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Christos Socrates Mantzoros

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Christos Socrates Mantzoros
Born
Alma mater
Known forLeptin, Adiponectin
Awards
  • Endocrine Society’s Outstanding Clinical Investigator Award (2018)
  • E.V. McCollum Award (2020)
  • Gerald Reaven, Distinguished Leader in Insulin Resistance Award (2022)
Scientific career
FieldsEndocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism
InstitutionsHarvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Websitewww.bidmc.org/research/research-by-department/medicine/endocrinology/laboratories/mantzoros-lab

Christos Socrates Mantzoros is a Greek-born American internist-endocrinologist, teacher and researcher. He is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and an adjunct professor at Boston University School of Medicine. He is the chief of endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism at the VA Boston Healthcare System, where he the founding director of human nutrition at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School. He is editor-in-chief at the Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental journal.

Mantzoros was previously a professor of environmental health at the Harvard School of Public Health, associate fellowship program director at BIDMC, and, later, the endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism founding fellowship program director at the Boston VA Healthcare System.

He has given more than 600 lectures nationally and internationally on endocrinology and obesity.

Biography

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Christos S. Mantzoros was born in Nafplio, Greece, and graduated with an MD and received a DSc from the University of Athens Medical School. He completed a residency in internal medicine at Wayne State University and a fellowship in endocrinology, metabolism, and diabetes, as well as clinical nutrition at the Longwood Training Program (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Joslin Diabetes Center) of Harvard Medical School. He also received master's degrees in clinical epidemiology from the Harvard School of Public Health and clinical investigation from Harvard Medical School. He is board-certified in internal medicine and endocrinology, metabolism, and diabetes, as well as in clinical nutrition, and was made full professor of internal medicine at Harvard University.

Research

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His research interests include animal physiology and molecular biology, observational, epidemiology studies, and clinical trials treating obesity, diabetes, and other human metabolic diseases.[1] Mantzoros is known for his work on leptin, adiponectin, and the proglucagon family of molecules, as well as the relationship between insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and cancer. [1] Subsequently, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved leptin for treating lipodystrophy and severe insulin resistance accompanied by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.[1] His work has resulted in patents for diagnostic and therapeutic applications and has directly contributed to major pharmaceutical companies' development of new pharmaceuticals. Currently, he and his team are utilizing various interventions (physiological, pharmacological, and dietary) and tools (physiological, hormonal, neurocognitive and neuroimaging, functional MRI) to investigate the role of the human brain and peripheral organs in regulating energy homeostasis, obesity, and metabolism and associated comorbidities, e.g., diabetes, NASH, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancies.

In 2018, Mantzoros gave a Harvard Medical School Mini Med lecture to teach medical concepts to a lay audience. The lecture was attended by close to 100,000 people from all over the world through live-streaming.[2][3]

Leptin and Adiponectin

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Mantzoros pioneered physiology and pharmacokinetic studies in leptin, conducted clinical trials in humans, and discovered its therapeutic potential for humans. He was the first to investigate the normal physiology of leptin in humans, including circadian rhythms and the role of leptin in fasting, neuroendocrine regulation in humans, and concerning body weight.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] His team has published only three studies on leptin pharmacokinetics determining leptin doses to be used in humans. Indeed, his research broadened the understanding of the neuroendocrine function of leptin on body weight, energy homeostasis, gender differentiation, immunology, and the interaction with other hormones, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone and sex steroids. Observing that extreme leanness, hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA), and lipodystrophy were conditions of hypoleptinemia, he piloted clinical trials to test the efficacy of leptin to treat these conditions, showing that leptin replacement in patients with HA and lipodystrophy resulted in completely normalization of hormone axes and bone density in HA as well as improvements in insulin resistance and metabolic regulation in lipodystrophy.[8][9][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Additionally, he observed that functional changes in how the brain views food occur in subjects with hypoleptinemia, which can be corrected with leptin replacement.[19] Mantzoros and his team observed that short-term metreleptin treatment enhanced activity in areas detecting food's salience and rewarding value during fasting. In contrast, long-term treatment decreased attention to the rewarding value of food after feeding. Furthermore, hypothalamic activity is modulated by metreleptin treatment, and leptin reduces functional connectivity of the hypothalamus to key feeding-related areas in these hypoleptinemic subjects. These findings expanded the role of leptin from that of a hormone regulating energy expenditure to a hormone important in systemic neuroendocrine regulation. The Mantzoros team subsequently focused on physiology studies to explore and elucidate determinants of adiponectin levels in the circulation and the physiological role of adiponectin in humans.[20]

Proglucagon derived peptides

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More recently, Mantzoros’ interest and studies have been directed towards the physiology and clinical significance of GIP and the proglucagon-derived peptides, including endogenous GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, glucagon, oxyntomodulin, glicentin, and major proglucagon fragment, which play a significant role in metabolic homeostasis and weight regulation.[21] Among other physiology and interventional studies, Mantzoros published a randomized control trial that showed that the administration of the GLP-1 analog liraglutide to overweight/obese individuals leads to downregulation of other proglucagon-derived molecules; this suggests that normalizing the decreasing levels of several of these molecules may provide additional metabolic and weight loss benefits in the future.[22]

Neuroimaging studies

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Most recently, Mantzoros has been working on the interplay of hormones and environmental factors to influence the function of essential brain centers in energy homeostasis and metabolism and how these may be altered with pharmaceuticals to treat obesity. Focusing on the human brain, he studies the control of eating behaviors as they are affected by obesity in the human cortex.[23] Most significantly, he determined the role of GLP-1 in the human brain when Mantzoros and his team examined the GLP-1 analog liraglutide in diabetic adults and found that liraglutide was decreasing activation in the brain's cortex. This area increases control and makes individuals more attentive to their eating.[24] It suggests that individuals on liraglutide find highly desirable foods less appealing. The medication might prove an effective weight loss therapy for people who eat foods as a reward, such as when stressed. Even though short-term treatment with GLP-1RAs decreases activation in the insula, putamen, caudate, and orbitofrontal cortex (areas of the reward system), which may lead to lower energy intake and may thus contribute to weight loss, the impact of GLP-1RAs on brain activity disappears during long-term treatment, which may also explain the eventual weight-loss plateau observed with these medications.[25] Furthermore, Mantzoros and colleagues examined the serotonin 2c receptor agonist lorcaserin in obese adults. They discovered that lorcaserin decreased activation in the attention-related parietal and visual cortices in response to highly palatable food cues at 1 week in the fasting state and in the parietal cortex in response to any food cues at 4 weeks in the fed state.[26] The decrease in emotion—and salience-related limbic activity, including the insula and amygdala, was attenuated at 4 weeks. In a secondary analysis, they observed that decreases in caloric intake, weight, and BMI correlated with activations in the amygdala, parietal, and visual cortices at baseline, suggesting that lorcaserin would benefit emotional eaters. Recently, Mantzoros’ team performed the first neuroimaging study investigating the association of blood concentrations of oxyntomodulin, glicentin, and GIP with brain activity in response to food cues.[27] Findings showed that fasting blood levels of GIP were inversely associated with the activation of attention-related areas (visual cortices of the occipital lobe and parietal lobe), oxyntomodulin and glicentin with reward-related areas (insula, putamen, caudate for both, and additionally orbitofrontal cortex for glicentin), and the hypothalamus when viewing highly desirable as compared to less desirable food images. These studies have important implications for obesity and future therapeutics.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis

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In addition to his work on obesity and diabetes, recognizing the rising burden of NAFLD, which currently affects approximately 30% of Americans, Mantzoros has been focusing on unveiling the pathophysiology of the disease as well as developing diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools. Regarding pathophysiology, the Mantzoros group has linked NAFLD to not only central obesity and the hormones leptin and adiponectin[28][29][30][31][32] but also low skeletal mass, and skeletal tissue hormones, including activins, follistatins, and irisin,[33][34] as well as the quality of the diet and the protective role of the Mediterranean diet.[35][36] The Mantzoros team, using the techniques of omics and supervised learning, has developed novel models utilizing a top-down approach (instead of the usual candidate molecule approach) i.e.metabolites, lipids, hormones, and glycans that can diagnose with high accuracy the presence of NASH, NAFLD or healthy status as well as a model that can diagnose liver fibrosis using lipids.[37][38] In addition to demonstrating the significant role of diet, especially that of Mediterranean diet, and dietary habits in the prevention and management of NAFLD, he has been further focusing on the emerging role of antidiabetic and other medications necessary in metabolism suggested to be used on the background of medical nutrition and lifestyle modification therapy for the treatment of advanced NASH.[39][40][41][42][43] For all these reasons, Mantzoros has proposed that a new and more accurate name for this disease, i.e., DAFLD/DASH (Dysmetabolism Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Steatohepatitis), would be much more appropriate. Most recently, Mantzoros, representing the Endocrine Society, has participated in the working group that published the "call to action" paper inviting primary care physicians and subspecialists to prepare for the epidemic of this prevalent condition and to contribute to screening, diagnosing, and treating it in their clinics.[44] This working group subsequently published the 2021 guidelines on diagnosis and treatment. Recently, Mantzoros proposed a new name and classification for NAFLD, replacing it as an umbrella diagnosis under a pathophysiology-based subclassification of fatty liver disease (FLD).[45]

Epidemiology of cancer

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Observing that the incidence of certain cancers increases with the rate of obesity (e.g., cancers linked to obesity, such as endometrial, esophageal, breast, etc.), Mantzoros hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is also found at higher levels in obesity and is a growth factor, might be related to the development of cancer. Indeed, he first confirmed in a case-control study that IGF-1 was linked with prostate cancer.[46][47][48] Later, in case-control and prospective epidemiology studies, he confirmed a similar link between IGF-1 and other cancers, including thyroid and breast.[49][50][51] This work opened the way for efforts to develop molecules blocking IGF-1 signaling as possible treatments for cancer, which are currently being tested.

Additionally, observing the links between insulin resistance, inflammation, and sex steroids with central obesity and obesity-related cancers, Mantzoros expanded this research to the molecule adiponectin, hypothesizing that abnormalities in this molecule, caused by abnormal fat deposition in the abdomen, were upstream of all other hormonal and inflammatory abnormalities above. First performing physiology studies in rodents and later in human case-control and prospective cohort studies, his team demonstrated the link between adiponectin and several types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, thyroid, prostate, and others.[49][50][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] This work opened the way for efforts to develop molecules blocking IGF-1 signaling as possible treatments for cancer, which are currently being tested.

The Mantzoros group also demonstrated a direct effect of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors on human endometrial and other cancers. It started mapping the molecular pathways downstream of adiponectin in malignancies.[58][59] It suggests that adiponectin regulation, upstream of insulin resistance and IGFs, could be at the root of obesity-related cancers. Due to this research, adiponectin receptor agonists and/or medications that increase circulating adiponectin levels are currently being tested as treatments for cancers related to insulin resistance and central obesity.

Mediterranean Diet

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Mantzoros also demonstrated that following a Mediterranean Diet, which is high in whole-grain cereals and low-fat dairy products and low consumption of refined cereals, leads to improved levels of adipokines like adiponectin, which decreases insulin resistance and inflammatory factors like c-reactive protein and thus leads in the long-term to lower incidence of death from cardiovascular disease and stroke.[78][79][80][81][82][83][84]

Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

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Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental is a biomedical journal published by Elsevier that is related to all aspects of metabolism. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental publishes studies in human, animal, and cellular models. The journal, one with a long history in the field of metabolism, was in decline for several years until 2010. Mantzoros assumed the position of editor-in-chief for the journal Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental in 2010. Since then, the journal has experienced a growth of more than 20% annually in all metrics, and its impact factor has more than quadrupled under his leadership (current IF: 13.93). The continuous and significant increase of the impact factor and cite score (4-year impact factor) has placed Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental in the top 3% of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. Its cited half-life, or the duration an average paper continues receiving citations, was 9.4 in 2018, placing the journal in the top 5% of its category.[85] The current (2022) journal cite score is 16.5.

Translation of science into tangible clinical benefits

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Mantzoros heads Mantzoros Consulting, LLC, which consults for several companies. In 2005, he co-founded Intekrin, Inc., which was later acquired by and merged with Coherus, Inc.[86] These companies are developing several biosimilars at various stages of clinical development in humans (one is approaching FDA approval) and small molecules for diseases related to insulin resistance (e.g. Diabetes NAFLD). CHRS-131 just completed Phase II trials in humans for multiple sclerosis.[87] More recently, Mantzoros has co-founded or contributed to the development of additional biotech companies.

Teaching and mentoring

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Mantzoros is the chief of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism at the VA Boston Healthcare System and the director of the Human Nutrition Unit at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He teaches at Harvard Medical School and Boston University School of Medicine. He has closely mentored more than 175 scientists, many of whom are now full professors. Two are CEOs, two are chief medical officers, one is chief scientific officer of pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies, several are vice presidents of biotechnology companies, and several others are currently assistant and associate professors, executive directors at pharmaceutical companies, or clinicians.

Mantzoros, an active member of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church, has held many roles, including teaching pro bono biomedical ethics at the Hellenic College and Holy Cross School of Theology, serving on the Archdiocesan Advisory Council on Bioethics, and serving on the Hellenic College Holy Cross (HCHC) board of trustees.

Awards

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Mantzoros has received several prestigious awards for his lifetime achievements:

  • 2021 Korean Society of Nutrition Award co-administered with the American Society for Nutrition
  • 2020 Gerald Reaven Distinguished Leader in Insulin Resistance Award by the World Congress on Insulin Resistance, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
  • 2020 American Society for Nutrition E.V. McCollum Award
  • 2018 American Society for Nutrition Robert H. Herman Research Award
  • 2018 European Society of Endocrinology highest distinction, i.e. the Geoffrey Harris Award
  • 2018 Endocrine Society’s Outstanding Clinical Investigator Award
  • 2017 Obesity Society TOPS Award

Other (selected) Awards include:

  • Frontiers in Science Award by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology
  • Novartis Award in Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases by the American Diabetes Association
  • Lilly Award by the North American Association for the Study of Obesity (the Obesity Society)
  • Mead Johnson Award by the American Society for Nutrition
  • HypoCCS award in Paris, France
  • Wilhelm Friedrich Bessel Award by the Humboldt Foundation of Germany
  • Outstanding Investigator Award by the American Federation of Medical Research
  • Hygeia award by the New England Hellenic Medical and Dental Association
  • Berson Award Lecture by the American Physiological Society (FASEB)
  • BIDMC and Harvard Medical School award for Excellence in Mentoring

Honorary titles

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  • Four honorary PhDs from medical schools worldwide
  • Three honorary professorships from medical schools worldwide
  • Six visiting professorships from medical schools worldwide
  • The Clinical Nutrition Laboratories of the International Hellenic University have been named the “Christos Mantzoros Clinical Nutrition Laboratories”
  • Mantzoros has been elected a member of ASCI
  • Mantzoros has been elected a Fellow of the American College of Physicians and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Christos Mantzoros, MD, DSc, h.c. mult. PhD".
  2. ^ "HMS Mini Med Lectures". Archived from the original on 2018-05-11. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
  3. ^ "Mini Med Lecture Video". YouTube. 9 May 2018.
  4. ^ Chrysafi, Pavlina; Perakakis, Nikolaos; Farr, Olivia; Stefanakis, Konstantinos; Peradze, Natia; Sala-Vila, Aleix; Mantzoros, Christos S (2020). "Leptin alters energy intake and fat mass but not energy expenditure in lean subjects". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5145. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5145C. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18885-9. PMC 7553922. PMID 33051459.
  5. ^ Mantzoros, Christos S; Moschos, Stergios J (1998). "Leptin: In search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology". Clinical Endocrinology. 49 (5): 551–67. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00571.x. PMID 10197068. S2CID 24019740.
  6. ^ Ahima, R. S; Prabakaran, D; Mantzoros, C; Qu, D; Lowell, B; Maratos-Flier, E; Flier, J. S (1996). "Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting". Nature. 382 (6588): 250–2. Bibcode:1996Natur.382..250A. doi:10.1038/382250a0. PMID 8717038. S2CID 4331304.
  7. ^ Chan, Jean L; Heist, Kathleen; Depaoli, Alex M; Veldhuis, Johannes D; Mantzoros, Christos S (2003). "The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1409–21. doi:10.1172/JCI17490. PMC 154448. PMID 12727933.
  8. ^ a b Roemmich, James N; Clark, Pamela A; Berr, Stuart S; Mai, Vu; Mantzoros, Christos S; Flier, Jeffrey S; Weltman, Arthur; Rogol, Alan D (1998). "Gender differences in leptin levels during puberty are related to the subcutaneous fat depot and sex steroids". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 275 (3): E543-51. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.3.E543. PMID 9725824.
  9. ^ a b Chan, Jean L; Wong, Shekman L; Mantzoros, Christos S (2008). "Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Recombinant Methionyl Human Leptin Administration in Healthy Subjects in the Fed and Fasting States". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 47 (11): 753–64. doi:10.2165/00003088-200847110-00006. PMC 2737404. PMID 18840030.
  10. ^ Lee, J. H; Chan, J. L; Yiannakouris, N; Kontogianni, M; Estrada, E; Seip, R; Orlova, C; Mantzoros, C. S (2003). "Circulating resistin levels are not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans and are not regulated by fasting or leptin administration: Cross-sectional and interventional studies in normal, insulin-resistant, and diabetic subjects". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (10): 4848–56. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030519. PMID 14557464.
  11. ^ Welt, C. K; Chan, J. L; Bullen, J; Murphy, R; Smith, P; Depaoli, A. M; Karalis, A; Mantzoros, C. S (2004). "Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea". New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (10): 987–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040388. PMID 15342807.
  12. ^ Matarese, G; Moschos, S; Mantzoros, C. S (2005). "Leptin in immunology". Journal of Immunology. 174 (6): 3137–42. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3137. PMID 15749839.
  13. ^ Licinio, Julio; Mantzoros, Christos; Negrão, Anadré B; Cizza, Giovanni; Wong, Ma-Li; Bongiorno, Peter B; Chrousos, George P; Karp, Brian; Allen, Christine; Flier, Jeffrey S; Gold, Philip W (1997). "Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary–adrenal function". Nature Medicine. 3 (5): 575–9. doi:10.1038/nm0597-575. PMID 9142131. S2CID 6065035.
  14. ^ Mantzoros, Christos S; Ozata, Metin; Negrao, Andre B; Suchard, Marc A; Ziotopoulou, Mary; Caglayan, Sinan; Elashoff, Robert M; Cogswell, Rebecca J; Negro, Paolo; Liberty, Victoria; Wong, Ma-Li; Veldhuis, Johannes; Ozdemir, I. Caglayan; Gold, Philip W; Flier, Jeffrey S; Licinio, Julio (2001). "Synchronicity of Frequently Sampled Thyrotropin (TSH) and Leptin Concentrations in Healthy Adults and Leptin-Deficient Subjects: Evidence for Possible Partial TSH Regulation by Leptin in Humans". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 86 (7): 3284–91. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7644. PMID 11443202.
  15. ^ Mantzoros, Christos S (2006). "Role of Leptin in Reproduction". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 900: 174–83. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06228.x. PMID 10818404. S2CID 23194450.
  16. ^ Mantzoros, Christos; Flier, Jeffrey S; Lesem, Michael D; Brewerton, Timothy D; Jimerson, David C (1997). "Cerebrospinal Fluid Leptin in Anorexia Nervosa: Correlation with Nutritional Status and Potential Role in Resistance to Weight Gain1". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 82 (6): 1845–51. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.4006. PMID 9177394.
  17. ^ Chan, Jean L; Mantzoros, Christos S (2005). "Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: Normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa". The Lancet. 366 (9479): 74–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66830-4. PMID 15993236. S2CID 37180870.
  18. ^ Mantzoros, Christos S (2009). "Whither Recombinant Human Leptin Treatment for HIV-Associated Lipoatrophy and the Metabolic Syndrome?". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 94 (4): 1089–1091. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0340. PMC 2730231. PMID 19349474.
  19. ^ Farr, Olivia M; Fiorenza, Christina; Papageorgiou, Panagiotis; Brinkoetter, Mary; Ziemke, Florencia; Koo, Bang-Bon; Rojas, Rafael; Mantzoros, Christos S (2014). "Leptin Therapy Alters Appetite and Neural Responses to Food Stimuli in Brain Areas of Leptin-Sensitive Subjects Without Altering Brain Structure". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 99 (12): E2529-38. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2774. PMC 4255115. PMID 25279500.
  20. ^ Ziemke, Florencia; Mantzoros, Christos S (2010). "Adiponectin in insulin resistance: lessons from translational research". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (1): 258S – 261S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28449C. PMC 2793112. PMID 19906806.
  21. ^ Perakakis, Nikolaos; Kokkinos, Alexander; Peradze, Natia; Tentouris, Nikolaos; Ghaly, Wael T; Pilitsi, Elena; Upadhyay, Jagriti; Alexandrou, Andreas; Mantzoros, Christos S (2019). "Circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones in response to the most common types of bariatric surgery and predictive value for weight loss over one year: Evidence from two independent trials". Metabolism. 101: 153997. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153997. PMID 31672446. S2CID 209568403.
  22. ^ Kim, Suh H; Abbasi, Fahim; Nachmanoff, Clara; Stefanakis, Konstantinos; Kumar, Ajay; Kalra, Bhanu; Savjani, Gopal; Mantzoros, Christos (2021). "Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide versus placebo treatment on circulating proglucagon-derived peptides that mediate improvements in body weight, insulin secretion and action: A randomized controlled trial". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 23 (2): 489–498. doi:10.1111/dom.14242. PMC 7856054. PMID 33140542.
  23. ^ Farr, Olivia M; Li, Chiang-Shan R; Mantzoros, Christos S (2016). "Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging". Metabolism. 65 (5): 699–713. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002. PMC 4834455. PMID 27085777.
  24. ^ Farr, Olivia M; Sofopoulos, Michail; Tsoukas, Michael A; Dincer, Fadime; Thakkar, Bindiya; Sahin-Efe, Ayse; Filippaios, Andreas; Bowers, Jennifer; Srnka, Alexandra; Gavrieli, Anna; Ko, Byung-Joon; Liakou, Chrysoula; Kanyuch, Nickole; Tseleni-Balafouta, Sofia; Mantzoros, Christos S (2016). "GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: A crossover, randomised, placebo-controlled trial". Diabetologia. 59 (5): 954–65. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3874-y. PMC 4826792. PMID 26831302.
  25. ^ Farr, Olivia M; Upadhyay, Jagriti; Rutagengwa, Chelsea; DiPrisco, Bridget; Ranta, Zachary; Adra, Amal; Bapatla, Neha; Douglas, Vivian P; Douglas, Konstantinos A A; Nolen-Doerr, Eric; Mathew, Hannah; Mantzoros, Christos S (2019). "Longer-term liraglutide administration at the highest dose approved for obesity increases reward-related orbitofrontal cortex activation in response to food cues: Implications for plateauing weight loss in response to anti-obesity therapies". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 21 (11): 2459–2464. doi:10.1111/dom.13827. PMC 6800581. PMID 31282006.
  26. ^ Farr, O. M; Upadhyay, J; Gavrieli, A; Camp, M; Spyrou, N; Kaye, H; Mathew, H; Vamvini, M; Koniaris, A; Kilim, H; Srnka, A; Migdal, A; Mantzoros, C. S (2016). "Lorcaserin Administration Decreases Activation of Brain Centers in Response to Food Cues and These Emotion- and Salience-Related Changes Correlate with Weight Loss Effects: A 4-Week-Long Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial". Diabetes. 65 (10): 2943–53. doi:10.2337/db16-0635. PMC 5033259. PMID 27385157.
  27. ^ Perakakis, Nikolaos; Farr, Olivia M; Mantzoros, Christos (2021). "Fasting oxyntomodulin, glicentin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels are associated with activation of reward- and attention-related brain centres in response to visual food cues in adults with obesity: A cross-sectional functional MRI study". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 23 (5): 1202–1207. doi:10.1111/dom.14315. PMID 33417264. S2CID 231194982.
  28. ^ Boutari, Chrysoula; Mantzoros, Christos S (2020). "Adiponectin and leptin in the diagnosis and therapy of NAFLD". Metabolism. 103: 154028. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154028. PMID 31785257. S2CID 208515556.
  29. ^ Polyzos, Stergios A; Kountouras, Jannis; Mantzoros, Christos S (2016). "Adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Metabolism. 65 (8): 1062–79. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.11.006. PMID 26725002.
  30. ^ Boutari, Chrysoula; Perakakis, Nikolaos; Mantzoros, Christos S (2018). "Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul, Korea). 33 (1): 33–43. doi:10.3803/EnM.2018.33.1.33. PMC 5874193. PMID 29589386.
  31. ^ Polyzos, Stergios A; Mantzoros, Christos S (2016). "Adiponectin as a target for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with thiazolidinediones: A systematic review". Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul, Korea). 65 (9): 1297–306. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.013. PMID 27506737.
  32. ^ Polyzos, Stergios A; Perakakis, Nikolaos; Mantzoros, Christos S (2019). "Fatty liver in lipodystrophy: A review with a focus on therapeutic perspectives of adiponectin and/or leptin replacement". Metabolism. 96: 66–82. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.001. PMID 31071311. S2CID 195661123.
  33. ^ Polyzos, Stergios A; Kountouras, Jannis; Anastasilakis, Athanasios D; Triantafyllou, Georgios A; Mantzoros, Christos S (2016). "Activin A and follistatin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Metabolism. 65 (10): 1550–8. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.009. PMC 5022788. PMID 27621190.
  34. ^ Polyzos, Stergios A; Kountouras, Jannis; Anastasilakis, Athanasios D; Geladari, Eleni V; Mantzoros, Christos S (2014). "Irisin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Metabolism. 63 (2): 207–17. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2013.09.013. PMID 24140091.
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