Cigarette Camp
A Cigarette Camp was one of a number of temporary U.S. Army "tent cities" situated principally around the French ports of Le Havre[1] and Marseilles[2] following their captures by Allied Forces in the wake of the Allied D-Day invasion in June 1944 and Operation Dragoon in August 1944.[3]
Le Havre camps were located in an area the Army designated the "Red Horse" staging area and named after popular brands, including Camps Lucky Strike, Old Gold, and Pall Mall.[4] Another group of temporary camps established at the same time in France took their names from United States cities and are referred to as "City Camps".[5] A single Cigarette Camp, Tophat, was located in Antwerp, Belgium.
The Cigarette Camps were administered by the 89th Infantry Division, headquartered at Bois-Guillaume, near Rouen.[6]
Origin of names
[edit]The names of cigarettes and cities were chosen for two reasons:
First, and primarily, for security. Referring to the camps without an indication of their geographical location went a long way to ensuring that the enemy would not know precisely where they were. Anybody eavesdropping or listening to radio traffic would think that cigarettes were being discussed or the camp was stateside, especially regarding the city camps. Secondly, there was a subtle psychological reason, the premise being that troops heading into battle wouldn't mind staying at a place where cigarettes must be plentiful and troops about to depart for combat would be somehow comforted in places with familiar names of cities back home (Camp Atlanta, Camp Baltimore, Camp New York, and Camp Pittsburgh, among others).[4]
The camps varied widely in size, from around 2,000 in capacity to nearly 60,000 at the largest of the "Big Three", Camps Philip Morris, Old Gold, and Lucky Strike.
French camps
[edit]The nine Cigarette Camps included:
- Camp Home Run, Sanvic: 2,000
- Camp Wings, on the grounds of the Blaville Aerodrome: 2,250[7]
- Camp Pall Mall, at Etretat: 7,700
- Camp Herbert Tareyton, located in the :fr:Forest of Montgeon (park): 16,400[8]
- Camp Twenty Grand, at Saint-Pierre-de-Varengeville: 20,000[9][10]
- Camp Philip Morris, Gainneville: 35,000[11]
- Camp Old Gold, at Ourville-en-Caux/Yerville/Doudeville/Yvetot: 35,000[12][13]
- Camp Lucky Strike, at Saint-Sylvain, Seine-Maritime[14][15] between Cany and Saint-Valery-en-Caux: 58,000
- Camp Chesterfield: (unknown)
Belgian camp
[edit]- Camp Tophat was a "Cigarette Camp" located near Antwerp, Belgium, named after a popular American brand.[16] Exact capacity is unknown, but the single camp fielded "thousands of black 20-man tents".[16]
Role shift
[edit]By war's end, both Cigarette and City camps' roles had shifted from gateways to combat staging GIs for repatriation to the U.S., processing liberated American POWs, and temporarily confining German POWs.[4]
Post-war, many of the camps survived with yet new roles, including housing for displaced persons at least into the mid-1950s.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ 103rd Infantry Division: Albums Archived 2015-04-17 at the Wayback Machine "The major ports had camps for embarkation both ways. They were called Cigarette Camps from their names. When the ports opened up that is where they would keep people and then send them to the front. Then when the war ended that is how they sent people out through the Cigarette Camps. Famous Cigarette Camps were in Marseilles and Le Havre."
- ^ "Cigarette Camps". Skylighters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
And there were additional embarkation camps in Southern France, north of Marseilles, and, of course, Camp Tophat near Antwerp, Belgium.
- ^ Sawyer and Mitchell, Victory Ships and Tankers: HAER Report. "The ship made crossings in 1946 carrying troops between the European Theater of Operations, especially Le Havre, France, and New York City, New York. From Le Havre, the ship often left from the area known as the 'Cigarette Camps'.", p. 24
- ^ a b c "The Cigarette Camps: Introduction". Skylighters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "The City Camps of Reims". Skylighters. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ 89th Infantry Division: Cigarette Camps
- ^ "Introduction". The Cigarette Camps: U. S. Army Camps in the Le Havre Area. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Herbert Tareyton". Camps Cigarette (in French). Archived from the original on 7 March 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Twenty Grand". Camps Cigarette (in French). Archived from the original on 7 March 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Twenty Grand". The Cigarette Camps: U. S. Army Camps in the LeHavre Area. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Philip Morris". The Cigarette Camps: U. S. Army Camps in the Le Havre Area. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Old Gold". The Cigarette Camps: U. S. Army Camps in the LeHavre Area. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camps". Camps Cigarette (in French). Archived from the original on 27 October 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Lucky Strike". Camps Cigarette (in French). Archived from the original on 2 December 2000. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ "Camp Lucky Strike". The Cigarette Camps: U. S. Army Camps in the LeHavre Area. Skylighters : 225th AAA Searchlight Battalion. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Camp Tophat". Skylighters. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ "Camp Herbert Tareyton". Skylighters. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
Displaced persons were living in former American Nissen huts in 1955
External links
[edit]- "WWII Veteran and Grandson Retrace Journey Together Using Google Earth". Huffington Post. 24 May 2013. Locating Camp Twenty Grand.