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Christopher Cattan

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Seigneur Christophe de Cattan, also called Christopher Cattan (flourished 1530s-1540s, died before 1558), presumed Francophone and Anglophone variants of the Italian name Cristoforo Cattaneo (a form sometimes used for him in current scholarship), was an Italian humanist author of the second quarter of the sixteenth century.[1] Of Italian stock but Genevan origin, he served as a man-at-arms under French command in France, and wrote in French. He is known as the learned author of a work about Geomancy,[2] which was published posthumously in 1558 in Paris as La Géomance du Seigneur Christofe de Cattan,[3] with further printings in 1567[4] and 1577.[5][6] Most if not all of what is known about the author derives from information in the book itself.

For his authorities Cattan names particularly three Geomantic texts of importance to him. One is the text beginning Estimaverunt Indi, which is identified as a treatise translated by Hugo of Santalla from the Arabic.[7] One is the Tractatus Sphaerae of Bartholomew of Parma, written in 1288.[8] The third is a Hebrew text beginning "Ha veenestre".

Provenance

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Gabriel Duprėau, editor

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The first appearance in print of the book of Geomancy bearing Cattan's name is in a form revised and augmented by an editor. The editor was Gabriel Dupréau [fr] of Marcoussis, Essonne (in the Latin form, Gabriel Prateolus (or Praïeolus) Marcossius), 1511–1588, an anti-Protestant theologian, the notable scholarly translator (from Latin into French) of the works of William of Tyre,[9] and author of De Vitis, Sectis et Dogmatibus Omnium Haereticorum, a directory of all heretics and heresies.[10] The Géomance[11] was translated into English (from the published French edition, with its front matter) by Francis Sparry as The Geomancie of Maister Christopher Cattan Gentleman, published in London in 1591.[12][13] (Sparry translates Dupréau's preface to the reader, and does not add one of his own.) One Francis Sparry was a bookseller in St Michael Wood Street (in the City of London) who had dealings with the Stationers' Company over the illegal import of bound books from Rouen during the later 1550s.[14] The English translation has been attributed to the young Francis Sparry who accompanied Sir Walter Ralegh to Guyana in 1595.[15]

As touching the identity of "Christopher Cattan", the title page of the original edition calls the author "Seigneur Christofe de Cattan Gentilhomme Genevoys". The title Seigneur is equivalent to "Lord", and the introduction of "de" into the name, and the term "Gentilhomme" indicate an aristocratic or gentry status. "Genevoys" means "of Geneva". The royal authority to publish, dated 1558, signed by the King and by Maistre J[e]an Nicot, and sealed with yellow wax, is granted to Jean Corozet and Gilles Gilles, booksellers of Paris. The opening Epistle (by M. Dupréau) dedicates the work to M. Nicot, (Seigneur du Bosnay et du Chesne, Counsellor to the King (then Henry II) and Master of Requests of the "Hostel"), and is dated from Paris, 19 September 1558. Having introduced Geomancy, M. Dupréau observes that many have attempted to practise this ancient art, but that Christofe de Cattan, a Genevan gentleman, and a man-at-arms of the compagnie de feu M. de Thais (i.e. the late M. de Thais), one with deep interest and knowledge of those matters, has mastered this art and brought it to perfection.[16]

Christofe de Cattan and Jean de Thais

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Cattan's dedicatee: Jean de Thais (de Taïx), by Corneille de Lyon (Musée Condé). Seigneur Christofe de Cattan was his servant and man-at-arms.

In his own Preface (also included in the printed work), Cattan himself says he has written the book at the request and prayer of "Monsieur de Tays" (who is an interested practitioner of this science) as a service to him, for his diversion, or to give to whom he please, as Cattan is his soldier and servant.[17] "Monsieur de Tays" or "Thais" is the senior military commander Jean de Thais (died 1553), Seigneur de Thais (or Thaïx),[18] who in around 1521 became Master-General of the French Artillery in France. In 1525 his role was extended to include the same office for the French in Italy. In 1543 François I gave him the title of Grand Maître and Capitaine-Général de l'Artillerie. (The title "Grand maître de l'artillerie de France" became one of the Great Offices of the Crown in 1599.) He was succeeded by Charles de Cossé-Brissac in 1547.[19] Jean de Thais campaigned extensively in northern Italy and Piedmont for the French King, as well as in northern France against the English, and had many Italian troops in his armies. He died in 1552 or 1553.

Biographical context can be derived from the examples given by Cattan in the third book of the Géomance.[20] The examples, which Cattan presents as real "readings" performed by himself for various named persons, include reference to his master M. de Tays. They include a reading concerning Pope Paul III for the year 1538; M. de Lymoges having gone into Scotland to accompany the Queen,[21] and to act as Ambassador for the King of France (p. 133); the visit of Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio to France to broker peace between the King and the Emperor (probably 1536) (pp. 140–41); the preparations of Charles V at Nice to make war against François I in Provence (?1538) (pp. 142–43); a reading taken at Fontainebleau for the death of the Comte de Nouelaire (pp. 143–44); the purchase of a horse at Lyon for M. de Tays (pp. 150–51); and a figure for M. de Lymoges in 1538 (pp. 158–59).

The author has prepared figures at the direct requests of Seigneur de Thais himself (p. 113-14, p. 144); Seigneur de la Ferté (possibly François de la Ferté, Captain of the Garde du Corps, 2nd French Company), in a romantic question (p. 128); his friend signor Bernard Garimbert, a gentleman of Parma (p. 131); a great lady of the court of the King of France (p. 132); the organist of the Bishop of Limoges (p. 133); the Seigneur de Clermont de Lodève (pp. 134–35); a gentleman of the King's court (pp. 135–36); and the Comte de Tonnerre (p. 142).

Author

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Cattan writes that he hopes to bring forward two other works, one on Physiognomy, and one on Chiromancy. M. Dupréau goes on to say that a friend gave him the book (presumably in manuscript), and that he has attempted to make it more intelligible, for the original language "was in many places wonderfully obscure, difficult and defective, and more Italian than French, the author of this work being Italian by speech and nationality, and not very experienced in our French language."[22] (The "original" was therefore written in Italianate French.) Lastly (he says to Maistre Nicot), he has dedicated it to him because that is what the author would have done if he were alive, "vous cognoissant" (if he had known him; or, knowing him as he did), since Nicot has sought out many learned and distinguished people on this subject in Italy and Spain. ("Cattan" is therefore dead by 1558.[23])

Dupréau's statement that "Cattan" was Italian leaves a doubt about the word "Genevoys" (meaning of Geneva, Switzerland), because at the time there was a prominent patrician family of Cattaneo in Genoa (whose people are called in Italian "Genovese"), in Liguria. Scholarly opinion at present is said to incline to the identification of a Genoese called Cristoforo Cattaneo as the author of the Geomancy, also considering this as his only known published work.[24]

Cristoforo Cattaneo (various)

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There are various very notable persons of this name in that period.

It seems clear that "Christopher Cattan" was none of these.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ C. Noirot, '"The Difficulty is to Judge Well": Jean de la Taille, Deceptive Astrologer', in J. Persels, K. Tarte and G. Hoffmann (eds), Itineraries in French Renaissance Literature: Essays for Mary B. McKinley (Brill, Leiden/Boston 2018), p. 280 ff (Google).
  2. ^ P.O. Kristeller, Iter Italicum: A Finding List of Uncatalogued Or Incompletely Catalogued Humanistic Manuscripts of the Renaissance in Italian and Other Libraries 4 (Warburg Institute, 1989), p. 68b. 'British Library Add. MS 8790'.
  3. ^ La Géomance du Seigneur Christofe Cattan, Gentilhomme Genevois: Livre non Moins Plaisant et Récréatif, que d’Ingénieuse Invention, pour Sçavoir Toutes Choses Présentes, Passées et Advenir, avec la Roue de Pythagoras (1558). Full text (original page views) at Internet Archive. Also at Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digital/MDZ (open), and at Google (open).
  4. ^ 1567 Edition, Full text (original page views) at BnF Gallica (open). Also at Google (open).
  5. ^ 1577 Edition, Full text (original page views) at Google (open).
  6. ^ See Worldcat.
  7. ^ P. Zambelli, The Speculum Astronomiae and Its Enigma: Astrology, Theology and Science in Alberrtus Magnus and his Contemporaries, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 135 (Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht 1992), p. 16 (Google).
  8. ^ P. Meyer, 'Traités en vers provençaux sur l'astrologie et la géomancie', Romania Vol. XXVI, no. 102 (Paris 1897), pp. 225-75, at p. 250 (Persée – open). See E. Narducci, 'Intorno al "Tractatus Sphaerae" di Bartolomeo da Parma, Astronomo del Secolo XIII', Bulletino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematische e Fisiche XVII (1884), pp. 1-31 and Appendices (SUB|Göttingen/Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum).
  9. ^ Histoire de la Guerre Saincte, dite proprement, la Franciade Orientale (Nicolas Chesnau, Paris 1574). Full text (page views) at Google (open).
  10. ^ Coloniæ: apud Geruuinum Calenium, et hæredes Ioannis Quentel, 1569. - Worldcat.
  11. ^ Dupréau uses Géomance for the title and in his text: Cattan's text and page-headers have Geomancye, in the same volume.
  12. ^ "London: Printed by Iohn Wolfe and are to be sold at Edward Whites shop, at the signe of the Gunne, at the little north doore of Paules, 1591". - Worldcat. Full text (page views) at Internet Archive (open) and Google. 1608 printing, full view (pageviews) at Scribd.
  13. ^ Princeton University: Medieval Geomancy
  14. ^ P.W.M. Blayney, The Stationers' Company and the Printers of London, 1501–1557 (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 769, 809, 823-24 (Google).
  15. ^ The claim is laid by C. Nicholl, The Creature in the Map: A Journey to El Dorado (Jonathan Cape, 1995), pp. 82-86. See J. Lorimer (ed.), Sir Walter Ralegh's "Discoverie of Guiana", Hakluyt Society, Series III vol. 15 (Ashgate, London 2006), at pp. 271 ff (Google).
  16. ^ "Christofe de Cattan, gentilhomme Geneuoys, et homme d'armes de la compagnie de feu monsieur de Thais, scavant et experimenté es sciences que y appartiennent, la mise et reduicte à sa perfection."
  17. ^ "Moy donq' aux prières et requestes de monsieur de Tays, curieux et amateur de ceste science, estant son soldat et serviteur, pour luy faire plaisir ay composé ce livre pour s'en servir, ou le donner à qui luy plaira."
  18. ^ 'Le Sr.de Thais', in F. de Pavie, Baron de Fourquevauls, Les Vies de Plusieurs Grands Capitaines François (Jean du Bray, Paris 1643), pp. 285-98 (Google).
  19. ^ P.A.J. Allent, Histoire du Corps Impérial du Génie 1re Partie (Magimel, Paris 1805), I, p. 652-53 at note 2 (Google).
  20. ^ Commencing at chapter 6, p. 125 (Internet Archive). (Page references to 1558 edition.)
  21. ^ 'M. de Lymoges' was the usual term of address to the Bishop, see L. Paris, Negotiations, lettres et pièces diverses relatives au règne de François II (Imprimerie Royale, Paris 1841), passim (Google). If this refers to the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, the date is 1548.
  22. ^ "estoit en plusieurs lieux merveilleusement obscur, difficile, et manqué, et plus Italien que Françoys, pour estre l'autheur diceluy de nation et langue Italique, et peu exercité en la nostre Françoyse."
  23. ^ J. Balsamo, V. Castiglione Minischetti and G. Dotoli, Les Traductions de l'Italien en Français au XVIème siècle, (Bibliographia 2, Vol. IV), en collaboration avec la Bibliotheque Nationale de France (2009), Schena – Hermann Editeurs, p. 162.
  24. ^ Cardani Mediolanensis Philosophi ac Medici Celeberrimi Bibliographia Tertia Editio, cura Georgii Vivis (Author, 'Cosmopoli', 2018), p. 18, note 66. Free view at Scribd[permanent dead link], or in author's pdf.
  25. ^ Patrizia Meli, Gabriele Malaspina Marchese di Fosdinovo: Condotte, Politica e Diplomazia nella Lunigiana del Rinascimento, presentazione di Jean-Claude Maire Vigeur (Firenze University Press, 2008), at pp. 185-86, 206-246 passim. Firenze University Press pdf.
  26. ^ M.G. Canale, Nuova Istoria della Repubblica di Genova, del suo Commercio e della sua Letteratura dalle Origini all'anno 1797 (Felice Le Monnier, Firenze 1864), IV, pp 261, 277, 349. (Internet Archive).
  27. ^ V. Marchi van Cauwelaert, 'La politique territoriale de San Giorgio en Corse', Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome (Moyen Âge), Année 2009, 121-2, pp. 437-452, at p. 444, sources in notes 44 and 47. (Persée – open).
  28. ^ Genova Rivista Municipale Anno XI no. 1 (1931), p. 271.
  29. ^ C. Ravioli, 'Notizie intorno a Giacinto Barrozzi, detto il Vignola, Architetto del Secolo XVI.,' Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti Vol CCV (New Series LX, Jan-Feb 1867), (Tipog. delle Belle Arti, Roma 1869), pp. 1-51, p. 21 (Google).
  30. ^ P.H. Jahn, '"Le copie son' ancora fatte"', in A. Putzger, M. Heisterberg and S. Müller-Bechtel (eds), Nichts Neues Schaffen: Perspektiven auf die treue Kopie 1300–1900 (Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co, Berlin/Boston 2018), at p. 118 and note 34 (Google).
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