, and birds, including the endemic Nauru reed warbler. The Polynesian rat, cats, dogs, pigs, and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships.[81] The diversity of the reef marine life makes fishing a popular activity for tourists on the island; also popular are scuba diving and snorkelling.[82]

Politics

[edit]
Main articles: Politics of Nauru and Elections in Nauru
Further information: Law of Nauru, List of political parties in Nauru, and Crime in Nauru
Parliament of Nauru

The president of Nauru is David Adeang, who heads a 19-member unicameral parliament. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Asian Development Bank. Nauru also participates in the Commonwealth and Olympic Games. Recently, Nauru became a member country of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The Republic of Nauru became the 189th member of the International Monetary Fund in April 2016.

Nauru is a republic with a parliamentary system of government.[67] The president is both head of state and head of government and is dependent on parliamentary confidence to remain president. All 19 parliament seats are elected every three years.[83] The parliament elects the president from its members, and the president appoints a cabinet of five to six members.[84] As a result of a referendum in 2021, naturalised citizens and their descendants are barred from becoming parliamentarians.

Nauru lacks any formal structure for political parties, and candidates typically stand for office as independents; fifteen of the 19 members of the current parliament are independents. Four parties that have been active in Nauruan politics are the Nauru Party, the Democratic Party, Nauru First and the Centre Party. However, alliances within the government are often formed based on extended family ties rather than party affiliation.[85]

From 1992 to 1999, Nauru had a local government system known as the Nauru Island Council (NIC).[86] It was a successor to the Nauru Local Government Council, established in 1951.[87] This nine-member council was designed to provide municipal services. The NIC was dissolved in 1999 and all assets and liabilities became vested in the national government.[86] Land tenure on Nauru is unusual: all Nauruans have certain rights to all land on the island, which is owned by individuals and family groups. Government and corporate entities do not own any land, and they must enter into a lease arrangement with landowners to use land. Non-Nauruans cannot own land on the island.[22]

Nauru's Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice, is paramount on constitutional issues. Other cases can be appealed to the two-judge Appellate Court. Parliament cannot overturn court decisions. Historically, Appellate Court rulings could be appealed to the High Court of Australia,[88][89] though this happened only rarely and the Australian court's appellate jurisdiction ended entirely on 12 March 2018 after the Government of Nauru unilaterally ended the arrangement.[90][91][92] Lower courts consist of the District Court and the Family Court, both of which are headed by a Resident Magistrate, who also is the Registrar of the Supreme Court. There are two other quasi-courts: the Public Service Appeal Board and the Police Appeal Board, both of which are presided over by the Chief Justice.[5]

Foreign relations

[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Nauru

Following independence in 1968, Nauru joined the Commonwealth of Nations as a Special Member; it became a full member in 1999.[93] The country was admitted to the Asian Development Bank in 1991 and the United Nations in 1999.[94] Nauru is a member of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the Pacific Community, and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission.[95] In February 2021, Nauru announced it would be formally withdrawing from the Pacific Islands Forum in a joint statement with Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and the Federated States of Micronesia after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the Forum's secretary-general.[96][97]

Nauruan police cadets undergoing training. Nauru has no armed forces, though there is a small police force under civilian control.

Nauru has no armed forces, though there is a small police force under civilian control.[4] Australia is responsible for Nauru's defence under an informal agreement between the two countries.[4] The September 2005 memorandum of understanding between Australia and Nauru provides the latter with financial aid and technical assistance, including a Secretary of Finance to prepare the budget, and advisers on health and education. This aid is in return for Nauru's housing of asylum seekers while their applications for entry into Australia are processed.[98] Nauru uses the Australian dollar as its official currency.[5]

Nauru has used its position as a member of the United Nations to gain financial support from both Taiwan (officially the Republic of China or ROC) and China (officially the People's Republic of China or PRC) by changing its recognition from one to the other under the One-China policy. On 21 July 2002, Nauru signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC, accepting US$130 million from the PRC for this action[99] (US$211 million in 2023[100]). In response, the ROC severed diplomatic relations with Nauru two days later. Nauru later re-established links with the ROC on 14 May 2005,[101] and diplomatic ties with the PRC were officially severed on 31 May 2005.[102] On 15 Jan 2024, Nauru severed ties with the ROC and re-established diplomatic ties with the PRC.[103]

In 2008, Nauru recognised Kosovo as an independent country, and in 2009 Nauru became the fourth country, after Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, to recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two breakaway autonomous republics of Georgia. Russia was reported to be giving Nauru US$50 million in humanitarian aid as a result of this recognition[99] (US$69.5 million in 2023[100]). On 15 July 2008, the Nauruan government announced a port refurbishment programme, financed with US$9 million of development aid received from Russia (US$12.5 million in 2023[100]). The Nauru government claimed this aid is not related to its recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[104]

The US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program operates a climate-monitoring facility on the island.[105]

A significant portion of Nauru's income has been in the form of aid from Australia. In 2001, the MV Tampa, a Norwegian ship that had rescued 438 refugees from a stranded boat, was seeking to dock in Australia. In what became known as the Tampa affair, the ship was refused entry and boarded by Australian troops. The refugees were eventually taken to Nauru to be held in detention facilities which later became part of the Howard government's Pacific Solution. Nauru operated two detention centres known as State House and Topside for these refugees in exchange for Australian aid.[106] By November 2005, only two refugees remained on Nauru from those first sent there in 2001.[107] The Australian government sent further groups of asylum-seekers to Nauru in late 2006 and early 2007.[108] The refugee centre was closed in 2008,[5] but, following the Australian government's re-adoption of the Pacific Solution in August 2012, it has re-opened it.[109] Amnesty International has since described the conditions of the refugees of war living in Nauru as a "horror",[110][111] with reports of children as young as eight attempting suicide and engaging in acts of self-harm.[112] In 2018, the situation gained attention as a "mental health crisis", with an estimated thirty children suffering from traumatic withdrawal syndrome, also known as resignation syndrome.[112][113] By the middle of 2023, the camp was finally totally emptied for the first time since it opened, with 4183 people having being detained there since it opened in 2012.[114] In 2024 a few dozen refugees were again being held there while their claims are being processed.[115]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
See also: List of settlements in Nauru
Map of Nauru showing its districts

Nauru is divided into fourteen administrative districts, which are grouped into eight electoral constituencies and are further divided into villages.[5][4] The most populous district is Denigomodu, with 1,804 residents, of which 1,497 reside in a Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation settlement called "Location". The following table shows population by district according to the 2011 census.[116]

No. District Former
name		 Area
(ha)		 Population
(2011)		 No. of
villages		 Density
(persons/ha)
1 Aiwo Aiue 110 1,220 8 11.1
2 Anabar Anebwor 150 452 15 3.0
3 Anetan Añetañ 100 587 12 5.9
4 Anibare Anybody 310 226 17 0.7
5 Baitsi Beidi, Baiti 120 513 15 4.3
6 Boe Boi 50 851 4 17.0
7 Buada Arenibok 260 739 14 2.8
8 Denigomodu Denikomotu 118 1,804 17 15.3
9 Ewa Eoa 120 446 12 3.7
10 Ijuw Ijub 110 178 13 1.6
11 Meneng Meneñ 310 1,380 18 4.5
12 Nibok Ennibeck 160 484 11 3.0
13 Uaboe Ueboi 80 318 6 3.0
14 Yaren Moqua 150 747 7 4.0
– Nauru Naoero 2,120 10,084 169 4.8

Economy

[edit]
Main articles: Economy of Nauru and Telecommunications in Nauru
Phosphate loading infrastructure in 2006

Before a resurgence in the 2010s, the Nauruan economy was strongest in the 1970s, with GDP peaking in 1981.[117][118] This trend came from phosphate mining, which accounted for a majority of its economic output. Mining declined starting in the early 1980s.[119]: 5 [120] There are few other resources, and most necessities are imported.[5][121] Small-scale mining is still conducted by RONPhos, formerly known as the Nauru Phosphate Corporation.[5] The government places a percentage of RONPhos's earnings into the Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust. The trust manages long-term investments, which were intended to support the citizens after the phosphate reserves were exhausted.[122]

Because of mismanagement, the trust's fixed and current assets were reduced considerably and may never fully recover. The failed investments included financing Leonardo the Musical in 1993.[123] The Mercure Hotel in Sydney, Australia[124] and Nauru House in Melbourne, Australia were sold in 2004 to finance debts and Air Nauru's only Boeing 737 was repossessed in December 2005. Normal air service resumed after the aircraft was replaced with a Boeing 737-300 airliner in June 2006.[125] In 2005, the corporation sold its remaining real estate in Melbourne, the vacant Savoy Tavern site, for A$7.5 million[126] (US$11.2 million in 2023[100]).

The value of the trust is estimated to have shrunk from A$1.3 billion in 1991 to A$138 million in 2002 (A$2.79 billion to A$229 million in 2022 dollars[63]).[127] Nauru currently lacks money to perform many of the basic functions of government; for example, the National Bank of Nauru is insolvent. The CIA World Factbook estimated a GDP per capita of US$5,000 in 2005.[4] The Asian Development Bank 2007 economic report on Nauru estimated GDP per capita at US$2,400 to US$2,715.[119]

There are no personal taxes in Nauru. The unemployment rate is estimated to be 23% and the government employs 95% of those who have jobs.[4][128] The Asian Development Bank notes that, although the administration has a strong public mandate to implement economic reforms, in the absence of an alternative to phosphate mining, the medium-term outlook is for continued dependence on external assistance.[127] Tourism is not a major contributor to the economy.[129]

Limestone pinnacles remain after phosphate mining at the site of one of Nauru's secondary mines

In the 1990s, Nauru became a tax haven and offered passports to foreign nationals for a fee.[130] The inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) identified Nauru as one of 15 "non-cooperative" countries in its fight against money laundering. During the 1990s, it was possible to establish a licensed bank in Nauru for only US$25,000[130] (US$42,040 in 2023[100]) with no other requirements. Under pressure from FATF, Nauru introduced anti-avoidance legislation in 2003, after which foreign hot money left the country. In October 2005, after satisfactory results from the legislation and its enforcement, FATF lifted the non-cooperative designation.[131]

From 2001 to 2007, the Nauru detention centre provided a significant source of income for the country. The Nauruan authorities reacted with concern to its closure by Australia.[132] In February 2008, the Foreign Affairs minister, Kieren Keke, stated that the closure would result in 100 Nauruans losing their jobs, and would affect 10% of the island's population directly or indirectly: "We have got a huge number of families that are suddenly going to be without any income. We are looking at ways we can try and provide some welfare assistance but our capacity to do that is very limited. Literally we have got a major unemployment crisis in front of us."[133] The detention centre was re-opened in August 2012.[109]

In July 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) upgraded its rating of Nauru's standards of tax transparency. Previously Nauru had been listed alongside fourteen other countries that had failed to show that they could comply with international tax transparency standards and regulations. The OECD subsequently put Nauru through a fast-tracked compliance process and the country was given a "largely compliant" rating.[134]

The Nauru 2017–2018 budget, delivered by Minister of Finance David Adeang, forecast A$128.7 million in revenues and A$128.6 million in expenditures and projected modest economic growth for the nation over the next two years.[135] In 2018, the Nauru government partnered with the deep sea mining company DeepGreen, now Nauru Ocean Resources Inc (NORI), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Canadian The Metals Company.[136] They planned to harvest manganese nodules whose minerals and metals can be used in the development of sustainable energy technology.[137][138][139]

Demographics

[edit]
Main articles: Demographics of Nauru and Religion in Nauru
The population of Nauru, 1886–2013

Nauru had 12,511 residents as of July 2021.[7][8] The population was previously larger, but in 2006 the island saw 1,500 people leave during a repatriation of immigrant workers from Kiribati and Tuvalu. The repatriation was motivated by significant layoffs in phosphate mining.[119]

Nauru is one of the most densely populated Westernized countries in the South Pacific.[140]

The official languages of Nauru are Nauruan and English. Nauruan[2] is a distinct Micronesian language, which is spoken by 96% of ethnic Nauruans at home.[119] English is widely spoken and is the language of government and commerce.[4][5]

Church in Nauru

The main religion practised on the island is Christianity: the main denominations are Nauru Congregational Church (35.71%), Catholic Church (32.96%), Assemblies of God (12.98%), and Baptist (1.48%).[5] The Constitution provides for freedom of religion. However, the government has restricted the religious practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses, most of whom are foreign workers employed by the government-owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation.[141] The Catholics are pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru, with see at Tarawa in Kiribati.

Public services

[edit]

Education

[edit]
Further information: Education in Nauru

Literacy on Nauru is 96%. Education is compulsory for children from six to sixteen years old, and two more non-compulsory years are offered (years 11 and 12).[142] The island has three primary schools and two secondary schools. The secondary schools are Nauru Secondary School and Nauru College.[143] There is a campus of the University of the South Pacific on Nauru. Before this campus was built in 1987, students would study either by distance or abroad.[144] Since 2011, the University of New England, Australia has established a presence on the island with around 30 Nauruan teachers studying for an associate degree in education. These students will continue on to the degree to complete their studies.[145] This project is led by Associate Professor Pep Serow and funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

The previous community public library was destroyed in a fire. As of 1999, a new one had not yet been built, and no bookmobile services were available as of that year. Sites with libraries include the University of the South Pacific campus, Nauru Secondary, Kayser College, and Aiwo Primary.[146] The Nauru Community Library is in the new University of the South Pacific Nauru Campus building, which was officially opened in May 2018.

Health

[edit]
Main article: Health in Nauru
Further information: Obesity in Nauru
Nauruan residents walking around Nauru International Airport. Nauruans are amongst the most obese people in the world.[147]

Nauru has one of the highest child mortality rates in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) region at 2.9% in 2020, according to a UNICEF study.[148]

Life expectancy in Nauru in 2009 was 60.6 years for males and 68.0 years for females.[149]

By measure of mean body mass index (BMI), Nauruans are the most overweight people in the world;[147] 97% of men and 93% of women are overweight or obese.[147] In 2012, the obesity rate was 71.7%.[150] Obesity on the Pacific islands is common.

Nauru has the world's highest level of type 2 diabetes, with more than 40% of the population affected.[151] Other significant dietary-related problems on Nauru include kidney disease and heart disease.[149]

Nauru has the world's highest tobacco smoking rate (48.3% in 2022).[152]

Transport

[edit]
Main article: Transport in Nauru
View of Nauru International Airport

The island is solely served by Nauru International Airport. Passenger service is provided by Nauru Airlines. Flights operate four days a week to Brisbane, Australia,[153] with limited service to other destinations including Nadi[154] (Fiji) and Bonriki (Kiribati).[155]

The island has about 30 km (18 miles) of road, and it has about 4 km of railway that was built for mining use a century ago.[76] Nauru is accessible by sea via the Nauru International Port. The modernization and expansion project of the former Aiwo Boat Harbor was expected to be completed in 2021 but has been delayed due to technical and logistics issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[156][157]

Effects of mining

[edit]
Further information: Effects of mining in Nauru
Phosphate mining, Nauru, 1919

The effects of phosphate mining in Nauru have had significant negative impacts on the island's environment and economy.[158] One of the most prominent effects of the phosphate mining in Nauru is the extensive environmental degradation that has occurred as a result of the extraction of phosphates.[159] Large areas of the island have been stripped of vegetation and topsoil, leaving behind barren landscapes that are prone to erosion and degradation.[160] The mining activities have also caused significant disruption to the island's ecosystem, leading to a decline in biodiversity and the extinction of several plant and animal species.[161]

The mining in Nauru has also had profound social and health consequences for the country.[162] The reliance on phosphate mining as the main source of income has made Nauru extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices, leading to economic instability and uncertainty.[163] The depletion of the phosphate deposits has also left the country with limited options for sustainable economic development, as the once fertile land is now unusable for agriculture or other purposes. This has resulted in high levels of unemployment and poverty among the population,[164] further exacerbating social issues such as crime and substance abuse.

Food, farming, and diet

[edit]

Plants and farming

[edit]

Historically, Indigenous Nauruans kept household gardens that provided much of the food that they needed through subsistence farming, with the most common food plants including coconuts, breadfruit, bananas, pandanus, papaya, and guavas.[165] Because of the large immigrant population that would work in the phosphate mines, there were many types of fruits and vegetables grown that were staples in those countries as well.[165] The soil in Nauru was very rich on what citizens call the "Topside", which is the raised phosphate plateau where the phosphate is mined from, and it was extremely fertile and great for growing crops.[165] However, the area where most Nauruans live now, on the coastal ring on the island that hasn't been mined, the soil quality is among the poorest in the world, as it is shallow, alkaline, and has the coarse texture of the coral that surrounds it.[166][165][167] In 2011, just 13% of households maintained a garden or were involved in growing crops.[168] Most of the soil that was on Nauru is now gone because of phosphate-mining activities, leaving people to import the soil that they need.[166][165] Ethnobotanical studies have indicated that the reduction in the types of plants that can be grown due to phosphate mining has significantly impacted the connection that Indigenous Nauruans feel to the land, as plants are a large part of their cultural identity and have many uses in their lives, with each plant having an average of seven uses within Pacific Island cultures.[165]

Food

[edit]
Fishing in Buada Lagoon, Nauru in 1938

For Nauru residents today, all food must also be imported because of the loss of 90% of arable land due to phosphate mining, leaving people with a diet of mainly processed foods, such as rice and sugar.[169] Though residents are trying to salvage the soil that they can, some researchers speculate that there will be no regeneration of soils even after the mining ceases.[166] The country's dependence on processed and imported foods along with "cultural, historical, and social factors" have greatly affected the health of its citizens.[170] Despite having all food imported, the Household and Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted for the year of 2012–2013 found that Nauruans have a food poverty incidence rate of 0, based on the Food Poverty Line (FPL) which "includes a daily intake of 2,100 calories per adult per day."[170]

Non-food basic needs

[edit]

While the HIES found that Nauru is doing well in terms of food poverty, 24% of the population and 16.8% of households are below the basic needs (clothing, shelter, education, transport, communication, water, sanitation and health services) poverty line.[170] This is the worst poverty index of all Pacific nations.[170] In 2017, half of Nauruans were living on US$9,000 a year (approx. A$11,700 a year). Water resources are extremely limited, with the island supplying enough for 32 liters of freshwater per person per day despite the WHO's recommendation of 50 liters per person per day.[171] Much of the groundwater has been contaminated by mining runoff, toilets, and dumping of other commercial and household wastes, causing Nauruans to rely on imported water, the price of which can vary as it is closely tied to fuel prices for its delivery, and rainfall storage.[171][148] Access to sanitation facilities is restricted with just 66% of residents having access to reliable toilets, and open defecation is still practiced by 3% of the population.[148] Schools are frequently forced to close because they do not have reliable toilets or drinking water for students to use.[148] There is a long-standing truancy problem, and accessibility of education for refugee and asylum-seeking children, as well as for disabled children, remain areas of concern for Nauru's education sector.[148]

Culture

[edit]
Main articles: Culture of Nauru, Music of Nauru, and Nauruan cuisine
Anibare Bay

Angam Day, held on 26 October, celebrates the recovery of the Nauruan population after the two world wars and the 1920 influenza epidemic.[172] Colonial and contemporary Western influence has largely displaced the indigenous culture.[173] Few older customs have been preserved, but some forms of traditional music, arts and crafts, and fishing are still practised.[174]

Music

[edit]

Nauruan folk songs existed as of 1970,[175] while Oh Bwio Eben Bwio is a noticeable folk song.[176] While the traditional culture rapidly gives way to the contemporary, as elsewhere in Micronesia, music and dance are still some of the most popular art forms. Rhythmic singing and traditional reigen[n 1] are performed particularly at celebrations. At least, a historical form of a Nauruan dance called fish dance in English was recorded in a form of photographs.[178][179] Known contemporary dances are the frigate bird dance and the dogoropa.[180][181]

The national anthem of Nauru is "Nauru Bwiema" ("Song of Nauru").[182] Margaret Hendrie wrote the words; Laurence Henry Hicks composed the music.

Media

[edit]
Main article: Mass media in Nauru

There are no daily news publications on Nauru, although there is one fortnightly publication, Mwinen Ko. There is a state-owned television station, Nauru Television (NTV), which broadcasts programs from New Zealand and Australia, and a state-owned non-commercial radio station, Radio Nauru, which carries programs from Radio Australia and the BBC.[183]

Sport

[edit]
Australian rules football, played at Linkbelt Oval

Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Nauru; it is considered the country's national team sport. There is an Australian rules football league with eight teams.[184] Nauru has several national Australian rules teams that consistently rank among the top eight teams in the world.[185]

Other sports popular in Nauru include weightlifting (considered a national pastime), volleyball, netball, fishing and tennis. Nauru participates in the Commonwealth Games and has participated in the Summer Olympic Games in weightlifting and judo.[186]

Nauru's national basketball team competed at the 1969 Pacific Games, where it defeated Solomon Islands and Fiji.

Rugby union in Nauru has a growing following. The Nauru national rugby sevens team made its international debut at the 2015 Pacific Games.[187] Nauru competed in the 2015 Oceania Sevens Championship in New Zealand.

Soccer in Nauru is a minor sport which has long been dormant in due to the popularity of Australian rules and rugby; however, a Nauru national soccer team was in formation as of 2024.[188][189]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Nauru does not have an official capital but Yaren is the seat of parliament.[2]
  2. ^ English is widely spoken by the majority of the population and it is commonly used in government, legislation and commerce alongside Nauruan. Because of Nauru's history and relationship with Australia, Australian English is the dominant variety.[4][5]
  1. ^ Indirectly influenced by German colonialism, reigen in this cultural context is a German word that implies styles of circular-moving dances in Nauru's historical past, implying that historical Nauruan traditional dances tend to be informal.[177]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Franks, Patricia C.; Bernier, Anthony, eds. (10 August 2018). International Directory of National Archives. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 263.
  2. ^ a b c Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations. CQ Press. 2013. p. 1131.
  3. ^ "REPUBLIC OF NAURU Revenue Administration Act Act No. 15 of 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023. All Bills are to be drafted in English, the official language of Nauru.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Central Intelligence Agency (2015). "Nauru". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Background Note: Nauru". State Department Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
  6. ^ "Nauru's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments through 2015" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  8. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  9. ^ "National Report on Population ad Housing" (PDF). Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  12. ^ Department of Justice and Border Control (21 December 1978). "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020. Because of the peculiar way the legislation is worded the legal time is not GMT+12.
  13. ^ "Nauru Pronunciation in English". Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  14. ^ "Nauru – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  15. ^ "Nauru and Ocean Island". II(8) Pacific Islands Monthly. 15 March 1932. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  16. ^ "Yaren | district, Nauru". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  17. ^ "Pacific correspondent Mike Field". Radio New Zealand. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  18. ^ "Nauru's former chief justice predicts legal break down". Special Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  19. ^ Ben Doherty (28 October 2015). "This is Abyan's story, and it is Australia's story". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  20. ^ Hogan, C Michael (2011). "Phosphate". Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  21. ^ Hitt, Jack (10 December 2000). "The Billion-Dollar Shack". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment (2003). "First National Report to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  23. ^ Pollock, Nancy J. (27 April 2021). "Nauru". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  24. ^ "Nauru – History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  25. ^ Whyte, Brendan (2007). "On Cartographic Vexillology". Cartographica. 42 (3): 251–262. doi:10.3138/carto.42.3.251.
  26. ^ Pollock, Nancy J (1995). "5: Social Fattening Patterns in the Pacific—the Positive Side of Obesity. A Nauru Case Study". In De Garine, I (ed.). Social Aspects of Obesity. Routledge. pp. 87–111.
  27. ^ Spennemann, Dirk HR (January 2002). "Traditional milkfish aquaculture in Nauru". Aquaculture International. 10 (6): 551–562. doi:10.1023/A:1023900601000. S2CID 40606338.
  28. ^ West, Barbara A (2010). "Nauruans: nationality". Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. pp. 578–580. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  29. ^ a b Maslyn Williams & Barrie Macdonald (1985). The Phosphateers. Melbourne University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-522-84302-6.
  30. ^ a b Ellis, Albert F. (1935). Ocean Island and Nauru; Their Story. Sydney, Australia: Angus and Robertson, limited. p. 29. OCLC 3444055.
  31. ^ Langdon, Robert (1984), Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p.180. ISBN 086784471X
  32. ^ Langdon, p.182
  33. ^ Marshall, Mac; Marshall, Leslie B (January 1976). "Holy and Unholy Spirits: The Effects of Missionization on Alcohol Use in Eastern Micronesia". Journal of Pacific History. 11 (3): 135–166. doi:10.1080/00223347608572299.
  34. ^ Reyes, Ramon E. Jr (1996). "Nauru v. Australia". New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law. 16 (1–2). Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 884
  36. ^ a b Firth, Stewart (January 1978). "German Labour Policy in Nauru and Angaur, 1906–1914". The Journal of Pacific History. 13 (1): 36–52. doi:10.1080/00223347808572337.
  37. ^ a b Hill, Robert A, ed. (1986). "2: Progress Comes to Nauru". The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Vol. 5. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05817-0.
  38. ^ Ellis, AF (1935). Ocean Island and Nauru – their story. Angus and Robertson Limited. pp. 29–39.
  39. ^ Hartleben, A (1895). Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik. p. 429.
  40. ^ a b Manner, HI; Thaman, RR; Hassall, DC (May 1985). "Plant succession after phosphate mining on Nauru". Australian Geographer. 16 (3): 185–195. doi:10.1080/00049188508702872.
  41. ^ Gowdy, John M; McDaniel, Carl N (May 1999). "The Physical Destruction of Nauru". Land Economics. 75 (2): 333–338. doi:10.2307/3147015. JSTOR 3147015.
  42. ^ a b c Cmd. 1202
  43. ^ Shlomowitz, R (November 1990). "Differential mortality of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Pacific labour trade". Journal of the Australian Population Association. 7 (2): 116–127. doi:10.1007/bf03029360. PMID 12343016. S2CID 21563401. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  44. ^ Hudson, WJ (April 1965). "Australia's experience as a mandatory power". Australian Outlook. 19 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1080/10357716508444191.
  45. ^ Waters, SD (2008). German raiders in the Pacific (3rd ed.). Merriam Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4357-5760-8.
  46. ^ a b Bogart, Charles H (November 2008). "Death off Nauru" (PDF). CDSG Newsletter: 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  47. ^ "How Nauru Took the Shelling". XI(7) Pacific Islands Monthly. 14 February 1941. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  48. ^ a b Haden, JD (2000). "Nauru: a middle ground in World War II". Pacific Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  49. ^ "Interesting Sidelights on Jap Occupation of Nauru". XVI(11) Pacific Islands Monthly. 18 June 1946. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  50. ^ Takizawa, Akira; Alsleben, Allan (1999–2000). "Japanese garrisons on the by-passed Pacific Islands 1944–1945". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  51. ^ The Times, 14 September 1945
  52. ^ "Nauru Occupied by Australians; Jap Garrison and Natives Starving". The Argus. 15 September 1945. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  53. ^ "Nauru Officials Murdered By Japs". XVI(3) Pacific Islands Monthly. 16 October 1945. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  54. ^ "Only 745 Returned". XX(10) Pacific Islands Monthly. 1 May 1950. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  55. ^ Garrett, J (1996). Island Exiles. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 176–181. ISBN 0-7333-0485-0.
  56. ^ a b Highet, K; Kahale, H (1993). "Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru". American Journal of International Law. 87 (2): 282–288. doi:10.2307/2203821. JSTOR 2203821. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
  57. ^ Cmd. 7290
  58. ^ "NAURU RIOT". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Queensland, Australia. 2 July 1949. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020 – via Trove.
  59. ^ "Chinese Lose Nauru and Manus Cases". Pacific Islands Monthly. XIX (6 ( Jan. 1, 1949)). [Sydney: Pacific Publications. 1949. nla.obj-330063007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020 – via Trove.
  60. ^ "Nauru, New Guinea". The Courier-Mail. Queensland, Australia. 5 October 1949. p. 4. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020 – via Trove.
  61. ^ "Island Purchase For Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 840. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 May 1964. p. 5. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  62. ^ "Nauruans Likely To Settle Curtis Island". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 549. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 30 May 1963. p. 9. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  63. ^ a b AU = 1850-1901: McLean, I.W. (1999), Consumer Prices and Expenditure Patterns in Australia 1850–1914. Australian Economic History Review, 39: 1-28 (taken W6 series from Table A1, which represents the average inflation in all of Australian colonies). For later years, calculated using the pre-decimal inflation calculator provided by the Reserve Bank of Australia for each year, input: £94 8s (94.40 Australian pounds in decimal values), start year: 1901.
  64. ^ McAdam, Jane (15 August 2016). "How the entire nation of Nauru almost moved to Queensland". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Lack of Sovereignty 'Disappoints' Nauruans". The Canberra Times. Vol. 37, no. 10, 554. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 June 1963. p. 45. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  66. ^ "Nauru not to take Curtis Is". The Canberra Times. Vol. 38, no. 10, 930. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 August 1964. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  67. ^ a b Davidson, JW (January 1968). "The Republic of Nauru". The Journal of Pacific History. 3 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1080/00223346808572131.
  68. ^ Squires, Nick (15 March 2008). "Nauru seeks to regain lost fortunes". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  69. ^ a b Watanabe, Anna (16 September 2018). "From economic haven to refugee 'hell'". Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  70. ^ Case Concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia) Application: Memorial of Nauru. ICJ Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents. United Nations, International Court of Justice. January 2004. ISBN 978-92-1-070936-1.
  71. ^ "Nauru declares 'state of emergency' to manage coronavirus pandemic". SBS News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  72. ^ Map Developers. "Google Maps Distance Calculator". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  73. ^ Thaman, RR; Hassall, DC. "Nauru: National Environmental Management Strategy and National Environmental Action Plan" (PDF). South Pacific Regional Environment Programme. p. 234. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  74. ^ Jacobson, Gerry; Hill, Peter J; Ghassemi, Fereidoun (1997). "24: Geology and Hydrogeology of Nauru Island". In Vacher, H Leonard; Quinn, Terrence M (eds.). Geology and hydrogeology of carbonate islands. Elsevier. p. 716. ISBN 978-0-444-81520-0.
  75. ^ "Climate Change – Response" (PDF). First National Communication. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  76. ^ a b Dickinson, Greg; Smith, Oliver (7 March 2022). "12 facts about Nauru, the tiny island without a single Covid case". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  77. ^ Affaire de certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru. International Court of Justice. 2003. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-92-1-070936-1.
  78. ^ "Pacific Climate Change Science Program" (PDF). Government of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
  79. ^ "Yaren | district, Nauru". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  80. ^ "NAURU Information on Government, People, History, Economy, Environment, Development". Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
  81. ^ BirdLife International. "Important Bird Areas in Nauru". Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  82. ^ "Nauru Ecotourism Tours – Sustainable Tourism & Conservation Laws". Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  83. ^ Matau, Robert (6 June 2013) "President Dabwido gives it another go" Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Islands Business.
  84. ^ Levine, Stephen; Roberts, Nigel S (November 2005). "The constitutional structures and electoral systems of Pacific Island states". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 43 (3): 276–295. doi:10.1080/14662040500304866. S2CID 154374242.
  85. ^ Anckar, D; Anckar, C (2000). "Democracies without Parties". Comparative Political Studies. 33 (2): 225–247. doi:10.1177/0010414000033002003. S2CID 154687315.
  86. ^ a b Hassell, Graham; Tipu, Feue (May 2008). "Local Government in the South Pacific Islands". Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance. 1 (1): 6–30. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  87. ^ Ntumy, Michael A. (1993). "Nauru". South Pacific Islands Legal Systems. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9780824814380. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  88. ^ "Nauru (High Court Appeals) Act (Australia) 1976". Australian Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2006.
  89. ^ Dale, Gregory (2007). "Appealing to Whom? Australia's 'Appellate Jurisdiction' Over Nauru". International & Comparative Law Quarterly. 56 (3): 641–658. doi:10.1093/iclq/lei186.
  90. ^ Gans, Jeremy (20 February 2018). "News: Court may lose Nauru appellate role". Opinions on High. Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  91. ^ Clarke, Melissa (2 April 2018). "Justice in Nauru curtailed as Government abolishes appeal system". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  92. ^ Wahlquist, Calla (2 April 2018). "Fears for asylum seekers as Nauru moves to cut ties to Australia's high court". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  93. ^ "Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations". United Nations. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  94. ^ "Nauru in the Commonwealth". Commonwealth of Nations. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  95. ^ "Nauru (04/08)". US State Department. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  96. ^ "Five Micronesian countries leave Pacific Islands Forum". RNZ. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  97. ^ "Pacific Islands Forum in crisis as one-third of member nations quit". The Guardian. 8 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  98. ^ "Republic of Nauru Country Brief". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. November 2005. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  99. ^ a b Harding, Luke (14 December 2009). "Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognising breakaway republics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  100. ^ a b c d e Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 November 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  101. ^ Su, Joy (15 May 2005). "Nauru switches its allegiance back to Taiwan from China". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  102. ^ "China officially severs diplomatic ties with Nauru". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 31 May 2005. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  103. ^ "Taiwan loses ally Nauru to China in post-election ploy". Reuters. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  104. ^ "Nauru expects to earn more from exports after port upgrade with Russian aid". Radio New Zealand International. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  105. ^ Long, Charles N; McFarlane, Sally A (March 2012). "Quantification of the Impact of Nauru Island on ARM Measurements". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 51 (3): 628–636. Bibcode:2012JApMC..51..628L. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0174.1. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  106. ^ White, Michael (2002). "M/V Tampa Incident and Australia's Obligations – August 2001". Maritime Studies. 2002 (122): 7–17. doi:10.1080/07266472.2002.10878659. S2CID 153949745. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  107. ^ Gordon, M (5 November 2005). "Nauru's last two asylum seekers feel the pain". The Age. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2006.
  108. ^ "Nauru detention centre costs $2m per month". ABC News. 12 February 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2007.
  109. ^ a b "Asylum bill passes parliament". The Daily Telegraph. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  110. ^ "'It's better to die from one bullet than being slowly killed every day' – refugees forsaken on Nauru". Amnesty International. 4 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  111. ^ "Life for asylum seekers in Australia's 'Pacific Gulag' on Nauru". South China Morning Post (SCMP). Agence France-Presse (AFP). 11 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  112. ^ a b Harrison, Virginia (31 August 2018). "Nauru refugees: The island where children have given up on life". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  113. ^ "Five years on Nauru". Reveal. 16 February 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  114. ^ "Nauru: Why Australia is funding an empty detention centre". 2 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  115. ^ "Newly detained asylum seekers' desperation in Nauru: 'We are scared'". SBS News. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  116. ^ "Nauru—The population of the districts of the Republic of Nauru". City Population. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  117. ^ "Per capita GDP at current prices – US dollars". UNdata. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  118. ^ Hughes, Helen (18 August 2004). "From Riches to Rags: What Are Nauru's Options and How Can Australia Help?" (PDF). Issue Analysis (50): 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  119. ^ a b c d "Country Economic Report: Nauru" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  120. ^ Pollon, Christopher (22 November 2023). "How Much Further Can Mining Go?". The Walrus. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  121. ^ "Big tasks for a small island". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 13 August 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  122. ^ Seneviratne, Kalinga (26 May 1999). "Nauru turns to dust". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  123. ^ Mellor, William (1 June 2004). "GE Poised to Bankrupt Nauru, Island Stained by Money-Laundering". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  124. ^ Skehan, Craig (9 July 2004). "Nauru, receivers start swapping legal blows". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  125. ^ "Receivers take over Nauru House". The Age. 18 April 2004. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  126. ^ "Nauru sells last remaining property asset in Melbourne". RNZ Pacific. 9 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  127. ^ a b "Asian Development Outlook 2005 – Nauru". Asian Development Bank. 2005. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  128. ^ "Paradise well and truly lost". The Economist. 20 December 2001. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  129. ^ "Nauru". Pacific Islands Trade and Investment Commission. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  130. ^ a b "The Billion Dollar Shack". The New York Times. 10 December 2000. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  131. ^ "Nauru de-listed" (PDF). FATF. 13 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2006.
  132. ^ Topsfield, Hewel (11 December 2007). "Nauru fears gap when camps close". The Age. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  133. ^ "Nauru 'hit' by detention centre closure". The Age. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  134. ^ "Nauru gets an OECD upgrade". 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  135. ^ "Modest economic growth forecast for Nauru". Loop Pacific. 12 June 2017. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  136. ^ Reid, Helen; Lewis Jeff (29 June 2021). "Pacific island of Nauru sets two-year deadline for UN deep-sea mining rules". Mining.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  137. ^ Davies, Ann Davies; Daugherty, Ben (3 September 2018). "Corruption, incompetence and a musical: Nauru's cursed history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  138. ^ "Nauru in deep sea mining venture". Radio New Zealand. 23 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  139. ^ Stone, Maddie (17 June 2020). "The deep sea could hold the key to a renewable future. Is it worth the costs?". Grist. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  140. ^ "Yaren | district, Nauru". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  141. ^ "Nauru". International Religious Freedom Report 2003. US Department of State. 2003. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2005.
  142. ^ Waqa, B (1999). "UNESCO Education for all Assessment Country report 1999 Country: Nauru". Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  143. ^ "Schools Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine." Government of Nauru. Retrieved on 5 June 2018.
  144. ^ "USP Nauru Campus". University of the South Pacific. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  145. ^ "Nauru Teacher Education Project". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  146. ^ Book Provision in the Pacific Islands. UNESCO Pacific States Office, 1999. ISBN 9820201551, 9789820201552. p. 33 Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  147. ^ a b c "Fat of the land: Nauru tops obesity league". The Independent. 26 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  148. ^ a b c d e United Nations Children’s Fund, Situation Analysis of Children in Nauru, UNICEF, Suva, 2017
  149. ^ a b "Nauru". World health report 2005. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 April 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  150. ^ Nishiyama, Takkaki (27 May 2012). "Nauru: An island plagued by obesity and diabetes". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  151. ^ King, H; Rewers M (1993). "Diabetes in adults is now a Third World problem". Ethnicity & Disease. 3: S67–74.
  152. ^ "Smoking Rates by Country". World Popluation Review. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  153. ^ "Nauru International Airport (INU/ANYN)". flightradar24. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  154. ^ "NAURU AIRLINES RESUMES MONTHLY FIJI SERVICE IN MID-OCT 2022". Aeroroutes. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  155. ^ "NAURU AIRLINES RESUMES KIRIBATI / MARSHALL ISLANDS SERVICE IN MID-OCT 2022". Aeroroutes. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  156. ^ "Nauru Port Workers to be Trained as Construction Begins on New Port". Loop Nauru. 3 April 2020. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  157. ^ "Port Upgrade Throwing a Lifeline to the People of Nauru". Asian Development Bank. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  158. ^ Gowdy, John M.; McDaniel, Carl N. (1999). "The Physical Destruction of Nauru: An Example of Weak Sustainability". Land Economics. 75 (2). [Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, University of Wisconsin Press]: 333–338. ISSN 0023-7639. JSTOR 3147015. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  159. ^ Hasham, Nicole (3 November 2015). "UN's Nauru verdict: A poor, isolated island ravaged by phosphate mining". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  160. ^ The MIT Press Reader (22 July 2019). "A Dark History of the World's Smallest Island Nation". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  161. ^ Manner, Harley I.; Thaman, Randolph R.; Hassall, David C. (1984). "Phosphate Mining Induced Vegetation Changes on Nauru Island". Ecology. 65 (5): 1454–1465. doi:10.2307/1939126. ISSN 0012-9658.
  162. ^ Pollock, Nancy J (1996). "Impact of mining on Nauruan women". Natural Resources Forum. 20 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.1996.tb00645.x. ISSN 0165-0203.
  163. ^ Pollon, Christopher (22 November 2023). "How Much Further Can Mining Go?". The Walrus. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  164. ^ "Labour Migration in Nauru". International Labour Organization. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  165. ^ a b c d e f Thaman, Randolph (1992). "Vegetation of Nauru and the Gilbert Islands: Case Studies of poverty, Degradation, Disturbance, and Displacement". Pacific Science. 46 (2): 128–158. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  166. ^ a b c Morrison, R.J.; Manner, H.I. (2005). "Pre-Mining Pattern of Soils on Nauru, Central Pacific" (PDF). Pacific Science. 59 (4): 523–540. doi:10.1353/psc.2005.0050. S2CID 45416184. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via University of Hawai'i Press.
  167. ^ Clifford, Martin J.; Ali, Saleem H.; Matsubae, Kazuyo (April 2019). "Mining, land restoration and sustainable development in isolated islands: An industrial ecology perspective on extractive transitions on Nauru". Ambio. 48 (4): 397–408. doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1075-2. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 6411803. PMID 30076524.
  168. ^ "Nauru (NRU) - Demographics, Health & Infant Mortality". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  169. ^ Zhou, Charlotte. "Nauru: The Phantom Island of the Pacific". The Science Survey. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  170. ^ a b c d Cardno Emerging Markets (April 2017). "Nauru: Port Development Project: Poverty, Social and Gender Assessment" (PDF). Asian Development Fund (Project Number: 48480). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  171. ^ a b Environment, U. N. (16 September 2017). "Nauru – National Report for Third International Conference". UNEP – UN Environment Programme. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  172. ^ "Nauru Celebrates Angam Day". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 October 2004. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  173. ^ Nazzal, Mary (April 2005). "Nauru: an environment destroyed and international law" (PDF). lawanddevelopment.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  174. ^ "Culture of Nauru". Republic of Nauru. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  175. ^ Viviani, Nancy (1970). Nauru: Phosphate and Political Progress (PDF). Canberra: ANU Press. p. 158. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  176. ^ "Songs & Rhymes From Nauru". Mama Lisa's World. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  177. ^ Fabricius, Wilhelm (1992). Nauru: 1888–1900: An account in German and English based on official records of the Colonial Section of the German Foreign Office held by the Deutsches Zentralarchiv in Potsdam (PDF). Canberra: Australian National University. p. 271. ISBN 978-0731513673. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024. The Nauruan dances which I have seen are not notable for their wealth of distinct figures. They are accompanied by singing and consist in tripping to and fro, swaying the body, slapping the thighs and chest and making turns.
  178. ^ Hunting the Collectors: Pacific Collections in Australian Museums, Art Galleries and Archives. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2014. p. 159. ISBN 978-1443871006. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  179. ^ Oates, John F. (19 October 1999). Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies are Failing in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. XI. ISBN 978-0520222526. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  180. ^ The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Australia and the Pacific Islands Vol.9. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. 2017. p. 450. ISBN 978-1351544320. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024. At the Pacific Festival of Arts in 1985 and 1988, sixth-graders at the Nauru Primary School presented the frigate bird (iti), a Nauruan dance. The students practiced daily for two months. The boys clapped and sang while the girls danced, por-traying te birds' flight and perching.... In 1994, at the Children's Convention in Fukuoka, Japan, ten eleven-year-old boys and girls from Nauru performed the dogoropa, a dance with sticks, which men and women from Nauru had performed at the Festival of Arts in 1980.
  181. ^ "Let's Meet the World: Nauru". Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  182. ^ "National anthem – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  183. ^ "Country Profile: Nauru". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2006.
  184. ^ "Nauru Australian Football Association". Australian Football League. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  185. ^ "AFL Nauru". AFL Queensland. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  186. ^ "Nauru Olympic Committee History". Nauru Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  187. ^ "Sport: Nauru 7s team to make international debut". Radio New Zealand. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  188. ^ "Dave Kitson: Former Reading forward set to manage Nauru in first international match". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  189. ^ "Dave Kitson to coach Nauru football team – a team that doesn't exist yet". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

0°31′41″S 166°56′13″E / 0.52806°S 166.93694°E / -0.52806; 166.93694

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Nauru&oldid=1262040257#Climate"