Jump to content

Climate change in Turkey

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

dried cracked mud with sparse metre-high green plants
Lake Marmara has completely dried out; a lawsuit ongoing in 2024 alleges that there is not enough rainfall for upstream irrigation dams.[1][2][3]

Droughts and heatwaves are the main hazards due to the climate of Turkey getting hotter.[4][5] The temperature has risen by more than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F),[6][2] and there is more extreme weather.[7]

Current greenhouse gas emissions are over 1% of the global total,[8] and energy policy includes subsidizing both fossil gas[9] and coal.[10] Annual per person emissions since the late-2010s have varied around six and a half tonnes,[11] which is about the global average.[12] However historical emissions are less than 1% of the global total.[13]

The Environment Ministry co-ordinates adaptation to climate change, which has been planned for water resources by river basin, and for agriculture. Climate change was recently added to school education.[14] An emission trading system is part of a draft climate law, but the draft has been criticised for omitting coal phase out.[15]

Greenhouse gas emissions

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey.[edit]
Coal-fired power stations, such as the ZETES power stations, are the largest source of greenhouse gas.[16]: 459 

Coal, cars and lorries vent more than a third of Turkey's five hundred million tonnes[17]: iii [a] of annual greenhouse gas emissions. They are mostly carbon dioxide and part of the cause of climate change in Turkey. A quarter of the emissions are from electricity generation.[18]: section 4.2.1 

The energy sector, including transport, emitted four hundred million tonnes in 2022.[17]: iv  The nation's coal-fired power stations emit the most carbon dioxide, and other significant sources are road vehicles running on petrol or diesel. After coal[19] and oil the third most polluting fuel is fossil gas; which is burnt in Turkey's gas-fired power stations, homes and workplaces. Much methane is belched by livestock; cows alone produce half of the greenhouse gas from agriculture in Turkey.

Economists say that major reasons for Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions are subsidies for coal-fired power stations,[20]: 18  and the lack of a price on carbon pollution.[21]: 1  The 2022 National Energy Plan forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030.[22]: 15  The Chamber of Engineers says that without subsidies coal-fired power stations would be gradually shutdown. The Right to Clean Air Platform argues that there should be a legal limit on fine airborne dust, much of which comes from car and lorry exhaust. Low-emission zones in cities would both reduce local air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

Turkey's share of current global greenhouse gas emissions is 1.3%.[23] Annual per person emissions since the late-2010s have varied around six and a half tonnes,[24] which is about the global average.[25] Although greenhouse gas totals are reported some details, such as the split between cars and lorries, are not published.

The government supports reforestation, electric vehicle manufacturing and low-carbon electricity generation; and is aiming for net zero carbon emissions by 2053. But the long-term plan omits coal phase-out,[18][26] and its nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement on limiting climate change is not to reduce emissions but instead an increase of over 30% by 2030.[27]

In 2024 environment minister Murat Kurum said that by Turkey’s net zero year of 2053 half of primary energy would be from renewables and 30% from nuclear, but did not explain how the remaining 20% could be decarbonized.[28] Emissions may have peaked in 2021.[29] Unless Turkey's climate and energy policies are changed the 2053 net zero target will be missed[30] and exporters of high carbon products, such as cement and electricity, will have to pay carbon tariffs.[31] In 2023 there was misinformation about a draft climate law which aims to keep the tariff money within the country by starting carbon emission trading.[32]

Impacts on the natural environment

[edit]

There were two significant periods of climate change in the Bronze Age.[33] According to Boğaziçi University's Center for Climate Change and Policy Studies, human-caused climate change in Turkey started in the 1970s.[34] CMIP 6 models it well.[35] One example of climate change's impact will be on the distribution of rainfall: the descending edge of the Hadley cell (an area of circulation near the equator) may move northwards towards Turkey, whose southern border is around 36 degrees north, and this may reduce rainfall in the south of the country.[36]

Temperature and weather changes

[edit]
Warming stripes

showing variation from the average temperature in Turkey over 120 years|alt=Over one hundred thin vertical stripes mostly bluer to the left and redder to the right ]]

map of Turkey, roughly a horizontal rectangle, showing a complex pattern of climate types, including a fair amount of cold especially in the north and east
Köppen climate classification map for Turkey, for the current climate period
map of Turkey, roughly a horizontal rectangle, showing a complex pattern of climate types, but much less cold than the other map
2071–2100 map under a mid-range, relatively likely climate change scenario[37][38][39]

As of 2020, the hottest year on record was 2010, second hottest 2018 and third 2020.[40] Turkey is forecast to be more severely affected than many other countries,[41][42] but effects vary considerably across the regions of the country.[43]

Extreme rainfall has increased.[44] The weather is becoming more extreme,[7]and in 2021 there were extensive wildfires in the south and floods in the north. Wildfires in Turkey have increased[45] due to climate change,[46][47] and wind speed is predicted to increase throughout the Marmara region.[36] However, precipitation may increase in the north,[36] and more floods are predicted, due to rainfall replacing snow.[48] Seasonally, there may be more precipitation in the winter, but 50% less in spring and autumn.[40] Heatwaves[49] and droughts are increasing,[50][51] at least in some parts of the country.[52]

road with large cracks being washed away by a roiling brown river
Flash floods are predicted to become more frequent as here in Sinop.

Sea level rise

[edit]

The Aegean rose by an estimated 4 mm a year in the early 21st century.[53] Over 200 thousand people live in areas at risk if sea level rises by 1 meter.[54] Tectonic uplift has decreased sea level rise between Samsun and Alanya, whereas several large river deltas have subsided.[55] Istanbul is at risk from sea level rise;[56] for example, Kadıkoy metro station is threatened with flooding.[48]

Water resources

[edit]
not very sharp snow-capped mountain peak in the distance, under a blue sky with a few small clouds
Mount Ararat's glacier is retreating due to climate change,[57] and will be gone before the end of the century.[58]

Climate change has reduced rainfall in some regions and has made it less regular, which has put stress on hydroelectric power plants.[59] Between 1979 and 2019 annual precipitation fluctuated from over 60 cm to under 45 cm,[59] and average annual temperatures varied by 4 degrees.[59]

Turkey is already a water stressed country, because the amount of water per person is only about 1,500 m³ a year: and due to population increase and climate change it is highly likely the country will suffer water scarcity (less than 1,000 m³) by the 2070s.[36] Little change is forecast for water resources in the northern river basins, but a substantial reduction is forecast for the southern river basins.[36] Konya in central Turkey is also vulnerable.[60] Charging for water used by agriculture has been suggested.[61]: 64–66 

Producing beef in Turkey needs almost half as much again water as the global average,[62]: 109  but although climate change is causing droughts in Turkey,[63][52] the production of newborn calves is subsidized.[64]

Ecosystems

[edit]

In coastal areas, highly affected land types are permanent wetlands, croplands and grassland.[59] Climate models predict that extreme weather events will increase in the Mediterranean.[42]: 151  Glaciers in Turkey are retreating:[65] the largest remaining are the glaciers on Mount Ararat and these are forecast to be gone by 2065,[66] as they are melting much faster than mountain glaciers in many other parts of the world.[58] Because the climate in the south is forecast to become hotter and drier it may be very difficult to keep the current southern forests in Turkey.[36] In 2020 there were more forest fires than normal. Soil erosion is forecast to increase.[67] The rise in sea surface temperature is one of the causes of marine mucilage in the Sea of Marmara,[68] and is expected to further change marine life in Turkish waters.[69] The sea surface temperature of the Black Sea has increased by 2 degrees,[70] and there are concerns of bears not hibernating.[71]

Impacts on people

[edit]

Economic impacts

[edit]

Floods in 2020 caused billions of lira (hundreds of millions of dollars) in damages.[72] Environment Minister Murat Kurum estimated in 2021 that losses due to disasters caused by climate change would amount to billions of lira (hundreds of millions of dollars).[73] Loss in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person by 2100 is forecast in a 2019 study to be less than 1% if the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere is kept to Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6.[74] The World Bank has estimated the cost and benefits of stopping net carbon emissions, but has suggested government do far more detailed planning.[75] For companies which responded to the Carbon Disclosure Project in 2022 the main climate change risk to their businesses is carbon pricing, such as the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.[76]: 10 

Agriculture

[edit]
large cylindrical bales in a field which has been cut, lit by a low golden sun
Wheat may be severely affected.[77]

Unless global emissions are greatly reduced agriculture in Turkey, such as wheat,[78][79] is expected to be severely affected after the late 2030s, especially in areas with rain fed agriculture.[80] Arid and semi-arid areas are at risk of desertification.[81] Water is lost through evaporation due to "old-fashioned" irrigation techniques used by the Southeastern Anatolia Project, increasing the risk of severe water shortage.[82]

Damage to agriculture[83] is predicted to greatly increase,[80] for example due to "false spring" germination or blossoming followed by a cold snap.[40] The increase in early blooming, which is happening due to climate change, can be a problem for crops such as fruit trees.[84] Vineyards in Thrace are being affected.[85] A significant decline in agricultural production is transmitted throughout the economy and reduces national welfare.[86] More agritech co-operation with the EU and UAE has been suggested.[87]

Hydropower

[edit]

Reduced precipitation[88] and hydroelectricity in Turkey is forecast,[89] and Turkish dams in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins are reducing cross-border flow and exacerbating drought due to climate change in Iraq.[90] To conserve hydropower, solar power is being added next to the hydropower.[91]

Fisheries and aquaculture

[edit]
small silver fish in open polystyrene boxes labelled "Karadeniz hamsi kilo 7 lira"
Anchovies may no longer grow properly in Turkish waters.[92]

Warming seas and invasive marine species, such as from the Red Sea, have received little media coverage. Fishing in the Black Sea is sensitive to the impacts of climate change,[93] and according to the Turkish Marine Research Foundation all Turkish seas will be affected.[94][95] Lake Van is shrinking due to climate change.[96]

Tourism

[edit]

Tourism in Turkey may become too hot in the summer for some people, for example Antalya could become too hot for some visitors during some school holidays.[97] Development of ski resorts in the Central Taurus and eastern Black Sea region mountains may not be possible.[98]

Health impacts

[edit]

Climate change may impact health in Turkey, for example due to increased heatwaves,[99][100] especially elderly and chronically ill people and children.[101] Wildfires in Turkey were the worst in the history of the republic in 2021 and killed several people and injured hundreds. Droughts risk mosquito borne diseases.[102] 1,350 people died because of floods between 1970 and 2014 in Turkey and about 2 million people were affected by those floods.[42]

Impacts on migration

[edit]

There are over 3 million refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey.[103] But although severe droughts in Syria, such as those in 2007–2008 in the northeast, are made more likely by climate change in the Middle East,[104] according to academics it is very unlikely that this was a cause of the Syrian civil war.[105] According to the United Nations Development Programme, decreasing rainfall is exacerbating the wide social and regional disparities within Turkey, and the gap between south-eastern provinces and the rest of the country is widening.[106]

Impacts on housing

[edit]

Environmentalists say that new highways and building concrete are hindering absorption of floodwater by the land.[107] Because of the increase in temperature, existing buildings will need more energy for cooling.[108]

Mitigation

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey § Mitigation.[edit]
Graph showing that most emissions are from energy and heat production, and they have increased a lot since 1990 but decreased in 2019 and 2020

The government said in November 2024 that it was dedicated to global efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5 degrees,[17] but according to Climate Action Tracker Turkey's GHG emissions are not in line with the Paris Agreement objective to limit temperature rise to well below 2 °C.[109]

A long-term climate change mitigation strategy is lacking as of 2023.[110]: 116  The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) says a faster decarbonisation is needed, and emissions per person per year would need to be cut by more than half to about 2–2.5 t CO2e by 2030.[111]: XXV  The government intended to complete its review of long-term (2030 to 2050) policy,[112]: 42 [b] and publish a new National Climate Change Action Plan with sector specific targets and monitoring mechanisms by 2023,[115] but it did not.[116] Turkey argues that as a developing country it should be exempt from net emission reduction targets, but other countries do not agree.[115]: 59 

Unless Turkey's energy policy is changed, European Union (EU) emissions per person are forecast to fall below Turkey's during the 2020s.[111]: 22  Since the EU is Turkey's main trading partner, a comparison with targets in the European Green Deal is important to help Turkish businesses avoid future EU carbon tariffs on exports such as steel[117] and cement.[118] Public and private sector working groups discussed the European Green Deal,[119] and the Trade Ministry published an action plan in response to its Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.[120]

Adaptation

[edit]

A national strategy and action plan for adaptation to climate change was published in 2012,[121] but as of 2023 Turkey has yet to submit a National Adaptation Plan to the UNFCCC.[122] The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is researching the effects of climate change and developing an adaptation strategy.[123] An adaptation report was written in 2021.[124]

The Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change coordinates activities to combat climate change in Turkey.[121] Agriculture Minister Bekir Pakdemirli said in 2023 that irrigation was being modernized and less thirsty crops were being changed to for agriculture in Turkey.[125]

The Twelfth Development Plan (2024–2028) mentions climate change.[126]: 217–220  Xeriscaping of green spaces in cities has been suggested,[127] and Istanbul has a climate change action plan.[128] A 2023 study suggested that local climate change plans should be better integrated with local spatial plans.[129] As of 2024 a climate change law has not been passed, although a draft was published in 2020.[130]

Society and culture

[edit]

Activism

[edit]
A 2007 climate change protest in Istanbul.

Muslim environmentalists and academics quote the Quran in support of their environmentalism.[131] In Istanbul in 2015, Islamic leaders urged the world's 1.6 billion Muslims to help defeat climate change.[132][133]

In 2020 first lady Emine Erdoğan said that “Every wrong step we take can be a disaster for future generations”.[134] In 2019 some Turkish schoolchildren joined the School Strike for Climate,[135] and Turkey's branch of Extinction Rebellion demonstrated for Turkey to ratify the Paris Agreement.[136]

Petition and lawsuits

[edit]

Environmental activist Greta Thunberg and 15 other children filed a petition in 2019 protesting lack of action on the climate crisis by Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, and Turkey[137][138] saying that, amongst other dangers, more deadly heat waves would affect them and other children in future.[139]: 29  The petition challenged the five countries under the Convention on the Rights of the Child:[140] "Comparable emissions to Turkey's rate of emissions would lead to more than 4°C of warming."[139]: 66  If the petition is successful, the countries will be asked to respond; however, any suggestions are not legally binding.[141][142] In 2020, Turkey and 32 other countries were sued at the European Court of Human Rights by a group of Portuguese children.[143]

This section is an excerpt from Climate change litigation § Turkey.[edit]

Article 56 of the constitution says that, "Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution." Turkey has ratified the Paris Agreement and says that its greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2053, but the government has no plan to phase out coal.[144] As of 2024 two cases have been rejected and one has been partly successful.[145]

In 2020 and 2021 sixteen non government organizations filed lawsuits requesting the president shutdown 37 large coal-fired power stations and over 600 mines.[146][147] In addition to climate change arguments the plaintiffs alleged that cancer cases are increased and the COVID-19 pandemic was worsened by their air pollution.[148] The case was rejected by the 11th administrative court of Ankara for various reasons.[149]

In 2023 young climate activists opened a case alleging that the nationally determined contribution (NDC) was inadequate.[150][151] The three youth climate activists filed a lawsuit against President Erdoğan and the Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change because Turkey’s Nationally Determined Contribution is not to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. They alleged that there is no effective climate action plan for energy. They alleged that these violate their human rights stated in the constitution, such as the environmental clause in the constitution.[152] The Council of State rejected the case on the grounds that it was an ‘annulment of an administrative action’ case but the NDC is not an administrative action.[145]

In 2022 and 2023 cases were brought about Lake Marmara drying up.[153][154] In 2024 a court decided to pause the process of reclassifying the land as not wetland, on the grounds that it could be rewetted: Doğa are calling for the court to annul the reclassification.[155]

Media and arts

[edit]
Müze Gazhane in Kadıköy is the first climate change museum in Turkey.

In the 1990s independent Açık Radyo (Open Radio) broadcast some of the first media coverage of climate change, and its founder Ömer Madra (in Turkish) emphasises "The three Y's in the fight on climate change: Yerel (local) Yatay (horizontal) and Yavaş (slow, no resort to violence)."[156] The station continues,[157] and İklim Haber (Climate News) also covers climate change issues in Turkish and English.[158] The climate impact of coal power is rarely discussed,[157] and nearly all Turkish media owners have financial interests in fossil fuels.[159]: 17, 20  The media covers climate change only during extreme weather events, with insufficient expert opinions or civil-society perspectives.[160]: 28  Some think tanks, such as Ember, are respected by both industry and environmentalists.[157] Ufuk Alparslan, Ember’s regional lead, says that readers are enthused by solar power increasing energy independence and reducing import costs, but are not much interested in the climate benefits.[157] The arts are raising awareness of climate change (although some are sponsored by companies whose environmental policies have been criticised[157]),[161] and education is supported by the EU.[162][163] Protests against opencast coal mining, such as at Akbelen Forest, have been covered by small media outlets such as Yeşil Gazete and Kaldıraç Magazine.[157]

Public perception

[edit]
20231129 Survey - I expect to be displaced by climate change - Ipsos

Individual action on climate change is not properly understood (in a survey of primary school teachers many erroneously prioritised using less cosmetics) and neither are government choices on climate change mitigation (in the same survey only a minority correctly prioritised curbing fossil fuel use).[164] Future warming of seawater by Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is wrongly thought by some to be relevant to climate change,[43] and few know that geothermal power in Turkey might emit considerable CO2.[165]

İklim Haber (Climate News) and KONDA Research and Consultancy found in 2018 that over three-quarters of public opinion on climate change thinks that extreme weather has increased.[166] According to the latest report written in Turkish and prepared by another collaboration of İklim Haber and Konda Research in 2020, 51.5% of the public opinion believe that the climate crisis is a bigger threat than the coronavirus crisis.[167] Also, 71.4% of the public opinion acknowledge that current climate crisis is a result of human activities.[167] Some construction companies have been accused of greenwashing, advertising their buildings as environmentally friendly without obtaining any green building certificates.[168]

In a 2019 E3G poll of six Belt and Road Initiative countries (including Turkey), solar was the most popular energy source and coal the least popular.[169] Twenty-four Turkish cities committed to the Paris Agreement targets that year,[170] and the United Nations Development Programme partnered with the Turkish Basketball Federation in 2020 to raise public awareness of the fight against climate change.[171] A 2020 study found that the level of public support for a potential carbon tax does not depend on whether the proceeds are used for mitigation and adaptation.[172] In 2023 a draft law was proposed including public information and adding climate change to education in Turkey.[14]

International cooperation

[edit]
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan with other country leaders at a meeting of the Mediterranean Climate Change Initiative in 2010.

According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, climate change is one of the world's biggest problems.[173] Turkey was the fifth-largest recipient of multilateral climate funds between 2013 and 2016, receiving $231 million through channels such as the Clean Technology Fund (CTF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF).[174]

In 2021, Turkey ratified the Paris Agreement, with all parliamentary members voting to ratıfy.[175] Prior to this, it was one of the last few remaining countries, alongside neighboring country Iran, to not have ratified the agreement. It was the last of the G20 countries to ratify. Their reason for delay, according to the current presidency at the G20 summit in 2020, was the countries "negligible historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions (less than 1%)". Turkey is not party to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention).[176] In 2021 Turkey ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce production and use of hydrofluorocarbons.[177] It has no carbon tax or emissions trading scheme, therefore carbon capture and storage is not used as it is not economically viable.[178] Armenia says that dam construction in Turkey has combined with climate change to reduce flow in the Araks River basin.[179]

Turkey sent over a thousand representatives to the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference and joined various initiatives, such as decarbonizing cement production. However it was criticised for not voting to phase-out fossil fuels, with Umit Şahin at Sabancı University Istanbul Policy Center saying that would be good for the economy as Turkey is a fossil fuel importer.[180]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climate change in Turkey.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ as of 2022 and after subtracting absorbtion by forests etc
  2. ^ In 2015, Turkey submitted its emissions target to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), "up to 21 percent reduction in greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions from the Business as Usual level by 2030" and aiming to emit 929 Mt of CO2 (before subtracting CO2 absorbed by forests) in 2030.[113] The country will probably meet this "unambitious" Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) which it submitted to the UNFCCC.[114]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Green Claim and Green Litigation in Türkiye". 2 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b Tridimas, Beatrice (25 September 2023). "Turkey's fishermen fight to save wetlands as water scarcity bites". Reuters. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  3. ^ Gunacti, Mert Can; Gul, Gulay Onusluel; Cetinkaya, Cem P.; Gul, Ali; Barbaros, Filiz (1 May 2023). "Evaluating Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change Under Climate Change on the Lake Marmara System". Water Resources Management. 37 (6): 2643–2656. Bibcode:2023WatRM..37.2643G. doi:10.1007/s11269-022-03317-8. ISSN 1573-1650. S2CID 252081287.
  4. ^ Turkes, Murat; Turp, M. Tufan; An, Nazan; Ozturk, Tugba; Kurnaz, M. Levent (2020), Harmancioglu, Nilgun B.; Altinbilek, Dogan (eds.), "Impacts of Climate Change on Precipitation Climatology and Variability in Turkey", Water Resources of Turkey, World Water Resources, vol. 2, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 467–491, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11729-0_14, ISBN 978-3-030-11729-0, S2CID 198403431, retrieved 30 November 2023
  5. ^ Erlat, Ecmel; Türkeş, Murat; Aydin-Kandemir, Fulya (1 July 2021). "Observed changes and trends in heatwave characteristics in Turkey since 1950". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 145 (1): 137–157. Bibcode:2021ThApC.145..137E. doi:10.1007/s00704-021-03620-1. ISSN 1434-4483. S2CID 233313907.
  6. ^ Aksu, Hakan (2021). "Nonstationary analysis of the extreme temperatures in Turkey". Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans. 95: 101238. Bibcode:2021DyAtO..9501238A. doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2021.101238.
  7. ^ a b "'Climate change leading to extreme weather events in Türkiye'". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  8. ^ "Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  9. ^ Ergur, Semih (12 May 2023). "Turkey Spent Over $200,000,000 in Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2022". Climate Scorecard. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Fossil Fuel Support - TUR". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  11. ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2021". Turkish Statistical Institute. 29 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  13. ^ "T.C.CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI : "2053 yılı itibarıyla net sıfır emisyon hedefini gerçekleştirmeyi öngörüyoruz"". www.tccb.gov.tr. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  14. ^ a b "Climate Law On Its Way In Türkiye - Climate Change - European Union". www.mondaq.com. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  15. ^ https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20240329-10031356.pdf
  16. ^ Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 - 2021 [TurkStat report]. Turkish Statistical Institute (Technical report). 14 April 2023.
  17. ^ a b c First Biennial Transparency Report of Türkiye (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change. November 2024.
  18. ^ a b 2053 long term climate strategy (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change. November 2024.
  19. ^ "Turkey's Climate Plan Points to 32% Rise in Emissions by 2030". Bloomberg. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  20. ^ "Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies". IMF. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  21. ^ Steckel, Jan C.; Dorband, Ira I.; Montrone, Lorenzo; Ward, Hauke; Missbach, Leonard; Hafner, Fabian; Jakob, Michael; Renner, Sebastian (23 September 2021). "Distributional impacts of carbon pricing in developing Asia". Nature Sustainability. 4 (11): 1005–1014. Bibcode:2021NatSu...4.1005S. doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00758-8. hdl:1887/3238835. ISSN 2398-9629. S2CID 237611447.
  22. ^ National energy plan (PDF) (Report) (in Turkish). Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. 2022. Mevcut planlanan sahaların rezerv geliştirme sürecinde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve güçlükler dikkate alındığında, 2030 yılına kadar 1,7 GW yerli kömür santralinin sisteme dahil olacağı öngörülmüştür.
  23. ^ "EDGAR - The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research". edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  24. ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statistics, 1990-2021". Turkish Statistical Institute. 29 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  26. ^ "Türkiye iklim yol haritasını paylaştı, 2053'e kadar 'net sıfır' gerçekçi mi?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 11 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  27. ^ "'The beginning of the end for fossil fuels; Turkey should seize this transformation'". Bianet. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Türkiye plans to increase renewable energy to reach 50% of primary energy by 2053". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  29. ^ "Electric Insights" (PDF). p. 5.
  30. ^ "Global climate policy forecast predicts 'well below 2°C' Paris Agreement climate goals will be met".
  31. ^ "The Challenge of Decarbonisation and EU-Turkey Trade Relations". German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Retrieved 15 November 2022. The EU's planned carbon border tax .... will affect Turkey's trade relations with the EU if Turkey fails to decarbonise its economy ... Turkish cement and electricity sectors are expected to be the worst affect
  32. ^ "The Climate Question - Why are climate scientists receiving abuse?" (Podcast). BBC Sounds. Event occurs at 2:30. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  33. ^ "Study: Ancient people in Turkey adapted to climate change". Cornell Chronicle. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Turkey in the midst of climate change, says climate expert". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  35. ^ Bağçaci, S. Çağatay; Yucel, Ismail; Duzenli, Eren; Yilmaz, M. Tuğrul (1 July 2021). "Intercomparison of the expected change in the temperature and the precipitation retrieved from CMIP6 and CMIP5 climate projections: A Mediterranean hot spot case, Turkey". Atmospheric Research. 256: 105576. Bibcode:2021AtmRe.25605576B. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105576. ISSN 0169-8095. S2CID 233546613.
  36. ^ a b c d e f "Climate". climatechangeinturkey.com. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  37. ^ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
  38. ^ Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. Bibcode:2022ARER...47..343S. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847. Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...
  39. ^ Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "Explainer: IPCC Scenarios". Cosmos. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
  40. ^ a b c "Climate change responsible for spring and winter within weeks". Climate change responsible for spring and winter within weeks. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  41. ^ "Warming a Frozen Policy: Challenges to Turkey's Climate Politics After Paris". Turkish Policy Quarterly.
  42. ^ a b c Seventh National Communication (version 2) of Turkey under the UNFCCC (this is also the third biennial report). Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Report). August 2019.
  43. ^ a b İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ni̇n Yerel Etki̇leri̇ Raporu [Report on local effects of climate change] (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion and WWF-Turkey. March 2015. ISBN 978-975-7169-77-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  44. ^ Albayrak, Derya; Sen, Omer Lutfi; Yucel, Ismail (30 December 2022). "Spatiotemporal trends in daily and subdaily rainfall extremes and return levels in Turkey". International Journal of Climatology. 42 (16): 10337–10352. Bibcode:2022IJCli..4210337A. doi:10.1002/joc.7906. ISSN 0899-8418. S2CID 253783916.
  45. ^ Ward, Lyn (27 August 2019). "Climate change and wildfires - a vicious circle". Fethiye Times. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  46. ^ "Deforestation prevention key to fight climate change". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  47. ^ "91 of 101 forest fires under control in Turkey: Minister". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  48. ^ a b "Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert". Hürriyet Daily News. 19 March 2018.
  49. ^ Erlat, Ecmel; Türkeş, Murat; Aydin-Kandemir, Fulya (2021). "Observed changes and trends in heatwave characteristics in Turkey since 1950". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 145 (1–2): 137. Bibcode:2021ThApC.145..137E. doi:10.1007/s00704-021-03620-1. S2CID 233313907.
  50. ^ Erlat, Ecmel; Türkeş, Murat; Güler, Hakan (30 December 2022). "Analysis of long-term trends and variations in extreme high air temperatures in May over Turkey and a record-breaking heatwave event of May 2020". International Journal of Climatology. 42 (16): 9319–9343. Bibcode:2022IJCli..42.9319E. doi:10.1002/joc.7821. ISSN 0899-8418. S2CID 251272921.
  51. ^ Yogun, Buket; Dursun, Bahattin Can; Aksu, Aleyna Nur; Hazar, Ipeknur; Tan, Elcin (1 May 2022). "Heatwave Climate Variability of Historical CMIP5 and CMIP6 Protocols for Turkey". EGU22, the 24th EGU General Assembly: EGU22–12310. Bibcode:2022EGUGA..2412310Y. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu22-12310.
  52. ^ a b Afshar, Mehdi H.; Şorman, Ali Ünal; Tosunoğlu, Fatih; Bulut, Burak; Yilmaz, M. Tugrul; Danandeh Mehr, Ali (1 August 2020). "Climate change impact assessment on mild and extreme drought events using copulas over Ankara, Turkey". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 141 (3): 1045–1055. Bibcode:2020ThApC.141.1045A. doi:10.1007/s00704-020-03257-6. ISSN 1434-4483.
  53. ^ Calafat, F. M.; Frederikse, T.; Horsburgh, K. (September 2022). "The Sources of Sea-Level Changes in the Mediterranean Sea Since 1960". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 127 (9). Bibcode:2022JGRC..12719061C. doi:10.1029/2022JC019061. ISSN 2169-9275.
  54. ^ "Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coasts of Turkey" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2021.
  55. ^ "Coastal floods in Turkey". Climatechangepost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  56. ^ "Coastal floods in Turkey". Climatechangepost.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  57. ^ Baldasso, V.; Soncini, A.; Azzoni, R. S.; Diolaiuti, G.; Smiraglia, C.; Bocchiola, D. (1 July 2019). "Recent evolution of glaciers in Western Asia in response to global warming: the case study of Mount Ararat, Turkey". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 137 (1–2): 45–59. Bibcode:2019ThApC.137...45B. doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2581-7. ISSN 0177-798X. S2CID 125700008.
  58. ^ a b Azzoni, Roberto Sergio; Sarıkaya, Mehmet Akif; Fugazza, Davide (1 April 2020). "Turkish glacier inventory and classification from high-resolution satellite data". Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews. 2 (1): 153–162. Bibcode:2020MGRv....2..153A. doi:10.1007/s42990-020-00029-2. hdl:2434/745029. ISSN 2661-8648. S2CID 216608789.
  59. ^ a b c d Bulut, U; Sakalli, A (2021). "Impacts of climate change and distribution of precipitation on hydroelectric power generation in Turkey". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1032 (1). Article 012043. Bibcode:2021MS&E.1032a2043B. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1032/1/012043. S2CID 234299802.
  60. ^ Gedik, Furkan (2021). "Meteorological Drought Analysis in Konya Closed Basin". Journal of Geography (42): 295–308. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2021-885519.
  61. ^ "Water Efficiency Strategy Document and Action Plan in the Framework of Adaptation to the Changing Climate (2023 – 2033)" (PDF).
  62. ^ "Turkey. Water Along the Food Chain. Towards Water-Smart Agrifood Policies: The Case of Red Meat Processing. Country Highlights. FAO Investment Centre |Policy Support and Governance| Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  63. ^ Dr. Nuran, Talu (2019). "Local Climate Action Planning and Practices in Turkey" (PDF).
  64. ^ Turkey Livestock and Products Semiannual. United States Department of Agriculture (Report). 26 March 2021.
  65. ^ Baldasso, V.; Soncini, A.; Azzoni, R.S.; et al. (2018). "Recent evolution of glaciers in Western Asia in response to global warming: the case study of Mount Ararat, Turkey". Theor Appl Climatol. 137 (1–2): 45–59. Bibcode:2019ThApC.137...45B. doi:10.1007/s00704-018-2581-7. S2CID 125700008.
  66. ^ Yalcin, Mustafa (2020). "A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Determining Glacier Vulnerability". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 9 (3): 180. Bibcode:2020IJGI....9..180Y. doi:10.3390/ijgi9030180.
  67. ^ Berberoglu, Suha; Cilek, Ahmet; Kirkby, Mike; Irvine, Brian; Donmez, Cenk (7 July 2020). "Spatial and temporal evaluation of soil erosion in Turkey under climate change scenarios using the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (PESERA) model". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 192 (8): 491. Bibcode:2020EMnAs.192..491B. doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08429-5. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 32638113. S2CID 220375323. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020.
  68. ^ Istanbul, Selin Uğurtaş in (25 May 2021). "Turkey struck by 'sea snot' because of global heating". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  69. ^ Dabanli, Ismail; Şişman, Eyüp; Güçlü, Yavuz Selim; Birpınar, Mehmet Emin; Şen, Zekai (1 February 2021). "Climate change impacts on sea surface temperature (SST) trend around Turkey seashores". Acta Geophysica. 69 (1): 295–305. Bibcode:2021AcGeo..69..295D. doi:10.1007/s11600-021-00544-2. ISSN 1895-7455. S2CID 231886823.
  70. ^ "Karadeniz'de deniz suyu sıcaklığı 2 derece arttı". www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  71. ^ "Animals can't hibernate amid prolonged summer conditions - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  72. ^ "Pandemic stresses need for green transformation: Minister". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  73. ^ "Bakan Kurum: İklim Değişikliğiyle Mücadele Raporu'nu Meclise sunacağız". Archived from the original on 17 February 2021.
  74. ^ Matthew E. Kahn Kamiar Mohaddes Ryan N.C. Ng M. Hashem Pesaran Mehdi Raissi Jui-Chung Yang (August 2019). "Long-term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: a Cross-country Analysis" (PDF). NBER Working Paper Series. 104. Bibcode:2021EneEc.10405624K. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105624.
  75. ^ Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report (Report). World Bank. 13 June 2022.
  76. ^ "CDP Turkey Climate Change and Water Report 2022 | CDP Turkey". cdpturkey.sabanciuniv.edu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  77. ^ Koç, Esra (1 January 2020). "Assessing climate change impacts on wheat production in Turkey and various adaptation strategies". Climate Change and Food Security with Emphasis on Wheat. Science Direct. pp. 43–54. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819527-7.00003-0. ISBN 9780128195277. S2CID 216269049.
  78. ^ "Reducing emissions could mitigate worst effects of climate change, study finds".
  79. ^ Rojas, Maisa; Lambert, Fabrice; Ramirez-Villegas, Julian; Challinor, Andrew J. (2 April 2019). "Emergence of robust precipitation changes across crop production areas in the 21st century". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (14): 6673–6678. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6673R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811463116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6452695. PMID 30858318.
  80. ^ a b Dudu, Hasan; Çakmak, Erol H. (2018). "Climate change and agriculture: an integrated approach to evaluate economy-wide effects for Turkey". Climate and Development. 10 (3): 275–288. Bibcode:2018CliDe..10..275D. doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1372259.
  81. ^ Desertification and Erosion in Turkey (PDF) (Report).
  82. ^ "Will Turkey's thirst for dam building add an element of combustibility to a regional water crisis?". Equal Times. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  83. ^ Ağaçayak, Tuğba; Keyman, E. Fuat. "Water and Food Security in Turkey in a Changing Climate" (PDF). Istanbul Policy Center, Sabancı University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  84. ^ "Climate change bares its many faces in Turkey". Climate change bares its many faces in Turkey. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  85. ^ Gurbey, Alev Perihan (July 2020). "Climate Change Problems in Agricultural Landscape Areas: Eastern Thrace Vineyards".
  86. ^ Dudu, Hasan; Çakmak, Erol H. (3 April 2018). "Climate change and agriculture: an integrated approach to evaluate economy-wide effects for Turkey". Climate and Development. 10 (3): 275–288. Bibcode:2018CliDe..10..275D. doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1372259. ISSN 1756-5529.
  87. ^ "Climate Change Threatens Turkey's Role as a Food Supplier to Europe and the Middle East". www.turkeyanalyst.org. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  88. ^ Turkes, Murat; Turp, M. Tufan; An, Nazan; Ozturk, Tugba; Kurnaz, M. Levent (2020), Harmancioglu, Nilgun B.; Altinbilek, Dogan (eds.), "Impacts of Climate Change on Precipitation Climatology and Variability in Turkey", Water Resources of Turkey, World Water Resources, vol. 2, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 467–491, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11729-0_14, ISBN 978-3-030-11729-0, S2CID 198403431, retrieved 24 October 2020
  89. ^ "Increasing Droughts in Turkey are likely to put Pressure on its Hydropower Sector". Future Directions International. 3 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  90. ^ Tandon, Ayesha (8 November 2023). "Climate change: Intensity of ongoing drought in Syria, Iraq and Iran 'not rare anymore'". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  91. ^ "Turkey expands renewables capacity in gigawatts rather than megawatts". Balkan Green Energy News. 8 February 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  92. ^ "Commercial fishing of anchovy banned for 10 days". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  93. ^ Barange, Manuel; Bahri, Tarûb; Beveridge, Malcolm C. M.; Cochrane, K. L.; Funge Smith, S. (Simon); Poulain, Florence, eds. (2018). Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture : synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-92-5-130607-9. OCLC 1078885208. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  94. ^ "Climate Change and Turkish Seas | TUDAV". Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  95. ^ "Marine Aquaculture in Turkey: Advancements and Management" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2020.
  96. ^ "Türkiye's largest lake 'shrinking at dangerous levels'". Bianet. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  97. ^ "How hot summers and disease could impact tourism in the Mediterranean | McKinsey & Company". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  98. ^ Demiroglu, Osman Cenk; Turp, Mustafa Tufan; Kurnaz, Mehmet Levent; Abegg, Bruno (26 August 2020). "The Ski Climate Index (SCI): fuzzification and a regional climate modeling application for Turkey". International Journal of Biometeorology. 65 (5): 763–777. doi:10.1007/s00484-020-01991-0. ISSN 1432-1254. PMC 8116266. PMID 32845376.
  99. ^ Akademisi, Türkiye Bilimler (July 2020). The Report on Climate Change and Public Health in Turkey (Report). Turkish Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-605-2249-50-5. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  100. ^ "Health and climate change country profile 2022" (PDF).
  101. ^ Bayram, Hasan; Öztürk, Ayşe Bilge (2021), Pinkerton, Kent E.; Rom, William N. (eds.), "Global Climate Change, Desertification, and Its Consequences in Turkey and the Middle East", Climate Change and Global Public Health, Respiratory Medicine, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 445–458, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54746-2_21, ISBN 978-3-030-54746-2, retrieved 24 March 2021
  102. ^ Polat, Yeşim; Yanikoğlu, Atila; Çeti̇n, Hüseyin (31 August 2017). "Effects of Climate Change on Mosquito-Borne Diseases". Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology C - Life Sciences and Biotechnology. 6 (2): 86–94. doi:10.18036/aubtdc.296680. ISSN 2146-0264.
  103. ^ "Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response". data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  104. ^ Selby, Jan; Dahi, Omar S.; Fröhlich, Christiane; Hulme, Mike (1 September 2017). "Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited". Political Geography. 60: 232–244. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007. ISSN 0962-6298.
  105. ^ "On Blaming Climate Change for the Syrian Civil War". MERIP. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  106. ^ "Turkey | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  107. ^ "New homes, highways boost flood risk on Turkey's northern coast". Arab News. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  108. ^ Dino, Ipek Gursel; Akgul, Cagla Meral (2019). "Impact of climate change on the existing residential building stock in Turkey: An analysis on energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and occupant comfort". Renewable Energy. 141: 828–846. Bibcode:2019REne..141..828D. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.150. S2CID 132673003.
  109. ^ Timperley, Jocelyn (3 May 2018). "Carbon Brief Profile: Turkey". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020.
  110. ^ "Türkiye Report 2023 - European Commission". neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  111. ^ a b Emissions Gap Report 2020 (Report). UN Environment Programme. 9 December 2020. ISBN 978-92-807-3812-4.
  112. ^ Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review (Technical report). International Energy Agency. March 2021.
  113. ^ "Republic of Turkey Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2015.
  114. ^ "Brown to Green: the G20 Transition to a Low-carbon Economy" (PDF). Climate Transparency. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  115. ^ a b OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2021 (Report). OECD. 2021. ISSN 1999-0480.
  116. ^ "iklimportal.gov.tr". Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  117. ^ "EU mills push for tariffs on Turkish flats". Argus Media. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  118. ^ "John Kerry warns EU against carbon border tax". Financial Times. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  119. ^ Arseven, E. Benan; Baydar, C. Hazal (17 August 2021). "Turkey Adopts Action Plan to Comply with European Green Deal". Lexology. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  120. ^ "Yeşil Mutabakat Eylem Planı Yayımlandı" [Green Deal Action Plan published]. Ministry of Trade (Turkey) (in Turkish). 16 July 2021.
  121. ^ a b "Turkey — Climate-ADAPT". climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  122. ^ "Türkiye Report 2023 - European Commission". neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  123. ^ "Protecting Forests in Turkey: Climate Change Adaptation and Biodiversity Protection". www.afd.fr. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  124. ^ "Climate Change Adaptation Works In Turkey" (PDF). iklimeuyum.org. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  125. ^ "Turkey to modernize irrigation system, farming to save water". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  126. ^ "12th dev plan" (PDF) (in Turkish).
  127. ^ Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). "Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey". Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 27 (3): 1009–1018. doi:10.15244/pjoes/76678.
  128. ^ "İstanbul İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı" [Istanbul climate change action plan] (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  129. ^ "Local Coping with Climate Change: Integrating Climate Action Plans and Spatial Plans" (PDF) (in Turkish).
  130. ^ "İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ Kanunu" [Climate Change Law] (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2021.
  131. ^ Bodetti, Austin (12 September 2019). "Why Turkish academic Ibrahim Ozdemir is pushing for an Islamic approach to environmentalism". alaraby. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  132. ^ "Islamic Declaration on Climate Change" UNFCCC, 18 August 2015
  133. ^ "Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Change" (PDF). The Islamic Foundation For Ecology And Environmental Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  134. ^ "Turkish first lady urges action against climate change".
  135. ^ "'When adults fail, we need to take action,' says activist". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  136. ^ "Extinction Rebellion calls for people to 'rise up' against Turkish government". Morning Star. 16 April 2019.
  137. ^ "16 children, including Greta Thunberg, file landmark complaint to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child". www.unicef.org. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  138. ^ "Countries violate rights over climate change, argue youth activists in landmark UN complaint". UN News. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  139. ^ a b "Communication to the Committee on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Earthjustice. 23 September 2019.
  140. ^ "Information Pack about the Optional Protocol to the Convention on theRights of the Child on a Communications Procedure (OP3 CRC)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  141. ^ Kahn, Brian (23 September 2019). "It's Kids vs. the World in a Landmark New Climate Lawsuit". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  142. ^ "Greta Thunberg Leads Young People in Climate Complaint to UN". Bloomberg. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  143. ^ "Portuguese children sue 33 countries over climate change at European court". the Guardian. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  144. ^ "37 termik santrali kapatma davası görüldü: Avukatları 'Cumhurbaşkanının yetkisi yok' dedi". Yeşil Gazete (in Turkish). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  145. ^ a b "Turkey Archives". Climate Change Litigation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  146. ^ "Ekoloji Örgütleri, 37 Termik Santralın Kapatılması İçin Cumhurbaşkanı'na Dava Açtı". K2 Haber (in Turkish). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  147. ^ "16 NGOs file a lawsuit, request shutdown of 37 thermal plants". Bianet. Archived from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  148. ^ "34 termik santral ve 606 madene karşı açılan dava için Guinness başvurusu". Cumhuriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  149. ^ "Yeşil Artvin Derneği and others v. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change and Energy Market Regulatory Authority". Climate Change Litigation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  150. ^ "Young climate activists file lawsuit against Erdoğan over 'inadequate emission goals'". Bianet. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  151. ^ "A.S. & S.A. & E.N.B v. Presidency of Türkiye & The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change". Climate Change Litigation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  152. ^ "Young climate activists file lawsuit against Erdoğan over 'inadequate emission goals'". Bianet. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  153. ^ "S.S. Gölmarmara ve Çevresi Su Ürünleri Kooperatifi v. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Manisa Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry". Climate Change Litigation. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  154. ^ Merkezi, Haber (26 March 2024). "Marmara Gölü Tarım Alanına Dönüştürülemez!". İklim Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  155. ^ "Doğa Derneği | Doğa Biziz!" (in Turkish). 2 August 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  156. ^ "Local activism at the heart of fight against 'global heating'". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  157. ^ a b c d e f "How journalists in Turkey are covering the climate crisis". International Journalists' Network. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  158. ^ "Hakkımızda" [About Us]. İklim Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  159. ^ Cengiz, Pelin; Zırığ, Utku; Şimşek, Soner (January 2019). "Thematic Journalism in Turkey: Environmental-Ecological Reporting" (PDF). saha. Vol. Special Issue 2. pp. 16–23. ISSN 2149-7885.
  160. ^ Şahin, Ümit; Türkkan, Seçil (January 2019). "Turkey's Climate Policies Have Reached a Deadlock: It Takes Courage to Resolve It" (PDF). saha. Vol. Special Issue 2. pp. 24–30. ISSN 2149-7885.
  161. ^ "Turkey's Sertab raises climate change awareness with new song 🇹🇷". Eurovision.tv. 12 November 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  162. ^ "Turkey's stage-struck grannies act to save the planet". 29 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  163. ^ "Enhancing Required Joint Efforts on Climate Action Project".
  164. ^ Yalcin, Fatma Aggul; Yalcin, Mehmet (2017). "Turkish Primary Science Teacher Candidates' Understandings of Global Warming and Ozone Layer Depletion". Journal of Education and Training Studies. 5 (10): 218. doi:10.11114/jets.v5i10.2225.
  165. ^ "Characterizing the declining CO2 emissions from Turkish geothermal power plants" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  166. ^ "Turkey Climate Survey". İklim Haber. 2018.
  167. ^ a b "Türki̇ye'de İkli̇m Deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ Ve Çevre Sorunları Algısı 2020" [2020 opinion about climate change and environmental issues in Turkey] (PDF). İklim Haber (in Turkish). November 2020. pp. 12–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  168. ^ Erden, Oğulkan; Erkartal, Pınar ÖKTEM (2 September 2019). "Greenwashing in Turkey: Sustainability as an Advertising Strategy in Architecture". A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design. 5 (1): 1–13.
  169. ^ "Polling finds citizens in six belt and road countries want clean energy, not coal". E3G. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  170. ^ Schulz, Florence (10 December 2019). "24 Turkish cities oppose Erdogan, support Paris Climate Agreement". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  171. ^ "Bringing sustainable development into play: UNDP teams up with basketball federation to raise awareness". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  172. ^ Uyduranoglu, Ayse; Ozturk, Serda Selin (20 October 2020). "Public support for carbon taxation in Turkey: drivers and barriers". Climate Policy. 20 (9): 1175–1191. Bibcode:2020CliPo..20.1175U. doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1816887. ISSN 1469-3062. S2CID 222094247.
  173. ^ "Climate Change and International Negotiations". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey). Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  174. ^ "The Carbon Brief Profile: Turkey". Carbon Brief. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  175. ^ "Turkey finally ratified the Paris Agreement. Why now?". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  176. ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  177. ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  178. ^ "Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage in the Context of Turkish Energy Market" (PDF). IICEC. June 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  179. ^ ""Use every drop of water sparingly" –hydrometeorologist warns as Turkish dams and climate change cut resources". Armenpress. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021.
  180. ^ "COP28: Türkiye rekor sayıda temsilciyle katıldığı Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) İklim Değişikliği Konferansı'nda istediğini elde etti mi?". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 13 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Turkey&oldid=1264108415"